Browsing by Author "Abi Cheeran"

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Effect of variety, spacing and support material on nutrition and yield of blackpepper (Piper Nigrum L.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1992) Abi Cheeran; Wahid, P A; Kamalam, N V; Sajan Kurien; Lyla Mathew
A field experiment was conducted with two varieties of black pepper to study the influence of spacing and type of support (standard) on nutrition and yield. During a six year period since planting, soil chemical characteristics were not influenced by variety, spacing and type of standard. The variety Karimunda accumulated more K, Ca and Mn in the leaf compared to Panniyur-1. A depressing effect on foliar Ca level was noticed in vines trailed on Garuga pinnata. Closer spacing down to 2 m x 2 m did not affect the vine yield adversely. Three to four-fold increases in yield were obtained by trailing the vines on teak pole instead of on trees. The decrease in yield of the vine trailed on Erythrina indica and Garufa pinnata as compared to that on teak pole (non-living standard) was discussed in the light of probable competitive interactions between the crop vine and support tree as in mixed cropping system.
Evaluation of newer fungicides against diseases of rice especially rice blast
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1981) Sheela Paul, T; Abi Cheeran
The experiments for the evalution of newer fungicides against rice diseases were conducted at the Rice Research Station and Instructional Farm at Mannuthy during the first and second crop season of 1979-80. The objectives of this study were to find out the efficiency of the new foliar fungicide Panolil, against four rice diseases viz., blast, brownspot, sheath blight and stackburn and to evaluate the efficacy of the newer fungicides Panolil, Panoctine and Panoram as seed treatment fungicides. In the bioassay studies in vitro cent per cent inhibition of Pyricularia oryzae was obtained in 1000 ppm of Panolil, 2000 ppm of Panoctine, 500 ppm of Panoram, 250 ppm of Hinosan and Kitazin and 100 ppm of Agallol in potato dextrose agar medium. In all the fungicide incorporated liquid medium no growth was observed. Panolil (500 ppm), Panoctine (500 ppm), Panoram (1000 ppm), Hinosan (1000 ppm), Kitazin (1000 ppm) and Agallol (100 ppm) completely inhibited the growth of Drechslera oryzae in solid medium. In liquid medium also no growth was observed even in lowest concentration of Panoli, Panoctine and Agallol, 250 ppm and above concentration of Panoram and Kitazin. But growth was observed in all the lower concentrations of Hinosan. Cent per cent inhibition of corticium sasakii was not noticed even in 2000 ppm concentration of Panolil and Panoctine. Panoram and Kitazin at 250 ppm concentration and Hinosan at 500 ppm gave 100 per cent inhibition of C. sasakii. In liquid medium no growth of the fungus was obtained in any of the fungicidal treatments except in the lowest concentration of Kitazin. Panolil, Hinosan and Kitazin gave 100 per cent inhibition of Alternaria padwixkii only at 2000 ppm. Panoram at 1000 ppm and Agallol at 100 ppm gave 100 percent inhibition. In liquid medium growth was observed only in the lowest concentration of Panoram and Kitazin and in all the concentrations of Hinosan. The incidence of blast was low in both the seasons and in both the varieties. Two higher concentrations of panolil (1.5 kg/ha and 1 kg /ha) were equally effective as organophosphorus fungicides in reducing leaf infection, while against neck blast, Hinosan and Kitazin were better than Panolil. Brown spot disease was low in both the varieties during first crop and while in second crop season disease was notices only in Jaya. Panolil 1.5 kg/ha was found to be superior to Hinosan and Kitazin in reducing the disease. Sheath blight infection was low and was noticed only during the first crop in the variety Triveni. Panolil was as effective as organophosphorus fungicides in controlling the disease. Stackburn disease appeared on both the varieties in both the seasons. This disease was best controlled by higher concentrations of Panolil. Seed treatment and storage studies were conducted using the seeds collected from the first crop season. Newer fungicides panolil, Panoctine and Panoram and Agallol were used as seed treatment fungicides. The effect of delayed drying and storage, on seed microflora and deterioration of viability were also studied by using the seeds treated with different fungicides. An increased number of fungal flora was observed in untreated seeds compared to the treated ones. Generally the number of seeds associated with fungal flora increased on storage. For both rice varieties Agallol was found to be the best in reducing association of fungal flora on seeds while when the storage period was extended upto 32 weeks the highest concentration of newer chemicals were found to be on par with Agallol. When the seeds were stored for 16 weeks, the influence of delayed drying on germination was pronounced only when the drying was delayed beyond 6 days then the germination fell below 80 per cent. After 24 weeks of storage, the germination fell below 80 per cent even when the drying was delayed for three days. Agallol was found to be the best seed dresser, followed by the higher concentrations of newer fungicides. When the storage was prolonged for 32 weeks, satisfactory germination was obtained only for the seeds dried immediately and pretreated with Agallol and Panoram 1 g/kg and 1.5 g/kg.
