1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
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Item Farmers perception towards electronic- national agriculture market (e-NAM) platform with reference toAPMC market,Haryana(College of Co-operation,Banking &Management, vellanikkara, 2023) Piyush PaulItem Financial performance of Dindigul central co-operative bank,Tamilnadu(vellanikkara College of Co-operation,Banking &Management,Vellanikkara, 2023) Raja Priyadharshini,SItem Workers satisfaction towards welfare measures At palm fibre,Alappuzha(College of Co-Operation,Banking and Management,Vellanikkara, 2023) Jain,AmruthaItem Seed invigouration and weed management for enhancing productivity in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2025) Aswin Mohan; Sheeja, K RajThe experiment entitled “Seed inviguoration and weed management for enhancing productivity in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala during the period 2022-2024. The investigation pertaining to the study comprised two experiments. A pot culture experiment was conducted to assess the seed invigouration potential of liquid organic manures and field experiment to study the effect of seed invigouration and weed management regimes for higher productivity in aerobic rice. Pot culture experiment was conducted in September 2023 at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The experiment followed a completely randomized design (CRD) with 18 treatments in three replications. Treatments included beejamrit, jeevamrit, panchagavya, and vermiwash at 2.5 per cent, 3 per cent, 5 per cent, and 6 per cent concentrations, along with hydropriming and no priming. Seeds of Prathyasa variety were primed for 16 h and dried to original moisture before sowing. Seed priming with liquid organic manures significantly influenced seed germination parameters, seedling attributes, and vigor indices in rice. Among the treatments, beejamrit at 6 per cent concentration recorded higher germination percentage (90.0%), while beejamrit 5 per cent achieved the highest germination rate index (21.6). However, vermiwash 5 per cent proved superior in terms of overall germination performance, registering the highest germination index (125.3), greater speed of germination, and mean daily germination (2.1 no. d-1). In addition, the coefficient of rate of germination was higher in vermiwash 3 per cent (21.4). The shortest mean germination time (5.2 d) was observed with panchagavya 3 per cent. Beejamrit 6 per cent resulted in higher seedling vigor index I (3123) which was statistically on par with vermiwash at 3 per cent, 5 per cent, and 6 per cent, as well as panchagavya 5 per cent. In terms of seedling vigor index II, the higher value was observed with vermiwash 6 per cent (6.64), and was on par with vermiwash 5 per cent(6.49). Based on the total scores, seed priming with 5 per cent and 3 per cent vermiwash concentrations which scored the highest scores of 253 and 237, respectively, were selected for further evaluation under field condition The field experiment was conducted at the organic farm of Department of Agronomy from January to May 2024, in randomized block design (RBD) with three factors. The first factor was two levels of seed priming [vermiwash 3 per cent (p1) and vermiwash 5 per cent (p2)] and a control (unprimed seeds). The second factor consisted of various weed management regimes [wheel hoe weeding (WHW) performed three times at 15, 30, and 45 DAS (r1), live mulching with cowpea followed by WHW at 45 DAS (r2), Gliricidia maculata leaf mulching at 10 t ha-1 followed by WHW at 30 and 45 DAS (r3), hand weeding (HW) thrice at 15, 30, and 45 DAS (r4), and weedy check (r5)]. The Prathyasa variety of rice was used for the study. Seeds were sown using a seed drill, and cowpea seeds were sown for live mulching at 7 DAS of rice and was uprooted and spread at 45 DAS during wheel hoe weeding. Similarly, Gliricidia maculata leaf mulching was also done on 7 DAS. At 15, 45, and 60 DAS, the treatment combination p2r5 resulted in taller plants. However, at 30 DAS and harvest, p1r3 and p2r3 produced taller plants, respectively. Tillers m² were higher in p2r1 at 30 and 60 DAS, though it was on par with p2r3 at 30 DAS and p2r4 at 60 DAS. At 45 DAS, p2r4 produced a greater number of tillers m², and at harvest, p2r3 had a greater number of tillers m². Dry matter production per plant was found to be higher in p2r4 at 15 DAS, and at the remaining stages, p2r3 resulted in higher DMP per plant. The treatment