Browsing by Author "Anilkumar, A S"

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Agro techniques for growth promotion and increasing bark yield in ashoka (Saraca asoca Roxb.)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2010) Jinsy, V S; Anilkumar, A S
Agrotechniques for enhancing root production in Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC under partial shade
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2019) Abhijith, S S; Anilkumar, A S
The study entitled “Agrotechniques for enhancing root production in Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. under partial shade” was undertaken during 2017-2019, in the Instructional farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, with an objective to study the integrated effect of root endophyte fungus, planting density, source efficacy of nutrients, moisture stress and subsurface mulching on the growth, yield and quality constituents of Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. under partial shade. The field experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 12 treatments and three replications. The treatments were, T1 – Inoculation with Piriformospora indica (root endophyte) alone, T2 – T1 + Soil application of cow dung slurry (5% at monthly interval), T3 – T1 + Soil application of NPK (basal- @ 40:40:40 kg ha-1 year-1), T4 – T2 + Irrigation at 15 mm depth, T5 – T2 + Irrigation at 30 mm depth, T6 – T3 + Irrigation at 15 mm depth, T7 – T3 + Irrigation at 30 mm depth, T8 – T5 at high density planting (40 cm x 20 cm), T9 – T7 at high density planting, T10 – T8 under subsurface mulching with black polythene, T11 – T9 under subsurface mulching with black polythene and T12 – control at normal row planting (40 cm x 40 cm). Piriformospora indica was inoculated with the potting medium @ 10g fungal culture kg-1 of potting medium. Results of the experiment revealed that integrated management practices have significant effects on growth and yield attributes of D. gangeticum. The treatment T7 recorded the tallest plants at 3 and 4 months after transplanting (MAT) whereas, T9 was superior at 5, 6 and 7 MAT and at harvest. The treatment T7 registered the highest number of branches at all stages of growth. At 3 and 5 MAT, T6 recorded the highest leaf number whereas T7 was superior at 4, 6 and 7 MAT and at harvest. T5 registered the highest root number at 3 MAT but T10 was found superior at 5, 6 and 7 MAT and at harvest. At 2 MAT, T9 and at all other growth stages, T7 recorded the highest root spread. T5 at 3 MAT, T7 at 5 and 6 MAT and at harvest and T6 at 7 MAT registered the highest root volume. With respect to length of tap root, the treatments T9 at 3, 4, and 6 MAT and at harvest and T8 at 7 MAT were found superior. At 3 MAT, T5 revealed the highest girth of primary root but at 5, 6 and 7 MAT, T7 and at harvest T6 were found superior. The treatment, T7 registered the longest laterals at 5, 6 and 7 MAT and at harvest. The root fresh and dry weight showed a similar trend. The treatments T9 at 3 MAT, T6 at 5 and 7 MAT and T7 at 6 MAT and at harvest showed the highest fresh and dry root weight. The highest root yield at harvest was recorded by T8 which was on par with T9, T10 and T11. Chlorophyll content varied with different growth stages. T5 at 2 MAT, T6 at 5 MAT, T11 at 6 MAT and T9 at 4 and 7 MAT and at harvest registered the highest total chlorophyll content. Like chlorophyll content, RLWC also showed variations with respect to different growth stages. T2 at 3 and 4 MAT, T6 at 7 MAT and T7 at 5 and 6 MAT and at harvest recorded the highest values. At 5 and 7 MAT and at harvest T7, T5 and T6 respectively recorded the highest root-shoot ratio. The treatments T11 and T9 at 2 and 7 MAT and T8 at 3, 5 and 6 MAT and at harvest registered the highest leaf area index. Observations on crop growth rate showed the significance of T8 at 4 to 5 MAT, T6 at 6 to 7 MAT and T9 at 5 to 6 MAT and 7 MAT to harvest. With respect to relative growth rate, T4 at 2 to 3 MAT and T6 at 3 to 4, 4 to 5 and 6 to 7 MAT followed by T9 at 7 MAT to harvest were found superior. At 2 to 3 and 4 to 5 MAT, the treatments T11 and T10 respectively recorded the highest values for net assimilation rate. Ethanol extract of plant roots grown under control at normal row planting (40 cm x 40 cm) (T12) recorded the highest total alkaloids at harvest. Among seed parameters, only number of seeds per inflorescence was significantly influenced by the treatments at 6 MAT and it was the highest in T1. Soil moisture studies revealed the significance of T8 and T9 in enhancing soil moisture retention before and after irrigation. T4 on par with T6 registered the highest consumptive use, daily consumptive use and Kc. Crop water use efficiency was the highest for the treatment T8. T2 registered the highest field water use efficiency and water productivity. T9 recorded the highest up take of primary plant nutrients. After the experiment, organic carbon and available K status of soil were found superior in T3 and T10. Even though