Philip Varghese
Clinical evaluation of the comparative effect of xylazine and xylazine-ketamine premedication in thiopentone anaesthesia in dogs - Mannuthy Department of Veterinery Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 2006 - 71
The study was carried out in 12 dogs of different breeds of either sex, presented to the College Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai for various elective surgical procedures. All dogs were clinically examined before the administration of the anaesthetics. These dogs were randomly divided into two groups, viz. Group I and Group II, each consisting of six dogs. They were numbered serially from 1 to 6.
Atropine sulphate at the rate of 0.045 mg/kg body weight was administered intramuscularly, 15 minutes prior to the administration of xylazine/xylazine-ketamine combination. In Group I, xylazine at the rate of 1.0 mg/kg body weight was administered intramuscular for premedication. Fifteen minutes later, thiopentone sodium 2.5% solution was administered intravenously “to effect” general anaesthesia. In Group II, xylazine at the rate of 1.0 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg body weight was administered intramuscularly as a combined injection for premedication. Fifteen minutes later, thiopentone sodium 2.5% solution was administered intravenously “to effect” general anaesthesia. In both the groups, incremental doses of thiopentone were also administered for the maintenance of anaesthesia for completing the surgery. The dogs were subjected to various surgical operations.
After premedication yawning, winking of eyes, incoordination of hindquarters were the more commonly observed symptoms in both the groups. Other symptoms noticed were vomiting (in two dogs), licking (in seven dogs) and urination (in three dogs). In both the groups, two dogs each assumed lateral recumbency and others were in sternal recumbency with head down posture.
Salivation was scanty in both the groups. Side to side movement of head was noticed in most of the dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination and was absent in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine alone.
The induction time was 6.83 ± 1.40 and 5.10 ± 1.29 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively.
The duration of anaesthesia with first induction of thiopentone was 11.67 ± 3.90 and 12.50 ± 2.64 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. The duration of anaesthesia was more in dogs premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination than with xylazine alone.
With repeated administration of thiopentone an average 13.63 ± 3.76 and 32.17 ± 5.39 minutes duration of anaesthesia was achieved with every incremental doses in Group I and Group II respectively. In xylazine-ketamine premedication the duration of anaesthesia was prolonged more than with xylazine premedication alone. It was also observed that the duration of anaesthesia in subsequent administration resulted for longer duration when ketamine was included for premedication.
Recovery time was 124.00 ± 48.55 and 89.83 ± 43.12 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. The recovery time was shorter in dogs premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination in thiopentone anaesthesia.
For the first induction of anaesthesia, the quantity of thiopentone required was 9.31 ± 1.87 and 9.72 ± 1.23 mg/kg body weight in Group I and Group II respectively. The requirement of thiopentone was reduced to a greater extent in both the groups, but was slightly higher with xylazine-ketamine premedication.
The average incremental quantities of thiopentone administration was 3.83 ± 1.10 and 5.59 ± 1.43 mg/kg body weight for prolonging anaesthesia in Group I and Group II respectively. The incremental quantities of thiopentone required was more in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine for prolonging the anaesthesia.
The average muscle relaxation time was 50.67 ± 9.01 and 54.50 ± 7.32 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. The muscle relaxation time was more prolonged when xylazine was combined with ketamine for premedication in thiopentone anaesthesia. The degree of muscle relaxation was moderate to excellent in both the groups.
The surgical operations viz., oopherectomy, correction of rectovaginal fistula, enterotomy, Zepp’s operation, ovariohysterectomy, operation for aural haematoma were carried out satisfactorily. The duration of surgery varied from 20 to 58 and 20 to 61 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively.
There was decrease in rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate in both the groups. The decrease in rectal temperature and pulse rate was significant in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination.
There was significant increase in systolic and diastolic pressures in both the groups.
There was elevation of heart rate after the administration of atropine sulphate in all the dogs and it was reduced after premedication with both xylazine and xylazine-ketamine combination in thiopentone anaesthesia. There was wandering pacemaker in one dog which got corrected after xylazine-ketamine premedication. Decrease in PR interval was observed after the administration of atropine but it was slightly increased after administration of xylazine and thiopentone.
There was decrease in packed cell volume in both the groups and the decrease was significant in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination. The variations in haemoglobin concentration were marginal in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine alone, but there was significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration in dogs which were premedicated in xylazine-ketamine combination.
Decrease in total erythrocyte and total leukocyte counts was noticed in both the groups. Increase in neutrophil with decreased lymphocyte count was observed in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine but, in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination there was decrease in neutrophil count with increase in lymphocyte count. The variations in monocyte and eosinophil counts were marginal in both the groups.
There was increase in serum sodium and serum potassium concentrations, and serum total protein content in both the groups. The serum albumin/globulin ratio was decreased in both the groups.
All the dogs had smooth uneventful recovery without any complications, though most of the dogs were drowsy till next day.