combination p2r1 exhibited higher LAI at 30, 45, and 60 DAS. The chlorophyll content was higher in p2r1 at 15 DAS, p1r2 at 30 DAS, and in treatments p1r3, p2r1, p2r2 and p1r3 at 60 DAS. At 30 DAS - 45 DAS and 60 DAS - harvest, p2r3 resulted in higher crop growth rate (CGR) (4.74 g m² d⁻¹ and 11.96 g m² d⁻¹, respectively). However, at 45 DAS - 60 DAS, p3r3 exhibited the highest CGR (10.85 g m² d⁻¹). For 15 DAS - 30 DAS, p1r1 resulted in higher relative growth rate (RGR) (0.228 g g⁻¹ d⁻¹). However, at 45 DAS - 60 DAS, p3r3 resulted in significantly higher RGR (0.063 g g⁻¹ d⁻¹), and from 60 DAS - harvest, p1r5 showed the highest RGR (0.038 g g⁻¹ d⁻¹). The number of days to 50 per cent flowering ranged between 54 and 59 days across treatments, with the earliest flowering in seeds primed in p2r4 (vermiwash 5% + hand weeding thrice) (54 days). The treatment combination p2r2 had greater number of panicles m-2 (236 no. m-2) and 1000 grain weight, whereas, p2r4 had greater number of grains per panicle and p2r3 had higher panicle weight. The treatment combination, p2r3 resulted in significantly higher grain yield (2625 kg ha-1), straw yield and harvest index. Compared to p2r4 (unprimed seeds + hand weeding thrice), the percentage increase in grain yield observed in p3r3 (seeds primed in vermi wash 5 per cent concentration + G. maculata green leaf mulching with 10 t ha-1 fb WHW at 30 and 60 DAS) was 48.8 per cent. Weed infestation significantly reduced grain yield in aerobic rice. Among the treatment combinations, p3r5 recorded the highest weed index of 71.5 per cent. Among the quality parameters, the treatment combination, p3r1 resulted in higher starch content and was on par with all treatments except p1r1 and p3r4. At 15 DAS, p1r3 resulted in lower absolute density of BLW, however at 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS, p2r4 registered lower absolute density of BLW. The absolute density of grasses was found to be lower in p2r2 and p3r5 at 15 DAS, p1r1 at 30 DAS, p2r1 at 45 DAS and p2r1 and p3r3 at 60 DAS. However, p1r3 resulted in lower total density of weeds at 15 DAS and p2r4 at the remaining stages. Weed dry weight was observed to be lower in p1r3 at 15 DAS and p2r4 at 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS. Weed control efficiency also followed the same trend as that of weed dry matter. Nitrogen and P removal by weeds were observed to be lower in p2r4 at 30 DAS and 60 DAS. However, p2r4 showed lower K removal at 30 DAS and p3r4 at 60 DAS. The treatment combination, p2r2 resulted in higher N uptake by aerobic rice (72.6 kg ha-1) and it was followed by p2r3. However, p2r3 and p2r2 resulted in higher P uptake by aerobic rice (12.0 kg ha-1) and K uptake by p2r3 (48.4 kg ha-1). Interaction between seed priming and weed management regimes had significant effect only on organic carbon content and the treatment combination, p3r2 resulted in higher OC content (0.91%) and was on par with p2r3. Available P content of post experiment soil was found to higher in p2r2. The treatment combination, p2r3 resulted in higher gross return, net return (₹ 97070 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.20) and it was followed by p2r2. The study demonstrated that seed priming with liquid organic manures— particularly vermiwash at 5 and 3 per cent concentrations—significantly enhanced germination, seedling vigour, and early growth parameters in rice. Both seed priming and weed management practices had a substantial impact on crop growth, physiological traits, nutrient uptake, yield, weed suppression, and economic returns. Among all treatments, seed priming with 5% vermiwash combined with green leaf manuring using Gliricidia maculata (10 t ha⁻¹), followed by wheel hoe weeding at 30 and 45 DAS, emerged as the most effective strategy for maximizing yield and profitability under aerobic rice cultivation.Item Morphological and molecular characterization of nerium (Nerium oleander L.)(Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2025) Jisna Johnson; Reshmi, C RThe study entitled "Morphological and molecular characterization of nerium (Nerium oleander L.) genotypes" was conducted at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, during the period 2022-2024. The primary objective was to evaluate the performance of fifteen nerium genotypes and to characterize them using morphological descriptors and molecular markers for assessing their genetic variability and diversity. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all morphological traits, including plant height, leaf blade length, and leaf blade width. Among the fifteen genotypes, twelve (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T8, T9, T10, T11, T13 and T15) flowered during the experimental period. Floral characteristics, such as the number of flowers per plant at full flowering stage (i.e. two months after first flowering), flower diameter, corolla throat length, corolla throat diameter, corolline appendage length, and sepal length, also showed significant variations among the genotypes. Leaf blade width showed the highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation (PCV and GCV) among the plant traits, while the number of flowers per plant at the full flowering stage (i.e., two months after flower initiation) showed maximum variation among the floral traits. Heritability was high across all traits (69.6%–100%), with leaf blade length and single flower weight recording the maximum values. Notable genetic advance was observed, especially in the number of flowers per plant and corolla throat diameter. Traits with high heritability and genetic advance indicate strong genetic control, making them ideal for selection in breeding programmes. Correlation analysis revealed that flower diameter exhibited a significant positive genotypic correlation with plant height, length and width of leaf blade, corolla throat diameter, single flower weight, and shelf life. However, a negative correlation was observed between flower diameter and both the number of flowers per plant and overall flower yield. Additionally, plant height showed a significant 126 positive phenotypic correlation with flower diameter, corolla throat diameter, and single flower weight. Although flower diameter was negatively correlated with the number of flowers per plant, it displayed a strong positive correlation with plant height, corolla throat diameter, and single flower weight, making it a crucial trait for selecting loose flowers. Genetic diversity analysis using the ‘Average method’ and ‘Euclidean distance measures’ clustered the genotypes into four groups based on floral characteristics. The maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster 3 and cluster 4, suggesting that hybridization between these clusters would be most effective. Scoring based on DUS guidelines revealed the highest score for genotype T13 and it was followed by T1 and T4. Molecular characterization of the fifteen genotypes was carried out using ten ISSR primers, all of which generated polymorphic bands. Among the 98 amplicons obtained, 81 exhibited polymorphism, whereas 17 were found to be monomorphic. Among the primers, UBC 826 yielded the highest number of alleles (14), while UBC 814 produced the fewest (3). The primer UBC 855 exhibited the highest polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.38, whereas UBC 814 showed the lowest PIC value of 0.15. Based on the cluster analysis of the molecular data, the genotypes were grouped into three distinct clusters: Cluster 1 consisting of seven genotypes (T1, T2, T4, T7, T8, T9, T12), Cluster 2 also containing seven (T3, T6, T10, T11, T13, T14, T15) and Cluster 3, comprising a single genotype (T5). Among the genotypes, T3 exhibited the highest yield of fragrant flowers, followed by T1, making them ideal for loose flower production and potential parental genotypes for breeding programmes. T5 was identified as a dwarf genotype, suitable for potted plant applications. Seasonal variations in flower production were observed across all the genotypes which flowered during the experimental period. These findings provide valuable insights into the morphological and genetic diversity of nerium genotypes, aiding in the selection of superior genotypes for floriculture and breeding purposes.Item Bioprospecting of indigenous fermented organic manures for plant beneficial microorganisms(Department of Microbiology, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2025) Thanku Mariam ScariaThe research work on “Bioprospecting of indigenous fermented organic manures for plant beneficial microorganisms” was performed at the Department of Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2022- 2024, with the objective to isolate plant growth promoting microorganisms from indigenous fermented organic manures and to develop a microbial consortium for growth promotion and suppression of leaf blight in red amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.). In the present study, the total culturable microbial population