nursery seedlings exhibited P. indica root colonization at harvest, it was not clearly evident through microscopic investigation. Economic analysis of the system revealed the significance of T8 (₹ 47,902 ha-1) which was on par with T9 and T10 with respect to net income. The highest benefit-cost ratio was also registered by T8 which was significantly superior to all other treatments. It is concluded that high density planting of P. indica inoculated seedlings under partial shade followed by monthly application of cow dung slurry (5 %) and scheduling irrigation at 30 mm depth once in six days (T8) was found beneficial for enhancing leaf area index, root production, crop water use efficiency, net income (₹ 47,902 ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (1.74).
Amla: the fruit of life
(Department of Extension,Kerala Agricultural University, 2007) Augustin, A; Anilkumar, A S
Crop geometry studies in tapioca based intercropping system
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1984) Anilkumar, A S; Sasidhar, V K
An experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 1982-83 to study the effect of intercropping groundnut and cowpea with tapioca and to identify the most suitable spatial arrangement of crops in the tapioca and to identify the most suitable spatial arrangement of crops in the tapioca based intercropping system. The study also helped to find out the possibilities of changing the geometry of planting of tapioca from the normal method to the paired row pattern. The experiment with eight treatments was carried out in randomised block design with three replications under rainfed conditions.
In situ rain water harvest, conservation and utilisation for establishment and early growth of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2005) Beena, J S; Anilkumar, A S
Caesalpinia sappan popularly is a leguminous perennial crop grown for its valuable timber, which exhibits medicinal properties. Though the crop is sensitive to dry spells during its initial phase of establishment, it is preferred for planting as a neglected crop in marginal lands. Hence, development of sustainable rain water harvesting and conservation measures are necessary to prolong the availability of conserved moisture. The experiment entitled, ‘In situ rain water harvest, conservation and utilization for establishment and early growth of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.)’ was conducted in split plot design at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2004–05 to find out the comparative efficacy of vertical mulching, micro site enrichment, micro catchments and traditional methods of rain water harvest and conservation. The treatments consisted of combinations of twelve main plot treatments, viz., vertical mulching with coconut husk in circular trenches (M1), vertical mulching with enriched coir pith vermicompost in circular trenches (M2), vertical mulching with layering mixture in circular trenches (M3), vertical mulching with coconut husk in polythene lined circular trenches (M4), vertical mulching with enriched coir pith vermicompost in polythene lined circular trenches (M5), vertical mulching with layering mixture in polythene lined circular trenches (M6), micro site enrichment and mulching with polythene (M7), micro site enrichment and mulching with coconut husk (M8), micro catchments and mulching with coconut husk (M9), micro catchments and mulching with coir geo-textiles (M10), pitcher irrigation (M11) and drip irrigation (M12); and two sub plot treatments, viz., irrigation at 50 per cent depletion of soil moisture (S1) and life saving irrigation (S2). The treatments, (M6) followed by M7 resulted in luxuriant growth. Growth characters viz., plant height, leaf number, collar girth, number of branches, bole height, canopy height, canopy width and canopy size and root characters, viz., root length, root spread, root weight, root volume and root surface area were found to improve significantly due to the treatment effects. Sturdiness quotient and root growth potential also indicated the superiority of the treatments in the developmental physiology of the crop. Irrigation at 50 per cent depletion of soil moisture improved all the growth characters compared to life saving irrigation. M6S1 recorded the maximum stem dry matter production (SDMP) followed by M7S1, M8S1, M2S1, M6S2, M3S1 and M7S2. The reduction in SDMP in treatment combinations, viz., M6S2 and M7S2 were 45 and 37 per cent respectively when summer irrigation was avoided and moisture supply was restricted through life saving irrigation alone. The treatment combinations, M6S1 and M7S1 were found beneficial for improving crop growth potential as well. Among the various treatment combinations, crop growth potential was higher when life saving irrigation was integrated with either vertical mulching with layering mixture or microsite enrichment and mulching with polythene. Seed production potential of sappan wood was found to be influenced by the interaction effects and M6S2 and M7S2 were