636.0897 / PHI/CL
Clinical evaluation of the comparative effect of xylazine and xylazine-ketamine premedication in thiopentone anaesthesia in dogs - Mannuthy Department of Veterinery Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 2006 - 71
The study was carried out in 12 dogs of different breeds of either sex, presented to the College Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai for various elective surgical procedures. All dogs were clinically examined before the administration of the anaesthetics. These dogs were randomly divided into two groups, viz. Group I and Group II, each consisting of six dogs. They were numbered serially from 1 to 6.
Atropine sulphate at the rate of 0.045 mg/kg body weight was administered intramuscularly, 15 minutes prior to the administration of xylazine/xylazine-ketamine combination. In Group I, xylazine at the rate of 1.0 mg/kg body weight was administered intramuscular for premedication. Fifteen minutes later, thiopentone sodium 2.5% solution was administered intravenously “to effect” general anaesthesia. In Group II, xylazine at the rate of 1.0 mg/kg body weight and ketamine at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg body weight was administered intramuscularly as a combined injection for premedication. Fifteen minutes later, thiopentone sodium 2.5% solution was administered intravenously “to effect” general anaesthesia. In both the groups, incremental doses of thiopentone were also administered for the maintenance of anaesthesia for completing the surgery. The dogs were subjected to various surgical operations.
After premedication yawning, winking of eyes, incoordination of hindquarters were the more commonly observed symptoms in both the groups. Other symptoms noticed were vomiting (in two dogs), licking (in seven dogs) and urination (in three dogs). In both the groups, two dogs each assumed lateral recumbency and others were in sternal recumbency with head down posture.
Salivation was scanty in both the groups. Side to side movement of head was noticed in most of the dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination and was absent in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine alone.
The induction time was 6.83 ± 1.40 and 5.10 ± 1.29 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively.
The duration of anaesthesia with first induction of thiopentone was 11.67 ± 3.90 and 12.50 ± 2.64 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. The duration of anaesthesia was more in dogs premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination than with xylazine alone.
With repeated administration of thiopentone an average 13.63 ± 3.76 and 32.17 ± 5.39 minutes duration of anaesthesia was achieved with every incremental doses in Group I and Group II respectively. In xylazine-ketamine premedication the duration of anaesthesia was prolonged more than with xylazine premedication alone. It was also observed that the duration of anaesthesia in subsequent administration resulted for longer duration when ketamine was included for premedication.
Recovery time was 124.00 ± 48.55 and 89.83 ± 43.12 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. The recovery time was shorter in dogs premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination in thiopentone anaesthesia.
For the first induction of anaesthesia, the quantity of thiopentone required was 9.31 ± 1.87 and 9.72 ± 1.23 mg/kg body weight in Group I and Group II respectively. The requirement of thiopentone was reduced to a greater extent in both the groups, but was slightly higher with xylazine-ketamine premedication.
The average incremental quantities of thiopentone administration was 3.83 ± 1.10 and 5.59 ± 1.43 mg/kg body weight for prolonging anaesthesia in Group I and Group II respectively. The incremental quantities of thiopentone required was more in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine for prolonging the anaesthesia.
The average muscle relaxation time was 50.67 ± 9.01 and 54.50 ± 7.32 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively. The muscle relaxation time was more prolonged when xylazine was combined with ketamine for premedication in thiopentone anaesthesia. The degree of muscle relaxation was moderate to excellent in both the groups.
The surgical operations viz., oopherectomy, correction of rectovaginal fistula, enterotomy, Zepp’s operation, ovariohysterectomy, operation for aural haematoma were carried out satisfactorily. The duration of surgery varied from 20 to 58 and 20 to 61 minutes in Group I and Group II respectively.
There was decrease in rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate in both the groups. The decrease in rectal temperature and pulse rate was significant in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination.
There was significant increase in systolic and diastolic pressures in both the groups.
There was elevation of heart rate after the administration of atropine sulphate in all the dogs and it was reduced after premedication with both xylazine and xylazine-ketamine combination in thiopentone anaesthesia. There was wandering pacemaker in one dog which got corrected after xylazine-ketamine premedication. Decrease in PR interval was observed after the administration of atropine but it was slightly increased after administration of xylazine and thiopentone.
There was decrease in packed cell volume in both the groups and the decrease was significant in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination. The variations in haemoglobin concentration were marginal in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine alone, but there was significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration in dogs which were premedicated in xylazine-ketamine combination.
Decrease in total erythrocyte and total leukocyte counts was noticed in both the groups. Increase in neutrophil with decreased lymphocyte count was observed in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine but, in dogs which were premedicated with xylazine-ketamine combination there was decrease in neutrophil count with increase in lymphocyte count. The variations in monocyte and eosinophil counts were marginal in both the groups.
There was increase in serum sodium and serum potassium concentrations, and serum total protein content in both the groups. The serum albumin/globulin ratio was decreased in both the groups.
All the dogs had smooth uneventful recovery without any complications, though most of the dogs were drowsy till next day.
636.0897 / PHI/CL