in twelve samples of indigenous fermented organic manures, collected from farmers of Thiruvananthapuram, Pathanamthitta, and Kottayam districts of Kerala, was assessed using the serial dilution and plating technique. The highest bacterial population was recorded in the panchagavya sample (RAPG), while the highest fungal population was observed in fermented green leaf decoction (SAFC), and the highest actinomycete population was found in fermented cow dung slurry (MIFC). Thirty-eight morphologically distinct bacterial isolates obtained from indigenous fermented organic manures and two bacterial isolates obtained from harithakashayam, a fermented organic manure in a previous study conducted at the Department of Microbiology were used for further studies. The Indole acetic acid (IAA) gibberellic acid (GA) and extracellular ammonia (ECA) production of the forty bacterial isolates were assessed. The isolates produced IAA in the range of 6.27 (SAFM 4) to 57.79 (SAJA 2) μg mL-1 of culture filtrate in the absence of tryptophan and 8.85 (SAFM 4) to 53.31μg mL-1 (KAUF 5) in the presence of tryptophan. The isolate SAFM 2 recorded significantly higher gibberellic acid production of 46.52 μg mL-1 and highest extracellular ammonia production of 14.12 μmol mL⁻¹. Twenty-four isolates producing plant growth hormones and/or extracellular ammonia were screened for phosphate solubilization, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and siderophore production. Of these, 17 solubilized tricalcium phosphate, 16 produced siderophores, and 2 tested positive for HCN production. Among forty bacterial isolates, twenty-two isolates exhibited antagonistic activity against the leaf blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani in dual culture plate assay. Maximum inhibition of R. solani was exhibited by KAUF 5 (42.27 per cent) followed by RAPG 3 (36.73 per cent). The twenty-four bacterial isolates which possessed plant growth promotion traits were subjected to a rapid screening for growth promotion of red amaranthus var. Arun. Treatment with SAFM 2 significantly enhanced germination, seedling vigour, plant height, leaf number, and biomass of amaranthus seedlings. RAPG 6 and KAUF 5 also promoted seedling growth at 14 days of sowing. The antagonistic activity of twenty-two isolates against R. solani in detached leaves of red amaranthus inoculated with the pathogen was assessed. On the 3rd day after pathogen inoculation, the smallest lesion area (0.61 cm²) was observed in leaves treated with the isolate RAPG 3 (83.98 % reduction over control), indicating the highest biocontrol activity. Based on the results of the studies on plant growth promotion, the isolates SAFM 2, RAPG 6, and KAUF 5 were selected for preparing the PGP consortium. The isolates RAPG 3, KAUF 5, and FAHK 7 were selected for preparing the antagonistic consortium based on better performance in studies on antagonistic activity against R. solani. All the five bacterial isolates were used for preparing the total consortium. The compatibility of the isolates was confirmed by cross streak assay. Morphological and biochemical characterization of the isolates revealed that all the five isolates were Gram-positive, endospore-forming rods. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed maximum sequence similarity of the isolates with Bacillus tequilensis (KAUF 5), Bacillus altitudinis (SAFM 2), Bacillus subtilis (RAPG 6), Calidifontibacillus erzurumensis (RAPG 3), and Bacillus stercoris (FAHK 7). The evaluation of microbial consortia for growth promotion in red amaranthus under pot culture conditions revealed that drenching the soil with PGP consortium significantly enhanced plant height (22.17 cm), no. of leaves (9.87), fresh root weight (8.72 g), dry root weight (1.24g), fresh shoot weight (35.06 g) and dry shoot weight (4.36g). This was statistically on par with the treatment involving drenching and foliar spray with the total consortium. Treatment with the antagonistic consortium recorded the lowest percentage disease index in red amaranthus inoculated with R. solani resulting in a 56.51% disease suppression compared to the pathogen inoculated control. The findings from the research highlight that the consortium of KAUF 5, SAFM 2, RAPG 6, and FAHK 7 significantly enhanced growth parameters and suppressed leaf blight disease in red amaranthus.Item Land use effects on soil organic matter in Manali watershed of Thrissur district, Kerala(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Science, College