Fruit rot of bitter gourd
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1980) Sukumara Varma, A; Abi Cheeran; Peethambaran, C K
Fungal diseases of selected medicinal plants of Kerala
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1991) Sukumara Varma, A; Abi Cheeran
Infectivity of Phytophthora species on cash crops of Kerala
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1986) Manomohan Das, T P; Abi Cheeran
The Phytophthora species infecting black pepper, arecanut, rubber, cocoa, coconut and cardamom in the northern districts of Kerala exhibited similar morphological characters and were identified as Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler. Onl/cardamom and rubber isolates produced sexual structures on culture media. Cross inoculation studies with all these isolates yielded successful results.
Leaf and stem blight of japanese mentha caused by Corynespora casiicola (berk. & curt.) wei.
(Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, 1968) Abi Cheeran
Medium for in vitro production of toxins by Phytophthora Capsici from black pepper
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1994) Vilasini, T N; Abi Cheeran
Necrotic streak - A symptom of kokkan disease of banana
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1992) Ravi, S; Vilasini, T N; Beena, S; Abi Cheeran
Nutrient requirements of pepper vines trained on live and dead standards
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1981) Mohan Kumar, B; Abi Cheeran
A trial was conducted at the Kerala Agricultural University Main campus, Vellanikkara, in orderto study the nutrient requirement of pepper vines grown on live and dead standards. It was found that dead standards significantly out-yielded the liveones. Also it was observed that for the dead standards, application of 75g N and 50g P203/vine/year would be the optimum.
Quick wilt disease of pepper (Piper nigrum Linn)-1 symptomatological studies on the quick wilt disease of pepper
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1978) Mammootty, K P; Abi Cheeran
The present study on the quick wilt disease of pepper caused by Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler was conducted at the Pepper Research Station, Vellanikkara using Panniyoor-1 pepper variety. The objectives of the investigations were to study the symptoms of the disease and to find out suitable control measures using fungicides. The first visible symptom on leaf, stem and root was noticed 24 to 48 hours; two to five days and 24 to 48 hours respectively after inoculation, depending on the maturity of the plant part. A fully developed lesion had a dark brown hononecrotic centre and plesionecrotic boarder surrounded by yellow halo. The yellow halo was not noticed during prolonged wet and humid conditions. Under these conditions lesions was uniformly brown in colour. Zonations were noticed during the alternate wet and dry conditions. On the stem, branches and roots symptom usually developed as a uniformly brown and dark coloured lesions. Pathogen entered mainly though lower surface of the leaf. After infection, defoliation took place within five to ten days. Development of flaccidity, drooping and defoliation of the leaves were the marked symptoms during the progress of disease when the stem, branches or roots were infected. All the fungicides tested checked the growth of the fungus in vitro for a period of three days. The fungicides when sprayed or drenched two hours before inoculation completely checked the disease. However, there was mild infection on plant where Dithane M-45 was used for drenching the soil. As the interval between the fungicidal spray and inoculation prolonged there was progressive reduction in the control of the disease. None of the fungicides was able to eradicate completely the established pathogen on leaves. When fungicides were applied one day after inoculation there was complete control of the disease on stem. While the control was not complete when it was applied two days after inoculation. All the fungicides except Dithane M-45 completely checked the development of the disease when they were drenched in soil.
