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Recent Submissions
Farmers perception towards electronic- national agriculture market (e-NAM) platform with reference toAPMC market,Haryana
(College of Co-operation,Banking &Management, vellanikkara, 2023) Piyush Paul
Financial performance of Dindigul central co-operative bank,Tamilnadu
(vellanikkara College of Co-operation,Banking &Management,Vellanikkara, 2023) Raja Priyadharshini,S
Workers satisfaction towards welfare measures At palm fibre,Alappuzha
(College of Co-Operation,Banking and Management,Vellanikkara, 2023) Jain,Amrutha
Seed invigouration and weed management for enhancing productivity in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2025) Aswin Mohan; Sheeja, K Raj
The experiment entitled “Seed inviguoration and weed management
for enhancing productivity in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) was conducted at
College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala during the period 2022-2024. The
investigation pertaining to the study comprised two experiments. A pot culture
experiment was conducted to assess the seed invigouration potential of liquid
organic manures and field experiment to study the effect of seed invigouration and
weed management regimes for higher productivity in aerobic rice.
Pot culture experiment was conducted in September 2023 at the College of
Agriculture, Vellayani. The experiment followed a completely randomized design
(CRD) with 18 treatments in three replications. Treatments included beejamrit,
jeevamrit, panchagavya, and vermiwash at 2.5 per cent, 3 per cent, 5 per cent, and
6 per cent concentrations, along with hydropriming and no priming. Seeds of
Prathyasa variety were primed for 16 h and dried to original moisture before
sowing.
Seed priming with liquid organic manures significantly influenced seed
germination parameters, seedling attributes, and vigor indices in rice. Among the
treatments, beejamrit at 6 per cent concentration recorded higher germination
percentage (90.0%), while beejamrit 5 per cent achieved the highest germination
rate index (21.6). However, vermiwash 5 per cent proved superior in terms of
overall germination performance, registering the highest germination index (125.3),
greater speed of germination, and mean daily germination (2.1 no. d-1). In addition,
the coefficient of rate of germination was higher in vermiwash 3 per cent (21.4).
The shortest mean germination time (5.2 d) was observed with panchagavya 3 per
cent.
Beejamrit 6 per cent resulted in higher seedling vigor index I (3123) which
was statistically on par with vermiwash at 3 per cent, 5 per cent, and 6 per cent, as
well as panchagavya 5 per cent. In terms of seedling vigor index II, the higher value
was observed with vermiwash 6 per cent (6.64), and was on par with vermiwash 5
per cent(6.49).
Based on the total scores, seed priming with 5 per cent and 3 per cent
vermiwash concentrations which scored the highest scores of 253 and 237,
respectively, were selected for further evaluation under field condition
The field experiment was conducted at the organic farm of Department of
Agronomy from January to May 2024, in randomized block design (RBD) with
three factors. The first factor was two levels of seed priming [vermiwash 3 per cent
(p1) and vermiwash 5 per cent (p2)] and a control (unprimed seeds). The second
factor consisted of various weed management regimes [wheel hoe weeding (WHW)
performed three times at 15, 30, and 45 DAS (r1), live mulching with cowpea
followed by WHW at 45 DAS (r2), Gliricidia maculata leaf mulching at 10 t ha-1
followed by WHW at 30 and 45 DAS (r3), hand weeding (HW) thrice at 15, 30, and
45 DAS (r4), and weedy check (r5)]. The Prathyasa variety of rice was used for the
study. Seeds were sown using a seed drill, and cowpea seeds were sown for live
mulching at 7 DAS of rice and was uprooted and spread at 45 DAS during wheel
hoe weeding. Similarly, Gliricidia maculata leaf mulching was also done on 7 DAS.
At 15, 45, and 60 DAS, the treatment combination p2r5 resulted in taller
plants. However, at 30 DAS and harvest, p1r3 and p2r3 produced taller plants,
respectively. Tillers m² were higher in p2r1 at 30 and 60 DAS, though it was on par
with p2r3 at 30 DAS and p2r4 at 60 DAS. At 45 DAS, p2r4 produced a greater number
of tillers m², and at harvest, p2r3 had a greater number of tillers m². Dry matter
production per plant was found to be higher in p2r4 at 15 DAS, and at the remaining
stages, p2r3 resulted in higher DMP per plant.
