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245			_aComparative feed Efficiency of Crossbred Jersey and Crossbred Brown Swiss Cattle
260			_aMannuthy _bDepartment of Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences _c1989
502			_bPhD
520	3		_aA comparative evaluation of the feed conversion efficiencies of crossbred Jersey and crossbred Brown Swiss Cattle of Kerala involving a growth study and a lactation study using eight heifer calves and six milch cows each for 28 and 14 fortnights respectively were carried out. While records of daily feed intake, water consumption, fortnightly data on body weight, body measurements and monthly data on haematological values were maintained during the growth study, data on daily feed intake, milk yield, fortnightly data on composition of milk, body weight and haematological values were gathered during the lactation study. Digestion-cum-balance trials were carried out during the 14th and 28th fortnights respectively under growth study and during the 11th fortnight under lactation study. There were no significant differences between crossbred Jersey and crossbred Brown Swiss heifer calves in respect of their average daily dry matter and water consumptions, various body measurements, haematological values and digestion coefficients of various nutrients in their feed throughout the experimental period of 28 fortnights except that the average digestion coefficients of crude fibre in crossbred Brown Swiss heifer calves during digestion trial I was significantly higher (P/0.01) than that of crossbred Jersey. Both the groups of heifer calves did not differ significantly in respect of their average daily consumptions of dry matter, gross energy, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, crude protein and digestible crude protein per unit metabolic body size (W 0.75kg). The feed conversion efficiency values as adjudged in terms of quantities of dry matter, gross energy, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, crude protein and digestible crude protein needed per kg body weight gain in crossbed Jersey were 13.70+1.01 kg, 54.25+3.13 Mcal, 8.09+0.46 kg, 36.32+2.09 Mcal, 1.83+0.10 kg and 1.10+0.06 kg respectively and the same were not significantly different from the average values of 14.80 + 1.06 kg, 61.47 + 4.47 Mcal, 9.17 + 0.68 kg, 41.19 + 3.00 Mcal, 2.03 + 0.14 kg and 1.24 + 0.08 kg respectively observed in the case of crossbred Brown Swiss heifer calves. Both the groups did not differ significantly in respect of average daily nitrogen retention of 18.48 + 0.61 and 18.06 + 1.02 g respectively during trial I and 17.90 + 1.02 and 18.86 + 1.15 g respectively during trial II. Milch cows belonging to both the genetic groups of crossbred Jersey and crossbred Brown Swiss not only maintained their body weight but also showed an overall average fortnightly weight gain of 1.44 + 0.14 and 1.71 + 0.06 kg respectively without any significant difference between in respect of feed consumption, digestion coefficients of nutrients and nitrogen retention, the marginally positive nitrogen balance together with normal haematological values obtained in respect of both the groups indicated that all the animals and 6.43 kg respectively during the 1st, 7th and 13th fortnights in the case of crossbred Jersey cows were not significantly different from those of 7.07, 7.08 and 6.80 kg respectively in the case of crossbred Brown Swiss cows. There was no significant difference between cows belonging to the two genetic groups in respect of their average daily consumption of DM, gross energy, TDN, crude protein and DCP per unit metabolic body size. The overall average consumptions of 5.76+0.23 Mcal, 0.76+0.03 kg, 3.17+0.13 Mcal and 103.45+4.60 g respectively of gross energy, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy and DCP per kg of FCM produced by crossbred Jersey cows including their maintenance requirements were not significantly different from 5.87+0.25 Mcal, 0.77+0.03 kg, 3.28+0.14 Mcal and 104.98+4.60 g respectively of the same by crossbred Brown Swiss cows. The two crossbred groups of milch cows failed to show any significant difference in respect of their economic efficiency in terms of dairy merit as well as income over feed cost, the average values being 22.74+0.88 and Rs.39.20 per day for crossbred Jersey and 22.59+0.89 and Rs.39.12 per day for crossbred Brown Swiss cows respectively. No significant differences were observed in the performances of crossbred Jersey and crossbred Brown Swiss cattle in respect of their growth and milk production when reared in the same locality under identical conditions of feeding and management. FINDINGS : An investigation involving a growth study and a lactation study was carried out with a view to compare the feed conversion efficiencies of crossbred Jersey and crossbred Brown Swiss cattle in respect of the two production functions. Growth study