Quick wilt disease of pepper-II
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1982) Vilasini, T N; Abi Cheeran
The present study on the quick wilt disease of pepper (Piper nigrum Lin.) was conducted at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara. The objective of this study is to find out a rapid and perfect technique to screen large number of Piper types (both open polinatede and hybrid seedlings) against Phytophthora palmivora (Sutler) Butler, the quick wilt (foot rot) organism of black pepper. P. palmivora is capable of producing phytotoxin in vitro. The leaves of P. nigrum assayed with the propagule-free dialysed culture filtrate of P. palmivora, produced necrotic symptoms typical of the natural infection. Five liquid media were tested for production of toxic metabolite by the pathogen. Out of this, Richards + yeast extract broth was found to be the best medium followed by potato dextrose broth which is on par with thiamine enriched synthetic liquid medium for Phytophthora. Seventeen p. nigrum types (open pollinated, hybrid and panniyur-1) were screened against P. palmivora. Three different plant parts namely, leaves (both detached and undetached), stem cuttings and roots were inoculated with viable pathogen and bio-assayed with propagule-free dialysed culture filtrate. The enoculation of the pathogen and administration of propagule-free dialysed culture filtrate on the leaves of potted pepper plants and detached leaves showed the same symptom expression as that of the natural infection of the pathogen. All the pepper types tested were found highly susceptible to leaf infection. Undetached leaves were found better to study the resistance of pepper plants to the disease, due to slow and steady development of symptom on inoculation with the pathogen. Stem cuttings of all the P. nigrum types were inoculated with zoospore suspension and bio-assayed with propagule-free dialysed culture filtrate. The lesion development in both cases were typio of the natural infection of the pathogen. All the pepper types tasted for the stem reaction showed no significant difference between the types, with respect to the symptom expression. The roots of cuttings were inoculated with zoospore suspension and assayed with propagule-free dialysed culture filtrates. In all the pepper types tested by both methods, the entire root system were found decayed within three days after the administration of culture filtrate and within five days on inoculation with zoospore suspension. All the seventeen P. nigrum types tested were found highly susceptible to root infection.
Sporangial ontogeny of Phytophthora Palmivora (Butler) butler from black pepper (Piper Nigrum Linn.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1985) Manomohan Das, T P; Abi Cheeran
The Phytophthora species collected from black pepper from the different locations of north Kerala showed similar morphological characters and were identified as Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler. Based on the growth characteristics on carrot agar, L/B {length by breadth) ratio and pedicel length of the sporangium all the black pepper isolates of P. pa/mivora obtained in the present investigation can be placed in MF1 or MF2 or MF3 (Griffin, 1977) or group I or II (Zentmyer et ai., 1977) due to the overlapping of characteristics described for them.
Studies on the microflora of stored pepper
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1982) Estelitta, S; Abi Cheeran
With a view to study the microflora in stored black pepper, a research project was carried out at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara. It was also aimed at estimating the deterioration of the quality of stored black pepper in terms of its oleoresin, piperine and starch contents due to microbial infection and assessing the role of each micro-organisms in changing the quality of the product. The study revealed that the major chemical constituents of stored black pepper, namely, oleoresin, piperine and starch varied in different grades of black pepper. Slight variations in these quality constituents were observed according to the seasons of storage also. In all the seasons, association of microflora with all grades of black pepper was observed. The species of micro-organisms were not changed during seasons, but the population varied according to grade of black pepper and season of storage. The micro-organisms found were Aspergillus niger, A. candidus, A. nidulans, A. versicolor, curvularia lumata, penicillium citrinum, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus nigricans and Bacterium (gram –ve). There was no growth of microflora in stored black pepper upto 66.8 per cent relative humidity, whereas profused growth was observed at saturation levels of humidity. Only Aspergillus spp. And penicillium citrinum could come up at a lower HUMIDITY LEVEL (75.6 per cent). In three quality constituents of black pepper viz., oleoresin, piperine and starch reduced considerably when the samples were inoculated with different micro-organisms at different levels of humidity. Reduction in the quality constituents was found corresponding to the increase in level of humidity as well as length of incubation period.
Study on the etiology and ecology of "Fungal Pollu" in pepper
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1982) Sebastian, K V; Abi Cheeran
Laborartory and field experiments of the " study on the etiology and ecology of fungal pollution' was found to be Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes. The initial symptom of the disease observed on leaves tender shoots and berries was chlorotic specks. Only physiologically active leaves were infected. The well developed leaf spot under dry condition were circular to irregularly circular in shape. Under humid moisture conditions, the leaf spot enlarged quickly and the holonecrotic area was ashy white in colour. Pedicel infection caused the shedding of the spike. Infected tender shoots dried. Rachis infection was noticed rarely. The infected berries became dried, shrivelled, dark in colour and light in weight. Infection on mature berriescaused cracking of the rind.