The treatment combination p2r1 exhibited higher LAI at 30, 45, and 60 DAS.
The chlorophyll content was higher in p2r1 at 15 DAS, p1r2 at 30 DAS, and in
treatments p1r3, p2r1, p2r2 and p1r3 at 60 DAS.
At 30 DAS - 45 DAS and 60 DAS - harvest, p2r3 resulted in higher crop growth
rate (CGR) (4.74 g m² d⁻¹ and 11.96 g m² d⁻¹, respectively). However, at 45 DAS - 60
DAS, p3r3 exhibited the highest CGR (10.85 g m² d⁻¹). For 15 DAS - 30 DAS, p1r1
resulted in higher relative growth rate (RGR) (0.228 g g⁻¹ d⁻¹). However, at 45 DAS -
60 DAS, p3r3 resulted in significantly higher RGR (0.063 g g⁻¹ d⁻¹), and from 60 DAS
- harvest, p1r5 showed the highest RGR (0.038 g g⁻¹ d⁻¹).
The number of days to 50 per cent flowering ranged between 54 and 59 days
across treatments, with the earliest flowering in seeds primed in p2r4 (vermiwash
5% + hand weeding thrice) (54 days). The treatment combination p2r2 had greater
number of panicles m-2 (236 no. m-2) and 1000 grain weight, whereas, p2r4 had greater
number of grains per panicle and p2r3 had higher panicle weight.
The treatment combination, p2r3 resulted in significantly higher grain yield
(2625 kg ha-1), straw yield and harvest index. Compared to p2r4 (unprimed seeds +
hand weeding thrice), the percentage increase in grain yield observed in p3r3 (seeds
primed in vermi wash 5 per cent concentration + G. maculata green leaf mulching
with 10 t ha-1 fb WHW at 30 and 60 DAS) was 48.8 per cent.
Weed infestation significantly reduced grain yield in aerobic rice. Among the
treatment combinations, p3r5 recorded the highest weed index of 71.5 per cent.
Among the quality parameters, the treatment combination, p3r1 resulted in
higher starch content and was on par with all treatments except p1r1 and p3r4.
At 15 DAS, p1r3 resulted in lower absolute density of BLW, however at 30
DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS, p2r4 registered lower absolute density of BLW. The
absolute density of grasses was found to be lower in p2r2 and p3r5 at 15 DAS, p1r1 at
30 DAS, p2r1 at 45 DAS and p2r1 and p3r3 at 60 DAS. However, p1r3 resulted in lower
total density of weeds at 15 DAS and p2r4 at the remaining stages.
Weed dry weight was observed to be lower in p1r3 at 15 DAS and p2r4 at 30
DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS. Weed control efficiency also followed the same trend
as that of weed dry matter.
Nitrogen and P removal by weeds were observed to be lower in p2r4 at 30
DAS and 60 DAS. However, p2r4 showed lower K removal at 30 DAS and p3r4 at
60 DAS.
The treatment combination, p2r2 resulted in higher N uptake by aerobic rice
(72.6 kg ha-1) and it was followed by p2r3. However, p2r3 and p2r2 resulted in higher
P uptake by aerobic rice (12.0 kg ha-1) and K uptake by p2r3 (48.4 kg ha-1).
Interaction between seed priming and weed management regimes had
significant effect only on organic carbon content and the treatment combination,
p3r2 resulted in higher OC content (0.91%) and was on par with p2r3. Available P
content of post experiment soil was found to higher in p2r2.
The treatment combination, p2r3 resulted in higher gross return, net return
(₹ 97070 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.20) and it was followed by p2r2.