of Agriculture,Vellanikkara, 2025) Nasila, N; Santhosh, CSoil Organic Matter is fundamental to the vitality of terrestrial ecosystems, underpinning nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and the equilibrium of microbial communities. Its composition and abundance are intricately shaped by environmental variables and anthropogenic activities, notably land-use practices. A nuanced comprehension of these influences is indispensable for formulating effective soil management strategies. The study "Land Use Effects on Soil Organic Matter in Manali Watershed of Thrissur District, Kerala", investigates the ramifications of various land-use systems on the composition, quality, and quantity of SOM. This research highlights pathways to sustainable land stewardship by exploring the relationship between land use systems and soil health. Soil samples were collected from six major land-use systems in the Manali watershed: natural forest, rubber, coconut, rice, banana, and nutmeg with four samples from each system, and analyzed for their physicochemical and biological properties. Various soil carbon fractions, including total organic carbon, labile carbon, particulate organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and mineralisable carbon, were measured. Forest soils had the highest carbon fractions and microbial activity, indicating superior organic matter content and biological health. In contrast, nutmeg and banana soils had the lowest. Forest soils recorded the highest Carbon Pool Index (1.92), Carbon Lability Index (0.93), and Carbon Management Index (174.65), reflecting enhanced carbon stability, while nutmeg and banana soils showed the lowest values. The study revealed strong interconnections between soil physicochemical, biological, and carbon fraction properties. Soil organic carbon showed positive correlations with total nitrogen (0.821***) and soil aggregation (0.686***), underlining its importance in nutrient retention and structural stability. Biological properties, such as enzyme activities and microbial populations, were closely linked with carbon fractions, including total organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, particulate organic carbon, and labile carbon, emphasizing the central role of organic matter in supporting microbial activity and nutrient cycling. Total nitrogen also correlated positively with microbial populations and enzyme activities, highlighting its role in soil metabolism. Additionally, microbial activity was associated with soil aggregation, suggesting its contribution to maintaining soil structure. The strong interrelationships among carbon fractions indicate their collective influence on organic matter stability and nutrient availability. Humic acid and humin fractions were extracted and purified from soil samples to evaluate the impact of different land-use practices on soil organic matter stability. The findings revealed that forest soils yielded the highest levels of humic acid at 23.96 g kg⁻ ¹ and humin at 16.48 g kg⁻ ¹, highlighting their superior organic matter stability. Conversely, soils from banana and nutmeg plantations showed the lowest yields, highlighting the significant influence of land-use practices on soil quality. Additionally, forest soils had the highest proportion of humic acid, while rubber plantation soils exhibited the lowest. Humin content varied across land uses, with coconut soils containing the highest percentage and rubber plantations the lowest. The chemical characterisation of soil humic acid across various land use systems revealed notable differences in acidity and elemental composition. Rice systems recorded the highest levels of total acidity, reaching 11.13 meq/g, along with carboxylic groups at 4.57 meq/g and phenolic groups measuring 6.56 meq/g, while rubber soils exhibited the lowest values, indicating significant variability in humic acid properties. Elemental analysis also showed variation, with the forest system containing the highest concentrations of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur, suggesting a richer organic matter content. In contrast, banana soils had the lowest elemental levels, whereas rice and rubber soils maintained moderate compositions. The carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio peaked in banana soils at 22.99, followed closely by coconut soils at 22.36. In contrast, forest soils had the lowest ratio of 17.26, reflecting differences in organic matter quality and potential decomposition dynamics