Study on the etiology and ecology of fungal pollu in pepper
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1982) Sebastain, K V; Abi Cheeran
Laboratory and filed experiments of the “study on the etiology of fungal pollu” was conducted at Pepper Research Station, attached to the College of Horticulture, vellanikkara from 1978-1979. The pathogen associated with the disease was found to be Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The initial symptom of the disease observed on leaves tender shoots and berries was chlorotic specks. Only physiologically active leaves were infected. The well developed leaf spot under dry condition were circular to irregularly circular in shape. Under humid moisture conditions, the leaf spot enlarged quickly and the hononecrotic area was ashy white in colour. Pedicel infection caused the shedding of the spike. Infected tender shoots dried. Rachis infection was noticed rarely. The infected berries became dried, shrivelled, dark in colour and light in weight. Infection on mature berries caused cracking of the rind. The climate of Vellanikkara tract is typically monsoonic, consisting of South West and North East monsoons. The fresh leaf infection by the pathogen was found during the pre-monsoon period and the peak period of infection was during South West monsoon period. The intensity of the fresh leaf infection was found to be significant and positively correlated with number of rainy days total rainfall and averages of maximum and minimum temperature. Maximum disease index was observed during the South West monsoon period. The minimum disease index was observed during the warm dry periods. Maximum infection on the pedicel of the spike was found during the South West monsoon period. The coefficient of simple correlation of the pedicel infection with weather parameters namely number of rainy days, total rainfall and averages of maximum and minimum relative humidity were significant. The berry infection commenced during the late part of the South West monsoon period. Mature berries got more infection than immature berries. Out of seven fungicides tried, in vitro one per cent of Bordeaux mixture, Difolatan 2000 ppm, Antrocal 2000 ppm and Bayleton 2000 ppm gave cent per cent inhibition of the fungal growth. In the field one per cent of Bordeaux mixture was found to be the most effective fungicide in controlling the disease, followed by Difolatan. Maximum yield of pepper was observed in Bordeaux mixture treated plot followed by Difolatan.
Survey of collateral hosts of Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) butler in pepper gardens
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1982) Manomohan Das, T P; Abi Cheeran
A survey work was conducted at six locations of north Kerala to identify the collateral hosts of Phytophthora palmivora, the causal agent of quick wilt disease of pepper, especially the weeds and economical plants growing in and around the pepper gardens. The locations were surveyed at monthly intervals during the period from May, 1981 to December, 1981. Pepper was found to be infected by Phytophthora species in all the locations surveyed. Both aerial and underground parts of the vine got infected showing typical quick wilt symptoms. The gardens in the vicinity of arecanut and rubber plantations showed heavy incidence of the disease. The Phytophthora species collected from pepper from the different locations showed similar morphological characters and were identified as P. palmivora. None of these black pepper isolates produced sexual stages on culture medium. Based on the growth characteristics on carrot agar, L/B ratio and pedicel length of the sporangium all the black pepper isolates of p. palmivora obtained in the present investigation can be placed in MFI or MF2 or MF3 (Griffin, 1977) or group 1 or 11 (zentmyer at al. 1977) due to the overlapping of chracteristics described for them. None of the weed plants growing in and around the pepper gardens was found to be attacked by Phytophthora species. But five economically important plants viz., arecanut, rubber, cocoa, coconut and cardamom were found to be infected by Phytophthora species. The Phytophthora species from these hosts showed close similarity with P. palmivora isolates from pepper and were identified as P. palmivora. All these isolates of P. palmivora can be placed in MFI or MF2 or MF3 (Griffin, 1977) or group 1 or 11 (zentmyer et al. 1977). The cross inoculation studies with the P. palmivora isolates from different hosts yielded successful results. This indicated that arecanut, rubber, cocoa, coconut and cardamom can serve as collateral hosts of P. palmivora infecting pepper. The sporangia produced by the P. palmivora isolates on cross inoculation showed considerable variations in their size and in few cases shape. These variations made identification directly from the host misleading.
Technique for the separation of the whole embryo of rice grains for the detection of fungal mycelium
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1972) Abi Cheeran; Sam Raj, J
Witches' broom disease of Stachytarpheta indica Vahl.
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1987) Ravi, S; Sally K Mathew; Abi Cheeran