The study demonstrated that seed priming with liquid organic manures—
particularly vermiwash at 5 and 3 per cent concentrations—significantly enhanced
germination, seedling vigour, and early growth parameters in rice. Both seed priming and
weed management practices had a substantial impact on crop growth, physiological traits,
nutrient uptake, yield, weed suppression, and economic returns. Among all treatments, seed
priming with 5% vermiwash combined with green leaf manuring using Gliricidia maculata
(10 t ha⁻¹), followed by wheel hoe weeding at 30 and 45 DAS, emerged as the most
effective strategy for maximizing yield and profitability under aerobic rice cultivation.
Morphological and molecular characterization of nerium (Nerium oleander L.)
(Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2025) Jisna Johnson; Reshmi, C R
The study entitled "Morphological and molecular characterization of nerium
(Nerium oleander L.) genotypes" was conducted at the Department of Floriculture
and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, during
the period 2022-2024. The primary objective was to evaluate the performance of
fifteen nerium genotypes and to characterize them using morphological descriptors
and molecular markers for assessing their genetic variability and diversity.
Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes
for all morphological traits, including plant height, leaf blade length, and leaf blade
width. Among the fifteen genotypes, twelve (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T8, T9, T10, T11,
T13 and T15) flowered during the experimental period. Floral characteristics, such
as the number of flowers per plant at full flowering stage (i.e. two months after first
flowering), flower diameter, corolla throat length, corolla throat diameter, corolline
appendage length, and sepal length, also showed significant variations among the
genotypes.
Leaf blade width showed the highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficients
of variation (PCV and GCV) among the plant traits, while the number of flowers
per plant at the full flowering stage (i.e., two months after flower initiation) showed
maximum variation among the floral traits. Heritability was high across all traits
(69.6%–100%), with leaf blade length and single flower weight recording the
maximum values. Notable genetic advance was observed, especially in the number
of flowers per plant and corolla throat diameter. Traits with high heritability and
genetic advance indicate strong genetic control, making them ideal for selection in
breeding programmes.
Correlation analysis revealed that flower diameter exhibited a significant
positive genotypic correlation with plant height, length and width of leaf blade,
corolla throat diameter, single flower weight, and shelf life. However, a negative
correlation was observed between flower diameter and both the number of flowers
per plant and overall flower yield. Additionally, plant height showed a significant
126
positive phenotypic correlation with flower diameter, corolla throat diameter, and
single flower weight. Although flower diameter was negatively correlated with the
number of flowers per plant, it displayed a strong positive correlation with plant
height, corolla throat diameter, and single flower weight, making it a crucial trait
for selecting loose flowers.
Genetic diversity analysis using the ‘Average method’ and ‘Euclidean
distance measures’ clustered the genotypes into four groups based on floral
characteristics. The maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster
3 and cluster 4, suggesting that hybridization between these clusters would be most
effective. Scoring based on DUS guidelines revealed the highest score for genotype
T13 and it was followed by T1 and T4.
Molecular characterization of the fifteen genotypes was carried out using
ten ISSR primers, all of which generated polymorphic bands. Among the 98
amplicons obtained, 81 exhibited polymorphism, whereas 17 were found to be
monomorphic. Among the primers, UBC 826 yielded the highest number of alleles
(14), while UBC 814 produced the fewest (3). The primer UBC 855 exhibited the
highest polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.38, whereas UBC 814
showed the lowest PIC value of 0.15. Based on the cluster analysis of the molecular
data, the genotypes were grouped into three distinct clusters: Cluster 1 consisting
of seven genotypes (T1, T2, T4, T7, T8, T9, T12), Cluster 2 also containing seven (T3,
T6, T10, T11, T13, T14, T15) and Cluster 3, comprising a single genotype (T5).
Among the genotypes, T3 exhibited the highest yield of fragrant flowers,
followed by T1, making them ideal for loose flower production and potential
parental genotypes for breeding programmes. T5 was identified as a dwarf
genotype, suitable for potted plant applications. Seasonal variations in flower
production were observed across all the genotypes which flowered during the
experimental period. These findings provide valuable insights into the
morphological and genetic diversity of nerium genotypes, aiding in the selection of
superior genotypes for floriculture and breeding purposes.