TY  - BOOK
AU  - Joshi George 
AU  - Sarada Amma T (Guide)
TI  - Ascending Coccygeal Venography In Evaluation Of Paraplega In Dogs
U1  - 636.089 7 
PY  - 2002///
CY  - Mannuthy
PB  - Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
N2  - The study was undertaken with an objective of evaluating the 
comparative efficacy of ascending coccygeal venography and epidurography in 
locating the site and type oflesion in dogs suffering from paraplegia. 
The study was conducted in 12 clinical cases presented at the Surgery 
unit of Veterinary College Hospital, Mannuthy and were designated into two 
groups (Group A and B) of 6 animals each. 
Survey radiographs were taken in all the animals prior to the contrast 
radiographic procedures. 
Iohexol (300 mgIfrnl) was used as the contrast medium at a dose rate of 
80 mgIlkg body weight for epidurography and 100 mgIlkg body weight for 
ascending coccygeal venography. 
In Group A, epidurography was conducted by introducing the contrast 
medium through the lumbosacral junction into the epidural space. The contrast 
medium was given as slow infusion and the zero minute radiograph was taken, 
as the last milliliter of the contrast medium remained to be injected. Subsequent 
radiographs were taken at the 3rd and the 5th minute. 
In Group B, ascending coccygeal venography was conducted by 
introducing the contrast medium intravenously as slow infusion into the 
superficial lateral coccygeal vein of anyone side near the base of the tail, after 
 
sufficient abdominal compression. Lateral/ventrodorsal radiographs were taken, 
as the last milliliter of the contrast remained to be injected. Subsequent 
radiographs were taken at the 3rd and the Sth minute. 
All the animals were subjected to a thorough clinical and neurological 
examination prior to radiography. Physiological and haematological parameters 
were evaluatedjust before and 24 hours after radiography. All the animals were 
observed for one week for the presence of any side effects/complications. 
The physiological and haematological parameters were within the 
normal range in all the animals both before and 24 hours after radiography. 
Iohexol was found safe for neuroradiological studies as none of the animals 
exhibited any side effects/complications during the period of observation for 
one week. 
In Group A, epidurography produced good quality radiographs and was 
consistent in all the six cases. Abnormalities/lesions could be located in four 
cases. The remaining two cases showed normal epidurographic pattern and 
could not be correlated with the neurological examination. 
In Group B, successful venograms were obtained in three cases in which 
lesions were located and correlated with the neurological examination. In the 
remaining three cases, the venous sinuses could not be opacified and hence 
failed in identification oflesion. 
 
The changes identifiable as lesions in Group A were attenuation of the 
contrast col W11l1 , considerable narrowing and elevation of the column, and 
/ 
failure of the opacification ofa specific region of the column. 
The changes identifiable with a lesion in venography were abrupt 
attenuation of the venous sinuses, considerable elevation of the venous sinuses 
and progressive thinning and attenuation of the veins. 
Thus epidurography showed consistency III all the SIX cases and 
diagnosis could be made in four out of six cases whereas diagnostic venograms 
were obtained only in three out of six cases. Thus ascending coccygeal 
venography was found inconsistent and required further studies before 
recommending this as a routine practice. 
Though epidurography possessed a distinct advan tage over ascending 
coccygeal venography in consistency and technical and diagnostic feasibility, 
epidurography couldnot be advocated as a sole diagnostic procedure and should 
be used as an adjunct with other .diagnostic aids after proper clinical and 
neurological examination. 


UR  - http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810106209
ER  -