was carried out on eight heiger calves of 5-11 months of age each belonging to the two genetic groups viz. crossbred Jersey and crossbred Brown Swiss for a total period of 28 fortnights under identical conditions of feeding and management. Individual records of daily intake of feed and water, fortnightly data on body weight, monthly data on body measurements and haematological values were maintained throughout the period of experiment. Two digestion cum-balance-trials, one at the middle and the other at the end of the experimental period were carried out to find out the digestion coefficients of nutrients and efficiency of their utilization from the feed. The feed conversion efficiency was assessed in terms of efficiency of utilization of dry matter, gross energy, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, crude protein, digestible crude protein and nitrogen for growth. Lactation study was carried out on two groups of six lactating half bred Jersey and half bred Brown Swiss cows each, of almost similar age, parity, stage of lactation and level of production for a period of 13 fortnights under identical conditions of feeding and management. Individual records of daily feed intake and milk yield and fortnightly data on body weight, haematological values and milk composition were maintained throughout the period of study. The digestion-cum-balance trial was carried out during the 11th fortnight to find out the digestion coefficients of nutrients and efficiency of nutrient utilization from the feed. The biological efficiency of utilization of dry matter, gross energy, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, crude protein, digestible crude protein and nitrogen and the economic efficiency was assessed in terms of income over feed cost as well as dairy merit. From the overall results obtained the following inferences were drawn. 1. Crossbred Jersey and crossbred Brown Swiss heifer calves showed an average daily weight gain of 356.6 and 329.9 g respectively during the entire period of 28 fortnights, there being no significant difference between the two groups in this respect. 2. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two genetic groups in respect of their body size as adjudged in terms of various body measurements, viz. height at the bottom of the chest, top of withers and top of rump; girth at the region of chest, paunch and flank and linear measurements in terms of distance between pin bones, shoulder points, from point of shoulder to the pin bones and from external angle of ileum to hip point. 3. Crossbred Jersey and crossbred Brown Swiss heifer calves consumed on an average 3.26+0.05 and 3.33+0.12 kg respectively of dry matter per day per 100 kg body weight during the entire period of 28 fortnights without showing any significant difference between them in this respect. 4. There was no significant difference between crossbred Jersey and crossbred Brown Swiss heifer calves in respect of their average water consumption of 14.82 and 13.90 kg respectively per day. 5. The haematological values in respect of both the groups showed no significant difference and the values were within the reported normal range indicating that all animals were in good nutritional status. 6. The two genetic groups of heifer calves did not differ significantly in respect of their ability to digest various nutrients in their ration except that during digestion trial I, the average digestion coefficient of crude fibre was significantly higher (P/0.10) in crossbred Brown Swiss (62.27+1.12) compared to crossbred Jersey (55.68+1.28). 7. The average consumptions of 108.08+0.84 g, 442.40+3.59 Kcal, 65.50+0.50 g, 295.37+2.37 Kcal, 14.86+0.14 g and 9.08+0.09 g respectively of dry matter, gross energy, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, crude protein and DCP per W0.75 kg, obtained in the case of crossbred Jersey were not significantly different from those of 107.19+2.24 g, 442.42+8.50 Kcal, 65.80+1.30 g, 295.52+5.71 Kcal, 14.72+0.27 g and 9.00+0.16 g respectively obtained in the case of crossbred Brown Swiss heifer calves. 8. The efficiency of utilization of feed for growth in terms of quantities of dry matter, gross energy, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, crude protein and digestible crude protein needed per kg body weight gain in crossbred Jersey viz. 13.70+1.01 kg, 54.25+3.13 Mcal, 8.09+0.4 kg, 36.32+2.09 Mcal, 1.83+0.10 kg and 1.10+0.06 kg respectively were not significantly different from the average values of 14.80+1.06 kg 61.47+4.47 Mcal, 9.17+0.68 kg, 41.19+3.00 Mcal, 2.03+0.14 kg and 1.24+0.08 kg respectively in the case of crossbred Brown Swiss heifer calves. 9. There was no significant difference between crossbred Jersey and crossbred Brown Swiss heifer calves in regard to their efficiency of utilization of dietary protein for promoting growth as adjudged by nitrogen balance in g per day, the average values being 18.48+0.61 and 18.06+1.02 g respectively in digestion trial I and 17.90+1.02 and 18.86+1.15 g respectively in digestion trial II for the two groups. 