TY  - BOOK
AU  - Gazel M Gaddafi
AU  - Anu, G Krishnan (Guide)
TI  - Genetic diversity analysis of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) accessions using molecular markers
U1  - 634.1 
PY  - 2023///
CY  - Vellayani
PB  - Department of fruit science, College of agriculture
KW  -  Fruit science
KW  - Nephelium lappaceum L
KW  - Deoxyribonucleic acid
N1  - MSc
N2  - Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) holds great potential in Kerala being 
a tropical region. It belongs to the Sapindaceae family, which consists of 
numerous trees and shrubs, comprising over 125 genera and more than 1000 
species that are found across the tropics and warm regions. These plants are 
adaptable to various soil types, ranging from heavy soils in low-lying areas to 
hilly soils in upland regions. The origin of rambutan can be traced back to 
Southeast Asia, specifically Indonesia and Malaysia. Rambutan cultivation is 
rapidly expanding along India's western coast, particularly in the districts of 
Pathanamthitta, Kottayam, and Thrissur of Kerala. Even though morphological 
characterization and diversity studies of the collections from various localities in 
Kerala have been carried out, the genetic diversity analysis using molecular 
markers has not yet been conducted. Hence, the current research titled "Genetic 
diversity analysis of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) accessions using 
molecular markers" was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station 
Kumarakom and at the Department of Fruit Science, College of Vellayani 
between 2020 and 2022. The main objective of this study was to assess the 
diversity of twenty rambutan accessions using SSR and ISSR molecular markers 
collected from the districts of Kottayam, Pathanamthitta, and Thrissur. 
DNA isolation was performed using the CTAB method (Doyle and 
Doyle,1987) with minor modifications. A pre-washing with sorbitol buffer was 
done to improve the DNA quality. The DNA samples showed UV absorbance 
ratios (A260/A280) between 1.80 and 1.95 indicating their purity. The initial 
primer screening was conducted with thirty ISSR and sixteen SSR primers. Based 
on their ability to yield reproducible and distinct banding patterns, eleven ISSR 
and five SSR primers were selected for subsequent analysis. 
The ISSR primers used in the study exhibited a polymorphism percentage 
ranging from 55.56% (ISSR 10 ) to 100% (ISSR-1 and UBC 828), with an 
average value of 79.44%. On the other hand, the selected SSR primers displayed a 
100% polymorphism percentage. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) 
values ranged from 0.12 (UBC-819) to 0.41 (ISSR-23) for ISSR markers and from 
0.60 (NlaSSR 7) to 0.72 (NlaSSR 23) for SSR markers. PIC is an indication of the 
informativeness of the primers. The Marker index (MI) which measures the utility 
of the primers ranged between 0.36 (UBC 819) to 2.88 (UBC 825) for ISSR 
markers and it varied between 1.80(NlaSSR 7) to 2.88 (NlaSSR 23) for SSR 
markers. 
The diversity analysis of rambutan accessions was performed using the 
NTSYS-Pc software. In the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with 
Arithmetic Mean) cluster analysis based on ISSR data, the rambutan accessions 
were divided into two distinct clusters at a similarity coefficient of 0.61 with 10 
accessions in each cluster. The Col.03 and Col.53 were found to be closely related 
with a similarity of 71%. 
In the SSR data-based cluster analysis, the rambutan accessions were 
divided into two major clusters at a similarity coefficient of 0.70. Cluster I 
comprised a total of eight rambutan accessions and Cluster II included the 
remaining twelve genotypes. The highest similarity of 67% was observed between 
Col.87 and Col.97, Col. 81 and Col.86, Col.04 and Col.52, and Col.48 and Col.15. 
In the combined SSR-ISSR cluster analysis, at a similarity coefficient of 0.62, the 
rambutan accessions were divided into two clusters, showing a similar 
dendrogram pattern as observed in the ISSR data-based dendrogram. The 
Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) also revealed a similar pattern of 
distribution of the accessions as recorded in cluster analysis.The results of the 
present study revealed that the accessions studied had genetic diversity ranging 
from 61% to 70% under different marker systems. The accessions from the same 
area have shown a closer genetic distance, suggesting that dispersal from related 
parents may have occurred. In future crop improvement programmes for this 
exotic crop, existing germplasm from different locations of the state and 
molecular analysis employing more markers can be exploited. Identification of 
markers associated with economically important trails will be useful for marker 
assisted breeding programmes. The current study on genetic diversity using 
molecular markers is the first of its type in Kerala and hence can be considered as 
a basic information for future related works.
 (Nephelium
ER  -