among the land use systems. The structural characterization of soil humic acid was conducted using UV-VIS, VIS-IR, FTIR, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy. The UV-Vis spectra showed a distinct peak between 221 and 226 nm, followed by a steady exponential decline from 230 to 700 nm. Absorption coefficient ratios varied, with the lowest E2/E4 (5.05) and E2/E6 (25.73) ratios in forest soils, and the highest in rice (6.99) and rubber (32.80) systems. The E4/E6 ratio ranged from 4.59 in rice to 5.12 in rubber. VIS-IR spectra exhibited a general decrease in absorbance with wavelength. Forest soils had the highest absorbance at lower wavelengths, indicating greater concentrations of organic chromophores in forest soil humic acid and increased activity in the visible and near-infrared regions. FTIR spectra showed broad peaks in the high-wavenumber region (4000–3000 cm⁻ ¹) and sharp peaks in the fingerprint region (1500–400 cm⁻ ¹), indicating functional group variations such as C=O, COOH, –OH, and C=C across systems. Fluorescence spectra showed a broad emission peak near 450 nm, with rice soils displaying the highest intensity, suggesting higher humification. Raman spectra revealed diverse vibrational modes, with coconut and rubber soils showing the most complex patterns. These findings highlight significant structural differences in humic acid across land-use systems, emphasizing the impact of land management on soil organic matter characteristics. The electrochemical properties of soil humic acids varied notably across land use systems, particularly in surface charge and particle size. All systems showed negative zeta potentials, with rubber plantations showing the highest negative potential of –66.25 mV, followed by forest soils at –61.50 mV, and banana plantations at –60.20 mV, indicating strong colloidal stability. Average particle sizes ranged from smaller in rice soils (354.50 nm) to larger in forest soils (1739.05 nm), reflecting differences in aggregation and structure. This study underscores the profound influence of land use systems on the composition, quality, and stability of soil organic matter. Forest soils exhibited the highest carbon fractions, microbial activity, and enzymatic functions, indicating superior soil health, while banana and nutmeg soils recorded the lowest. Humic acids varied in composition, acidity, and elemental content, with forest soils demonstrating the highest organic matter stability. Spectral and electrochemical analyses revealed differences in structural characteristics, surface charge, and particle size, reflecting variations in soil aggregation. These findings highlight the impact of land use practices on soil organic matter dynamics and emphasize the need for sustainable management to enhance soil quality and fertility.Item Human -wildlife conflict in the forest fringe farms of Kerala and Andhra Pradesh(Department of Agricultural Extension Education, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2025) Ralladoddi Chaithanya KumarThis study entitled “Human-Wildlife Conflict in the forest fringe farms of Kerala and Andhra Pradesh” investigates the dynamics of human-wildlife conflict (HWC) in Kerala and Andhra Pradesh (AP), emphasizing the socio-economic, environmental, and political related factors contributing to conflicts. The research aimed to identify patterns of crop and livestock damage, explore regional variations, and assess farmers' attitudes toward existing mitigation strategies. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires, and a comparative analysis between the two states revealed critical differences in conflict experiences and management. Advanced tools such as IMINDMAP (AYOA) software were used to create visual representations, identifying key factors contributing to HWC from the farmers’ perspectives. In Kerala, 56.66% of farmers reported medium-level conflicts, with 43.33% experiencing severe impacts, primarily due to elephant and leopard attacks. In contrast, AP recorded no high-level conflicts, with 62.22% of respondents facing medium-level issues and 37.77% reporting low-level conflicts, largely involving wild boars, elephants and monkeys. Livestock depredation was also more severe in Kerala due to nocturnal attacks, while AP reported fewer incidents occurring mostly during the day. It was also observed that crop and property damage levels differed between the two states. In Kerala, 57.77% of respondents reported moderate crop losses, while 25.55% experienced severe