10. Milch cows belonging to both the genetic groups not only maintained their body weight but also showed an overall average fortnightly weight gain of 1.44+0.14 and 1.71+0.06 kg respectively, there being no statistically significant difference between them in this regard. 11. The haematological values obtained in respect of both the genetic groups were within the reported normal range, suggesting that all experimental animals were in good nutriture. 12. There was no significant difference between crossbred Jersey and crossbred Brown Swiss cows in regard to the digestion coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract. Cows belonging to both the genetic groups maintained a marginally positive nitrogen balance without any significant difference in the mean values, indicating that all animals were in good nutritional status. 13. The two groups of crossbred milch cows did not differ significantly in respect of their feed consumption, the average daily intake of dry matter in kg per 100 kg body weight during the 1st, 7th and 13th fortnights being 3.92+0.22, 4.01+0.26 and 3.90+0.23 respectively in the case of crossbred Jersey and 3.90+0.29, 3.98+0.30 and 3.98+0.34 respectively in the case of crossbred Brown Swiss cows. 14. The average daily milk yield of 7.28, 7.06 and 6.43 kg respectively obtained during the 1st, 7th and 13th fortnights in the case of crossbred Jersey cows were not significantly different from those of 7.07, 7.08 and 6.80 kg respectively in the case of crossbred Brown Swiss cows. 15. The two groups of crossbred cows did not differ significantly in respect of their milk composition throughout the experimental period of 13 fortnights except during the 6th fortnight when the milk produced by crossbred Jersey had significantly higher content of total solids and fat (P / 0.05) than that of crossbred Brown Swiss cows. 16. Cows in the crossbred Jersey group did not differ significantly from those in the crossbred Brown Swiss group in respect of their fortnightly yields of butter fat, total milk solids, fat corrected milk and solids corrected milk. 17. The average daily consumptions of 158.13+8.17, 162.88+9.50 and 159.75+8.33 g of DM and 19.98+1,16, 20.12+1.19 and 19.20+1.00 g of crude protein respectively per W0.75kg during the 1st, 7th and 13th fortnights in the case of crossbred Jersey were not significantly different from the average consumptions of 157.58+9.86, 162.43+10.48 and 159.23+12.37 g of DM and 19.93+1.28, 20.17+1.33 and 19.12+1.67 g of crude protein respectively in the case of crossbred Brown Swiss cows. Similarly the overall average daily consumptions of 661.76+34.74 Kcal of gross energy 366.68+19.27 Kcal of digestible energy and 11.91+0.65 g of DCP per W0.75kg in the case of crossbred Jersey were not significantly different from the average consumptions of 656.91+44.45 Kcal of gross energy, 368.10+24.68 Kcal of digestible energy and 11.83+0.83 g of DCP respectively in the case of crossbred Brown Swiss cows. 18. The efficiency of utilization of feed for milk production in terms of gross energy, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy and digestible crude protein needed for the production of one kg of FCM including the maintenance requirements in the case of crossbred Jersey were not significantly different from those values obtained in the case of crossbred Brown Swiss cows, the overall averages being 5.76+0.23 Mcal, 0.76+0.03 kg, 3.17+0.13 Mcal and 103.45+4.60 g respectively for the former and 5.87+0.25 Mcal, 0.77+0.03 kg, 3.28+0.14 Mcal and 104.98+4.60 g respectively for the latter. Similarly the average daily consumptions of 1.27+0.06, 1.35+0.05 and 1.50+0.12 kg of DM and 0.16+0.008, 0.166+0.006 and 0.181+0.015 kg of crude protein respectively per kg of FCM produced, during the 1st, 7th and 13th fortnights in the case of crossbred Jersey cows were not significantly different from 1.41+0.07, 1.44+0.07 and 1.52+0.08 kg of DM and 0.178+0.009, 0.179+0.009 and 0.181+0.009 kg crude protein respectively in the case of crossbred Brown Swiss cows. 19. The economic efficiency assessed in terms of income over feed cost and dairy merit in respect of crossbred Jersey cows was not significantly different from that of crossbred Brown Swiss cows, the average values being Rs.22.07 per day and 22.74+0.88 respectively for the former and Rs.21.58 per day and 22.59+0.89 respectively for the latter. The significance of the above inferences are discussed briefly.
700			_aAnanthasubramaniam C R (Guide)
856			_uhttp://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810129834
856			_uhttps://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/displaybitstream?handle=1/5810129834&fileid=87d72593-1587-4fbb-84ad-75adb92810c4
942			_2ddc _cTH