significant in influencing seed production. M6S2 and M7S2 increased the osmotic potential to the tune of 74.18 and 71.3 per cent respectively when compared to M12S2. The seasonal Cu, mean daily Cu and crop coefficient for M6S2 and M7S2 were found to be lower when compared to M6S1, M7S1 and other treatment combinations receiving summer irrigation at 50 per cent depletion of soil moisture. Vertical mulching with layering mixture in polythene lined circular trenches and providing life saving irrigation once in three weeks with thirty three litres of water or micro site enrichment and mulching with polythene and providing life saving irrigation once in four weeks with thirty three litres of water is found beneficial for establishment and early growth of sappan wood. The economic analysis of the system also proved the superiority of the above two treatment combinations.
Medicinal plants
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1996) Tajuddin,E; K T, Prasannakumari; Anilkumar, A S
Multiple cropping and microsite enrichment in vetiver (Chrysopogon Zizanioides (L) Nash
(Department of agronomy, College of agriculture, Padannakkad, 2013) Anusha, A N; Anilkumar, A S
Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) is the only grass extensively cultivated specifically for its root essential oil, a complex mixture of sesquiterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons. The World Bank has promoted the Vetiver System (VS) since the 1980s for various applications. However, cost effective techniques for increasing root production in the humid tropics are lacking. Two separate experiments were conducted at the Instructional Farm attached to the College of Agriculture, Padannakkad during 201 1-13. PART A. Bio inoculants for Quality Planting Material Production The trial was conducted for three months to study the effect of single, dual and combined application of microbial inoculants on quality planting material production in vetiver. The ten treatments of the trial laid out in CRD were B .-Single inoculation with Azospirillum, B2-Single inoculation with PSB, Bj-Single inoculation with AMF, Ba-Single inoculation with Fluorescent Pseudomonads (FP), Bj-Dual inoculation with Azospirillum and PSB, Bx-Dual inoculation with Azospirillum and AMF, Be-Dual inoculation with Azospirillum and FP, B8- Combined inoculation with Azospirillum, PSB and AMF, Be-Combined inoculation with Azospirillum, PSB, AMF and FP and BlO-Control (No inoculation). Single, dual and combined inoculation of bioinoculants influenced sapling growth and vigour in different ways. In general, PSB favourably and significantly influenced sapling height, root number, root spread, shoot weight, root weight, total biomass accumulation, relative leaf water content, sturdiness quotient and sapling growth potential. Significant and positive influence of dual inoculation with Azospirillum and fluorescent pseudomonas was evident on length of root, root growth potential and Azospirillum population. Part B: Multiple cropping and micro site enrichment techniques for row zone and inter-row zone management The objective of this experiment was to develop eco-friendly techniques to achieve higher root and oil production in vetiver with special reference to climate change mitigation. The field experiment in factorial RBD with 12+2 treatment combinations was conducted for one year. The treatments consisted of combinations of four row zone management practices namely TI (in situ composting in trenches), T2 (in situ composting in trenches + stubble mulching), T3 (in situ composting in trenches+ stubble mulching + summer irrigation at 40 mm CPE), T4 (in situ composting in trenches+ stubble mulching + summer irrigation at 80 mm CPE); and three inter row zone management practices namely BI (multiple cropping), B2 (double cropping), B3 (Mono cropping), besides two control treatments namely SI sole cropping - Normal row planting and S2 : sole cropping - Paired row planting. The effect of row zone and inter row zone management practices and their interactions were inconsistent in significantly influencing various morphological characters and root parameters of vetiver during different stages of its growth. However, positive and significant influence of row zone and inter row zone management practices and their interactions benefitted vetiver in improving root , production and productivity besides, improvement in oil yield. Integration of in situ composting in trenches + stubble mulching; and multiple cropping was effective in enhancing total plant uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Seasonal consumptive use, mean daily consumptive use and crop coefficient were not at all influenced by row zone and inter row zone management practices and their interactions. The highest crop water use efficiency, field water use efficiency, higher gross income, net income, and BCR were recorded consequent to integration of in situ composting in trenches + stubble mulching + summer irrigation at 80 mm CPE; and multiple cropping.
