TY  - BOOK
AU  - Nimisha Roslin Benny
AU  - Sonia N S(Guide)
TI  - Ethnopharmacology and technology standardisation for quality retention of hepatoprotective phyto resources
U1  - 633.8 
PY  - 2022///
CY  - Vellayani
PB  - Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture
KW  - Plantation Crops and Spices
KW  - Hepatoprotective medicinal plants
KW  - Kuruma tribes
N1  - MSc
N2  - The present study entitled “Ethnopharmacology and technology standardisation 
for quality retention of hepatoprotective phyto resources” was carried out in the 
Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the 
period 2019-2021 to identify the potential hepatoprotective medicinal plants used by 
Kuruma tribes in Wayanad district and standardise the drying and extraction techniques 
for retention of hepatoprotective activity.
Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological survey was carried out among Kuruma 
tribes of seven different tribal settlements from Sulthan Bathery taluk of Wayanad district 
viz., Choyimoola, Kayappura, Kottanod, Mathamangalam, Oorankunnu, Pilakkavu and 
Valluvadi recorded 37 different phyto resources and its 46 indigenous hepatoprotective 
remedies. Among them the most effective and the frequently used hepatoprotective phyto 
resources are Adhatoda vasica Nees (leaves), Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. (leaves), 
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br (bark), Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (bark), Centella 
asiatica L. (leaves), Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (rhizome), Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 
(leaves), Eclipta prostrata (L.) (leaves), Lawsonia inermis L. (leaves) and Tinospora 
cordifolia Miers. (stem).
Macerated acetone extracts of T.cordifolia stem (24.02%), followed by E. 
prostrata (L.) leaves (27.27%), C. dactylon leaves (30.42%), C. asiatica L. leaves 
(32.84%) and A. scholaris bark (36.84) prepared by conventional drying method (sun 
drying) showed superior in vitro hepatoprotective activity (HepG2 cell toxicity) and 
hence were selected for further study on drying protocol development.
The crude drugs were subject to five different drying methods viz., shade drying, 
sun drying, drying in cabinet drier at 50ºC, 60ºC and 70ºC and two extraction techniques 
viz., soxhlet extraction and maceration. The prepared crude drug acetone extracts were 
analysed for physical and phytochemical quality parameters.
Acetone extract of all the crude drugs contained alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, 
flavonoids, phenols and saponins. Phytosterols were absent. A. scholaris bark acetone
extract prepared through drying the crude drug in cabinet drier at 60°C (21.40 h) 
and extracted through soxhlet extraction (24.08 h) recorded significantly higher 
total alkaloids (33.26 μg AE mg-1
), cardiac glycosides (2.87 μg DE mg-1
) and total 
phenols (148.08 μg GAE mg-1
). C. asiatica leaf acetone extract prepared through 
drying the crude drug under shade (167.68 h) and extracted through soxhlet 
extraction (21.15 h) recorded significantly higher total alkaloids (50.86 μg AE mg1
), cardiac glycosides (9.48 μg DE mg-1
) and total flavonoids (81.88 μg QE mg-1
). 
C. dactylon leaf acetone extract prepared through drying the crude drug under shade 
(144.21 h) and extracted through soxhlet extraction (20.20 h) recorded significantly 
higher cardiac glycosides (11.53 μg DE mg-1
), total flavonoids (44.64 μg QE mg-1
), 
total phenols (262.92 μg GAE mg
-1
) and total saponins (40.81 μg DE mg-1
). E. 
prostrata leaf acetone extract prepared by drying the crude drug in cabinet drier at 
50°C (10.17 h) and extracted through soxhlet extraction (22.20 h) recorded 
significantly higher total flavonoids (42.99 μg QE mg-1
), total phenols (71.14 μg 
GAE mg-1
) and total saponins (49.31 μg DE mg-1
). T. cordifolia stem acetone 
extract prepared by drying the crude drug in cabinet drier at 50°C (14.27 h) and 
extracted by soxhlet extraction (24.10 h) recorded significantly higher cardiac 
glycosides (13.49 μg DE mg-1
), total phenols (76.81 μg GAE mg-1
) and total 
saponins (50.11 μg DE mg-1
).
The crude drug extracts prepared through standardised protocol were 
subjected to in vitro pharmacological studies. T. cordifolia stem acetone extract 
prepared by drying the crude drug in cabinet drier at 50°C and extracted through 
soxhlet extraction recorded significantly highest in vitro antioxidant activity 
(80.33% DPPH radical scavenging activity) as well as in vitro hepatoprotective 
activity (15.72% cytotoxicity).
The study revealed that acetone extracts of the crude drug prepared using 
standardized protocol could retain 8.30% (T. cordifolia), 10.15% (E. prostrata), 
6.99% (C. dactylon), 4.79% (C. asiatica) and 6.40% (A. scholaris) more in vitro 
hepatoprotective activity (cytotoxicity) than the conventionally dried ones
ER  -