damages. In AP, most farmers (85.55%) reported moderate crop damage, with a small fraction experiencing high (11.11%) or low (3.33%) losses. Property damage followed similar patterns, with 93.33% of AP farmers reporting moderate impacts, whereas Kerala saw more polarized outcomes, with both high (25.55%) and low (52.22%) levels of damage. The study, form Kerala, revealed that adoption of innovations to manage HWC had a negative and significant correlation with the extent of impact of HWC on farmers at the 5% significance level. Also, information source utilization had negative and significant relation with the extent of impact of HWC on farmers at 1% level of significance. This indicates 1 that greater access to information sources equips farmers with essential knowledge, enabling them to implement better mitigation strategies, further reducing conflict impacts. Meanwhile in Andhra Pradesh, education, occupation, and family income had a significant negative relationship with the extent of HWC, with education and occupation significant at the 1% level and family income at the 5% level. Farmers with higher education and diversified occupations experienced fewer conflicts, while higher-income households were better equipped to adopt preventive measures, reducing conflict severity. Additionally, they tend to employ sustainable practices, reducing the overall impact of HWC. Attitudes toward existing mitigation strategies were influenced by several socio-economic factors. In Kerala, analysis revealed that farming experience negatively affects farmers' attitudes toward mitigation strategies at the 5% significance level. Experienced farmers, frustrated by past failures, tend to be skeptical of new interventions. Their involvement in crafting solutions tailored to local conditions can improve the effectiveness of mitigation strategies and build trust. In Andhra Pradesh, the analysis revealed that adoption of innovations to manage HWC had a positive correlation with farmers' attitudes toward current mitigation strategies at the 5% significance level. Farmers who embrace new techniques demonstrate greater satisfaction with conflict management efforts. Participation in conservation efforts varied significantly between the two states. In Kerala, 37.77% of respondents reported high involvement, while in AP, 85.55% showed low participation, possibly due to limited awareness and logistical challenges. Encouraging greater engagement through awareness programs, incentives, and improved communication frameworks could enhance cooperation with conservation efforts. The mind map from Kerala farmers’ perspective highlighted key factors of Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC), including competition for natural resources, poor land-use planning, socio-economic challenges, inadequate policies, and weak decision-making. Meanwhile in Andhra Pradesh, mind map from farmers’ perspective highlighted key drivers of Human- Wildlife Conflict (HWC), including competition for natural resources, socio-economic challenges, poor land-use planning, inadequate policies. These interconnected factors 2 intensify conflicts and hinder effective mitigation efforts, underscoring the need for holistic solutions. The study emphasizes the need for context-specific mitigation strategies. For Kerala, advanced technologies such as drones, sensors, and AI can support effective monitoring, while AP should prioritize preventive measures to maintain stability. Promoting livelihood alternatives, such as eco-tourism and cultivating non-palatable crops, could help reduce reliance on vulnerable agricultural practices, minimizing the frequency of wildlife encounters. This research provides valuable insights into the nature and drivers of HWC in Kerala and AP, offering practical recommendations for policymakers and conservation bodies. Enhancing farmer participation, improving education, and adopting innovative technologies will be essential for sustainable conflict management. By engaging local communities and aligning mitigation strategies with socio-economic realities, this study highlights pathways toward achieving long-term coexistence between humans.Item Financial performance of Kerala agro machinery corporation limited(College of Co-operation,Banking & Management , Vellanikkara, 2023-09-08) Varghese B Kavungal; Greeshma, K SItem Job satisfaction of workers at Nagarjuna herbal concentrates limited Thodupuzha(College of Co-operation,Banking & Management , Vellanikkara, 2023-09-16) Shimy Shaji; Mithra, B