Browsing by Author "Annamma George"

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Balance sheet of available phosphorus in rice based cropping systems by phosphorus management
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1994) Annamma George; Sasidhar, V K
Biodynamic practices in chilli
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2005) Jayasree, P; Annamma George
The research project entitled ‘Biodynamic practices in chilli’ was conducted at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during October 2004 to February 2005. The study was conducted on chilli cv, Jwalasakhi. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomised block design with two replications. The treatments consisted of two levels of biodynamic calendar – factor A (A1 is the cultivation practices based on biodynamic calendar and A2 is cultivation practices without considering biodynamic calendar) and six levels of manurial schedule – factor B (B1 – BD 500 + organic manures on nutrient equivalent basis, B2 – BD 501 + organic manures on nutrient equivalent basis, B3 – B1 + B2 + organic manures on nutrient equivalent basis, B4 – Panchagavyam + organic manures on nutrient equivalent basis, B5 – organic manures alone on nutrient equivalent basis, B6 – package of practices recommendations of Kerala Agricultural University (FYM 20 t ha-1 + 75 : 40 : 25 kg N: P2O5 : K2O ha-1) Results of the experiment revealed that POP recommendations of Kerala Agricultural University significantly increased the growth characters like plant height, number of branches, leaf area index, root length and root spread while root-shoot ratio was higher in organic manure treatments. Similar trend was also observed for yield and yield attributing characters. The post harvest nutrient content in soil showed a significant increase with panchagavyam + organic manures on nutrient equivalent basis which was on par with other treatments receiving biodynamic preparations and organic manures. Quality parameters of chilli significantly improved as a result of application of biodynamic preparations and organic manures. Panchagavyam + organic manures increased the shelf life while organic manures alone on nutrient equivalent basis increased ascorbic acid content. POP of Kerala Agricultural University was found to be significantly superior in capsaicin content. There was significant reduction in the incidence of damping off by POP of Kerala Agricultural University while the highest incidence of fruit rot was observed in the same treatment. Eventhough the cost of cultivation is higher for POP recommendations of Kerala Agricultural University, it was rated as more economic in terms of net returns and B:C ratio.
Economics of phosphorus management in a rice based cropping system
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1994) Sasidhar, V K; Annamma George
Effect of graded doses of N, P and K on the yield and quality of blackgram var. KM-1 grown in rice fallows
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1981) Annamma George; Nair, K P M; Abdul Salam, M
The field experiment conducted during the third crop season of 1978-79 in the rice fallows of Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Trivandrum to study the effect of three levels each of nitrogen {20,30 and 40 kg ha), phosphorus (30, 45 and 60 kg/ha) and potash (10,20 and 30 kg/ha) on the yield and quality of blackgram and economics of fertilizer application to blackgram variety KM-1 revealed that the grain yield was significantly increased by increase in the level of potash. The maximum grain yield of 1757 kg/ha was recorded at 30 kq K20/na. Though the levels of nutrients had no significant influence on protein content, grain protein yield was significantly increased with increase in the leve! of potash, giving the maximum grain protein yield of 410. 86 kg/ha with 30 kg K^O/ ha. The maximum net profit of Rs, 3693.30 was also obtained from the plot which received 30kg KaO/ha.
Effect of harvesting and growth regulator on seed yield qulaity and vigour in cucumber (cucumis sativus L.)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,vellayani, 2000) Sindhu, B; Annamma George
Harvest, Farmyard manure ,Gibberellic acid ,Hectare ,Ethephon AbstractA field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani to study the influence of harvest and growth regulator on seed yield, quality and vigour and also to standardise the physiological stage of maturity in cucumber. Growth characters such as length of vine, number of branches and leaf area index were significantly influenced by vegetable harvests and these characters increased with increase in number of vegetable harvests. The bearing capacity of the plant is improved by frequent picking of green fruits, but the mature fruit yield and seed yield were significantly reduced. Highest seed yield was obtained when the plants were left for seed collection without green fruit picking. Seed quality is not influenced by number of harvests. But when the economics is considered highest net return and B : C ratio were obtained for two vegetable harvest. So to obtain maximum returns we can combine seed production along with two vegetable harvests which gives some vegetable yield and reasonably good yield of quality seeds. Growth regulator caused reduction in vine length. Number of branches was not influenced by growth regulator. But LA! showed a significant Increase. Growth regulator caused significant increase in green and mature fruit yields and seed yield. Fruit yield, seed yield and net return were highest at 200 ppm of ethephon. Seed quality was not affected by the application of growth regulator except for] 000 seed weight. Seed quality is significantly influenced by stages of harvest. Weight of seeds per fruit and quality were highest for seeds when fruits were harvested 45 days after flowering which was on par with that at 30 days after flowering. Storage of fruits intact before seed extraction also had significant effect on increasing seed quality. Seed quality was highest when the seeds were extracted after storing the fruits for nine days. Even when the fruits were harvested at immature stage (15 days after flowering) the seed weight per fruit and seed quality parameters can be increased by storing the fruits intact before seed extraction for nine days. But when the fruits were harvested at 30 and 45 days after flowering there was not much variation in seed quality by post harvest storage of fruit before seed extraction.