Nutrient management for coconut based multi-storeyed cropping system in a typical coastal sandy zone
(Department of agronomy, College of agriculture, Padannakkad, 2015) Farsanashamin, P; Anilkumar, A S
Pattunoolkrishi Keralathil
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1993) Sasidharan, Pillai,K; Anilkumar, A S; Krishnakumar, R
Precision farming techniques in long pepper (Piper longum L.) under protected cultivation
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2014) Jayanth, S G; Anilkumar, A S
Rhizosphere management for enhancing root productivity and oil yield in vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash.
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2011) Shimi, G J; Anilkumar, A S
Vetiver is the only grass cultivated specifically for its root essential oil, a complex mixture of sesquiterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons, used extensively in perfumery and cosmetics. The World Bank has promoted the Vetiver System since the 1980s for various applications such as soil erosion and sediment control, water conservation, landslip and riverbank stabilization and recently for pollution control. However, cost effective techniques for increasing root production in the humid tropics are lacking. The present investigation was carried out at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani to study the effect of planting methods, subsurface drip fertigation and combined application of bioinoculants on root and oil yield in vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides). The technical programme consisted of combinations of three planting methods, viz, P1 – Planting in coconut husk mulched trenches, P2 – Planting in coconut husk lined trenches and P3 – Planting on the ridges, two levels of fertigation, viz, F1 – Subsurface drip fertigation and F2 - No fertigation; and two bioinoculants, viz, B1 - Application of bioinoculants and B2 - No bioinoculants. The trial in Factorial RBD was conducted during 2010-11. Planting methods, fertigation levels and application of bioinoculants influenced various growth characters of vetiver, viz., plant height, number of leaves and tiller production at various stages of growth. In general, planting in coconut husk lined trenches resulted in better performance. Installation of sub surface drip fertigation system and application of bioinoculants also encouraged vegetative growth. The effect of the above treatments on number, length, spread, volume and weight of vetiver roots were found to be remarkable at certain stages of growth. In general, planting in coconut husk lined trenches was found to improve all the root parameters studied when compared to ridge planting. The effect of bioinoculant application was also conspicuous in improving root growth compared to control (no inoculation). Planting vetiver slips treated with bioinoculants in coconut husk lined trenches under sub surface drip fertigation 111 system provided a favourable situation for root elongation during the early phase of crop establishment. Planting methods, fertigation levels and application of bioinoculants had no significant effect on any of the physiological parameters, viz, canopy temperature, relative leaf water content and osmotic potential studied. Significant influence of planting methods on chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll were observed. Planting on ridges (P3) which was on par with planting in coconut husk lined trenches (P2) showed significantly higher contents of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll. Leaf dry matter production at all stages and root dry matter at certain stages were found to be significantly influenced by the main effects of treatments. Similar to biometric characters, leaf and root dry matter production were found highest when vetiver was planted in coconut husk lined trenches. Sub surface drip fertigation had a positive and significant effect in enhancing leaf and root dry matter production. The effect of bioinoculants was also positive and significant in improving the above parameters when compared to control. Among the different planting methods, planting in coconut husk lined trenches registered the highest value of soil moisture content before irrigation which was closely followed by planting in coconut husk mulched trenches. The effect of sub surface drip fertigation in influencing soil moisture content before and after irrigation was remarkable. However, application of bioinoculants was not found to significantly influence soil moisture contents. Planting in coconut husk lined trenches (P2), installation of sub surface fertigation system and application of bioinoculants enhanced root and oil yield. Economic analysis of the system also proved the superiority of planting vetiver in coconut husk lined trenches (P2), installation of sub surface drip fertigation system and application of bioinoculants in improving gross and net income. APPEND
