Spatio-temporal analysis of groundwater quality in central Kerala (Record no. 289660)
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000 -LEADER | |
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fixed length control field | 07194nam a22001817a 4500 |
082 ## - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER | |
Classification number | 630.31 |
Item number | ARD/SP PG |
100 ## - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME | |
Personal name | Ardra, K Y |
245 ## - TITLE STATEMENT | |
Title | Spatio-temporal analysis of groundwater quality in central Kerala |
260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. (IMPRINT) | |
Place of publication, distribution, etc | Vellayani |
Name of publisher, distributor, etc | Department of Agricultural Statistics, College of Agriculture |
Date of publication, distribution, etc | 2022 |
300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION | |
Extent | 112p. |
502 ## - DISSERTATION NOTE | |
Dissertation note | M Sc |
520 ## - SUMMARY, ETC. | |
Abstract | The research work titled “Spatio-temporal analysis of groundwater quality in central Kerala” was carried out at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2019 to 2021. The objectives set for the study were to analyze the inter-regional variation in groundwater quality parameters over ten years using various multivariate and geostatistical techniques in Alappuzha and Kottayam districts. Also to analyze the interrelationship between the water quality parameters and groundwater levels and to map the locations using the GIS package. 26 location in the Alappuzha district and 22 locations in the Kottayam district was selected for the study. Secondary data on fourteen groundwater quality parameters (Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, Total Hardness (TH), Total alkalinity (TA), anions; CO3, HCO3, SO4, NO3, Cl, F, and cations; Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and groundwater levels were collected from Central Ground Water Board for ten years (2010-2019). On the secondary data of fourteen quality parameters, descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation were investigated. The parameters were compared with drinking and agricultural irrigation guidelines defined by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). All parameters in the Alappuzha district, with the exception of fluoride (F-) in the location Thaikkattusseri (F-: 2.86 mg/L), were confirmed to be within BIS and WHO limits. Two parameters, total alkalinity (TA) and potassium (K+) were found to be over the standard limits in the Kottayam District. In Vaikkom, the TA was higher than the norm (BIS: 300 mg/L), while in three locations, Changanasserry, Ezhinjillam, and Thiruvarpu, the K+ was higher than the limit (WHO: 10 mg/L). All of the other parameters were determined to be within the BIS and WHO guidelines. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out for the construction of the Principal component weighted Water Quality Index (WQI). In the Alappuzha district, four principal components contributed 82.71 percent of the total variation. In the Kottayam district, three principal components accounted for 86.06 percent of the total variation. Based on the WQI, the locales in Alappuzha districts are grouped into five: very low, low, medium, high, and very high. The Index is found to be increasing with the parameters EC, TH, HCO3, and TA, and the ‘very low’ category had mean value for the parameters 58.8 μS/cm, 15.64 mg/L, 11.28 mg/L, and 7.39 mg/L respectively, the ‘low’ category recorded the mean values 159.95 μS/cm, 44.5 mg/L, 45.52 mg/L, and 35.95 mg/L respectively. The ‘medium category had the mean values 200.17 μS/cm, 69.45 mg/L, 78.52 mg/L, and 55.56 mg/L parameter levels respectively. For the category, ‘high’, mean values were 252.65 μS/cm, 110 mg/L, 164.11 mg/L, and 182.23 mg/L respectively for the parameters. In the category ‘very high’, recorded mean values for these parameters were 297.39 μS/cm, 98.21 mg/L, 116.82 mg/L, and 89.36 mg/L respectively. In the Kottayam district with a CV of 41.38 percent and a mean of 95.09, the estimated WQI ranged from 17.88 in Kattanam to 161.14 in Cherthalai. WQI was found to be below the mean value in 16 of the 26 locations. In the Kottayam district, the estimated WQI varied from 22.04 in Narianganam to 300.48 in Vaikom, with a CV of 83.65 percent and a mean of 94.78. WQI was found to be below the mean value in 15 of the 22 locations. The Index is found to be increasing with the parameters EC, TH, HCO3, and TA, and the ‘very low’ category had mean value for the parameters 94.09 μS/cm, 21.21 mg/L, 17.73 mg/L, and 13.57 mg/L respectively, the ‘low’ category recorded the mean values 241.21 μS/cm, 55.27 mg/L, 36.28 mg/L, and 31.53 mg/L respectively. The ‘medium category had the mean values of 374.02 μS/cm, 106.62 mg/L, 125.79 mg/L, and 89.99 mg/L parameter levels respectively. For the category, ‘high’, mean values were 594.89 μS/cm, 109.34 mg/L, 41.6 mg/L, and 31.61 mg/L respectively for parameters. In the category ‘very high’, recorded mean values for these parameters were 592.78 μS/cm, 211.88 mg/L, 297.5 mg/L, and 201.39 mg/L respectively. The interrelationship between water quality parameters and groundwater level was studied using Pearson's correlation coefficient. In the Alappuzha district, the parameters EC (-0.45), pH (-0.65), TH (-0.5), TA (-0.42), HCO3 (-0.42), and Ca (-0.51) had a significant negative correlation with groundwater level. NO3 (0.33, p-value=0.1) was the only parameter with a positive correlation but was found to be non-significant. In the Kottayam district, a positive-significant correlation was present in parameters pH (0.75), TA (0.22), SO4 (0.59), and Mg (0.6), and a negative significant correlation was present in EC (-0.61), TH (-0.52), HCO3 (-0.48), Na (-0.54) and Ca (-0.46). The remaining parameters were found to have a non-significant correlation. The temporal change was analyzed employing the relative change in the level of each parameter for ten years in selected districts. In the Alappuzha district, a positive temporal increase was observed in all the parameters except pH over ten years. In the Kottayam district, a considerable increase was observed in parameters TH, TA, HCO3, SO4, F, and Mg and a decline in the levels of EC, pH, NO3, Na, K, and Ca. Thematic map based on WQI and groundwater level (GWL) was prepared using ArcGIS software version 10.4 for Alappuzha and Kottayam districts. Based on the thematic maps, spatial distribution and variation of groundwater quality parameters and groundwater level were drawn. In the Alappuzha district, both WQI and GWL maps were categorized into ten classes. Nearing the various water bodies, WQI was recorded higher. The locations bordered by the Pathanamthitta district had comparatively lower WQI. From the GWL map, it was inferred that as the elevation of the district increased, the depth to the water table was increasing. The change observed was according to the topography of the district. In the Kottayam district, locations bordered by Alappuzha showed high WQI value and the locations bordered by the Idukki district had comparatively less WQI. In Kottayam also, depth to the water table showed an increasing trend with the elevation. Spatial and temporal variations in the Alappuzha and Kottayam districts were studied with the help of multivariate and geostatistical techniques. Both methods confirmed the inter-regional and timely disparity of fourteen groundwater quality parameters and groundwater level. |
650 ## - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM | |
Topical term or geographic name as entry element | Agricultural Statistics |
650 ## - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM | |
Topical term or geographic name as entry element | Ground water |
700 ## - ADDED ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME | |
Personal name | Brigit Joseph(Guide) |
942 ## - ADDED ENTRY ELEMENTS (KOHA) | |
Source of classification or shelving scheme | |
Item type | Theses |
546 ## - LANGUAGE NOTE | |
Language note | English |
Not for loan | Collection code | Permanent location | Current location | Shelving location | Date acquired | Full call number | Barcode | Date last seen | Koha item type |
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Not For Loan | Reference Book | KAU Central Library, Thrissur | KAU Central Library, Thrissur | Theses | 2022-07-07 | 630.31 ARD/SP PG | 175330 | 2022-07-07 | Theses |