TY  - BOOK
AU  - Senthilkumar R P 
AU  - James C S (Guide)
TI  - Efficacy of Ammonium Chloride and Horse Gram (Dolichos Biflorus) extract on the amelioration of Urolithiasis in Goats
U1  - 636.084 
PY  - 1998///
CY  - Mannuthy
PB  - Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
N2  - The efficacy of ammonium chloride and horse gram 
(Dolichos biflorus) extract on the amelioration of 
urolithiasis in goats ware evaluated by using 18 male 
Malabari goats of 9 to 12 months old, maintained for an 
experimental period of 84 days. Goats were divided into 
three groups (I, 11 and Ill) of six animals each and were fed 
individually at maintenance level with high magnesium basal 
calculogenic ration containing 1.194 per cent calcium, 0.578 
per cent phosphorus, 1.202 per cent magnesium (ration A) 
alone, fortified with ammonium chloride at the rate of one per 
cent in the ration (ration B) or with supplemented horse gram 
extract at the rate of one litre per animal per day (ration C) 
respectively. Grass and concentrate were fed at 1: 4 ratio and 
drinking water provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. 
Body weight gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency and 
protein efficiency were not significantly altered by the 
dietary treatments, b.ut. goats fed on supplemental ammonium 
chloride (group 11) had a trend towards better weight gain, 
feed and protein efficiency. •No significant difference 
observed among the three groups with regard to TEC, TLC, 
haemoglobin, and plasma protein. Elevated dietary magnesium 
in the diet (ration A) caused significant decrease in serum 
 
ii 
calcium (P<O. 01), significant increase in serum phosphorus and 
magnesium (P<O.Ol). There were increased excretion of urine 
calcium (P<0.05), significant increase in urine phosphorus and 
magnesium (P<O.Ol) in group I, when compared to groups II and 
Ill. Supplemental ammonium chloride and horse gram extract 
caused significant rise in serum calcium, significant 
reduction in serum phosphorus and magnesium and significant 
reduction in urine calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, whereas 
horse gram extract was less effective than ammonium chloride 
in this regard. Both the dietary treatments had no 
significant influence on urinary nitrogen excretion and 
digestibility of dietary calcium, phosphorus magnesium and 
nitrogen. Supplemental ammonium chloride caused significant 
increase in per cent retention of calcium (P<O. 01), and 
phosphorus (P<O.05) but supplemental horse gram extract had 
only a tendency to increase per cent retention of calcium and 
phosphorus. Both the dietary treatment had no influence on 
nitrogen retention and supported nitrogen retention during the 
progress of experiment. Magnesium retention has increased 
drastically due to high dietary supplementation of magnesium 
in all the three groups and' neither supplemental ammonium 
chloride nor horse gram extract had any significant influence 
on per cent retention of magnesium. Clinical signs of 
obstructive urolithiasis were not observed in any of the goats 
maintained on three experimental groups. Goats in group I 
 
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iii 
exhibited severe crystalluria, had numerous visible sand like 
rudimentary calculi in the kidney and had severe gross and 
histopathological changes. Goats fed with supplemental 
ammonium chloride showed reduction in urine pH, increased 
urine volume had not found to have any calculus material in 
the kidney and had mild gross and histological changes in the 
kidney and bladder. Goats fed on supplemental horse gram 
extract showed reduction in intensity of crystalluria, had few 
calculi materials in the kidney with gross and histological 
changes in the kidney and bladder comparable to group I. On 
chemical analysis, the calculi were found to contain 
magnesium, phosphate and ammonia. The present investigation 
conclude that supplementation of ammonium chloride prevented 
the calculi formation possibly due to increased excretion of 
chloride ions in the urine. Supplemental horse gram extract 
had not prevented calculi formation when fed along with high 
magnesium calculogenic ration in goats whereas, had a tendency 
to prevent the incidence of urinary calculi perhaps due to its 
diuretic effect.

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