Rhizosphere management for higher root production in ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal)
(Deparment of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2017) Ashiba, A; Anilkumar, A S
Seed treatment and foliar nutrition for enhanced productivity of blackgram (vigna mungo L)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Vaddula Yamini; Anilkumar, A S
A field experiment on “Seed treatment and foliar nutrition for enhanced productivity of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)”wasconducted during Rabi 2018 at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani with an objective to evaluate the effect of different seed treatments and foliar nutrition on the growth and yield of blackgram and also to work out the economics of production. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with six levels of seed treatments and two levels of nutrient schedule in three replications. The levels of seed treatment were s0 – without seed treatment, s1 – seed treatment with borax @ 1g kg-1 seed, s2 – seed treatment with borax @ 2 g kg-1 seed, s3 – seed treatment with sodium molybdate @ 1 g kg-1 seed, s4 – seed treatment with sodium molybdate @ 1.5 g kg-1 seed and s5 – seed treatment with borax and sodium molybdate @ 1 g kg-1 seed each. Two levels of nutrient schedule were n1- ½ N + full P + full K as basal application + ½ N as foliar spray of urea at 15 and 35 DAS and n2- ½ N + full P + ½ K as basal application + ½ N and ½ K as foliar spray of 13:0:45 at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS. Among the seed treatments, s5 produced the tallest plants, higher number of leaves and branches per plant at harvest and also registered maximum LAI at 60 DAS. Between the nutrient schedules n1 recorded the tallest plants at 40 DAS and maximum branches number per plant at harvest, while n2 registered maximum leaves number per plant at harvest and LAI at 60 DAS. Maximum nodules number, effective nodules and nodules weight per plant was recorded with s3 and n2 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS. Seed treatment and nutrient schedule also had significant influence on root parameters with the highest root spread and root weight observed with s2 and n1. The yield characters viz., number of pods per plant, pod length, 100 seed weight, grain yield and harvest index were favorably influenced by s5. However, the highest number of seeds per pod and yield of pod were registered with s1. The treatment s5 registered the highest yield of grain of 1005 kg ha-1 and was statistically comparable with s1, while s3 registered the highest yield of haulm of 1854 kg ha-1, which was statistically comparable with s2. Between the nutrient schedules, n2 recorded the highest 100 seed weight, yield of grain and yield of haulm (872 and 1750 kg ha-1). Interaction effects also significantly influenced yield parameters and yield. The treatment combination s5n2 recorded the highest pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, pod yield and grain yield. With regard to haulm yield, s3n2 recorded highest value of 1899 kg ha-1. The results also showed favorable increase in dry matter production with seed treatment, nutrient schedule and interaction effect, and the highest DMP (2933 kg ha-1) was obtained with s5n2. Seed treatment and interaction effects also significantly influenced protein content. The highest protein content of 22.28 per cent was recorded with s5 and it was statistically comparable with s2. Among the interaction effects, the treatment combination s5n2 recorded maximum protein content of 22.75 per cent. Increased N and P uptake were recorded with s5 and the treatment combination s5n2. The highest boron uptake was recorded with s2 and it was at par with s1. Net income and B: C ratio were maximum in plots treated with s5 and n2. The highest net returns of ₹ 21,914 ha-1 and B: C ratio of 1.48 were recorded with treatment combination s5n2. The results revealed that, in blackgram, seed treatment with borax and sodium molybdate @ 1g kg-1 seed each and scheduling nutrient application at 20: 30: 30 kg NPK ha-1 as ½ N + full P + ½ K as basal followed by ½ N and ½ K as foliar spray of 13:0:45 at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS could be suggested for realizing higher yield and net returns.
Source efficacy of nutrients and fertigation in long pepper (Piper longum L.)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2016) Abhimannue, T R; Anilkumar, A S
Long pepper (Piper longum L.) is an economically important medicinal crop widely recommended for commercial mediculture among the progressive farmers of the state. It requires specific habitats for satisfactory growth and production. The microclimatic requirements of long pepper match very well with the agro climatic conditions prevailing in the interspaces of middle-aged coconut palms of the humid tropics. Hence, it is ideally suited for intercropping in irrigated coconut gardens. The experiment entitled ‘Source efficacy of nutrients and fertigation in long pepper (Piper longum L.)’ was carried out with the objective to study the effect of micro irrigation and fertigation with water soluble fertilizers, liquid organic manures and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on the growth, productivity, quality and economics of intercropped long pepper under poly cum shade house in coconut garden. The trial carried out in factorial RBD with two replication for a period of two years consisted of combinations of two methods of irrigation viz, M1: microsprinkler and M2: drip and six levels of fertigation viz, F1: Water soluble NPK fertilizer, F2: Liquid organic manures, F3: Water soluble NPK fertilizer + PGPR Mix– I + Fluorescent pseudomonas, F4: Liquid organic manures + PGPR Mix – I + Fluorescent pseudomonas, F5: Water soluble NPK fertilizer + PGPR Mix– I + Fluorescent pseudomonas + Mg + B, and F6: Liquid organic manures + PGPR Mix– I + Fluorescent pseudomonas + Mg + B; besides two control treatments namely CF: Intercropping in coconut garden (foliar application) and CS: Intercropping in coconut garden (soil application). Methods of irrigation significantly influenced the vine length at all stages of growth and drip irrigation recorded the highest values throughout the period of experimentation. Significant influence of different treatment combinations including control was evident in leaf number at all stages of growth and in general M2F1 recorded the highest leaf number. Interaction effects didn’t significantly influence number of branches at any of the growth stages of long pepper. Microsprinkler irrigation recorded the highest total number of spikes (43.41/plant) which was 71.90 per cent higher compared to drip irrigation. Except at 7 MAP, interaction effects significantly improved spike number and total number of spikes. Spectacular improvement in fresh spike yield per plant at various growth stages and total fresh spike yield per plant was evident with microsprinkler irrigation. Levels of fertigation also significantly influenced both fresh spike yield per plant and total fresh spike yield per plant. Interaction effects also indicated its significance on fresh spike yield per plant at all stages of growth except 7 MAP. The treatment combinations, M1F3 at 9 MAP, M1F3 on par with M1F6, M1F5 and M1F2 at 11 MAP, M1F3 on par with M1F6 and M1F2 at 13 MAP; and M1F3 on par with M1F6 at 15 MAP gave higher fresh spike yield per plant. Similar to total fresh spike yield per plant and fresh spike yield per plant at various harvests, total fresh spike yield per hectare and dry spike yield per hectare at various harvests were found to be significantly influenced by the main and interaction effects of treatments including control. Between the two methods of irrigation, microsprinkler recorded significantly higher CWUE which was 69.50 per cent higher over drip system. The trend was also similar with respect to FWUE as well. Levels of fertigation also remarkably influenced the CWUE and F3 recorded the highest CWUE of 65.97 g m-3. A similar trend was observed in case of FWUE also. Among the interaction effects M1F3 recorded the highest CWUE which was significantly different from all other treatment combinations. The same treatment combination recorded the highest FWUE of 36.32 g m-3 (M1F3) which was on par with M1F6. Water productivity was also found to be significantly influenced by methods of irrigation. It is concluded that foliar application water soluble NPK fertilizer + PGPR Mix– I + Fluorescent pseudomonas through microsprinkler irrigation is found beneficial for significant improvement of yield, productivity and profitability.
Sustainable technology for higher productivity in mulberry sericulture
(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellenikkara, 1999) Anilkumar, A S; John, P S
Vetiver based organic mediculture technologies for the sustainable development of watersheds
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2019) Ishrath, P K; Anilkumar, A S