Influence of growth regulator and vegetable picking on seed yield and quality in chilly (Capsicum annuum L.)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2001) Ann Napoleon; Annamma George
A field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani to study the influence of growth regulator and vegetable picking on seed yield, quality and vigour and also to standardise the stage of physiological maturity and seed position in chilli. Plant height was increased with regular vegetable harvests. Other growth characters like number of branches per plant, leaf area index, leaf area duration and date of 50 per cent flowering were not affected by vegetable harvests. The bearing capacity of the plant is improved by frequent picking of green fruits, but the mature fruit yield was not affected. Highest number of green fruits per plant, total number of fruits harvested per plant and highest fruit to seed ratio was recorded in treatment h2 (first two seed harvest and rest for vegetable harvests). Zero vegetable harvest recorded maximum weight of seeds per fruit, 1000 seed weight, seed yield per ha and B:C ratio. Seed quality is not influenced by number of harvests. To obtain maximum returns, raising crop for seed purpose alone can assure good quantity and quality seeds. Growth regulator caused reduction m vine length but increased the number of branches and length of fruits. NAA at 50 ppm produced significant increase in LAI, weight of green fruits, weight and number of seeds per fruit&seed yield per hectare. Growth regulator at 30 ppm increased the total number of fruit harvested and girth of fruit. Seed quality was not affected by the application of growth regulator except 1000 seed weight. Highest net return and B:C ratio was also obtained at 50 ppm NAA. Seed harvesting stages significantly influenced the seed yield and quality. Seed quality parameters like maximum 1000 seed weight, speed of germination and seed viability were influenced by harvesting the fruit at red ripe stage and was on par with colour breaker stage. Seedling character like VI also recorded superior values. Germination percentage and root length was highest in colour breaker stage and on par with red ripe stage. Based on position of seeds in fruit, seeds located in. the bottom portion of fruits obtained higher values for number and weight of seeds per fruit, fruit to seed ratio, seed yield per hectare, 1000 seed weight and speed of germination. So to obtain good quality seeds harvesting the fruit at red ripe stage and extracting the seeds from bottom region provide maximum viable seeds.
Nutrient management for basmati rice (oryza sativa L) in wetlands
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2002) Sindu, M S; Annamma George
A field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani from September 2001 to January 2002 to derive an optimum package for nutrient management for basmati rice in wetland condition. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD with three replications. The treatments consisted of three levels of N (60, 90 and 120 kg N ha"), two sources of N (SI: SO per cent N as FYM and SO per cent N as chemical fertilizer and S2 : SO per cent N as vermicompost and SO per cent N as chemical fertilizer), two NPK ratios (2 : 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 : I.S) and an absolute control thereby forming 13 treatment combinations. Results of the experiment revealed that the effect of both N levels and NPK ratios had significant influence on most of the biometric and yield attributing characters and yield of basmati rice. Nitrogen @ 120 kg ha-I and NPK ratio of 2 : 1 : I.S were found significantly superior to lower levels. Eventhough the effect of sources of N was significant on plant height and dry matter production, the effect was not visible on the yield attributing characters and yield of the crop. A significant linear increase in grain yield was recorded upto 90 kg N ha-I , and thereafter the increase in grain yield was marginal. But the straw yield increased linearly with increase in N level and was also significantly influenced by the sources of nitrogen. NPK ratio of 2 : 1 : I.S recorded higher grain and straw yield. Nitrogen @ 120 kg ha-I and NPK ratio of 2 : I : I.S produced the highest grain protein content. The cooking time of grains increased with increase in N level. Nitrogen @ 120 kg ha-I and NPK ratio of 2 : I : I.S recorded the highest uptake of nutrients. Use of vermicompost for substituting 50 per 1'9 cent N resulted in the highest uptake of Nand P while the effect on K uptake was not significant. An increase in N application resulted in an increase in available N and P status of the soil after the experiment. Nitrogen @ 120 kg ha ", use of vermicompost for substituting 50 per cent Nand NPK ratio of 2 : 1 : 1.5 registered significantly superior available K status in the soil. The maximum NUE in terms of agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery was observed at 90 kg N ha-! and thereafter it decreased with the increase in N level. Application ofNPK in 2 :. 1 : 1.5 ratio also resulted in higher NUE. Sources of N were significant only with respect to apparent recovery and substituting 50 per cent N with vermicompost registered superior value. The physical optimum dose of N for grain yield and agronomic efficiency were worked out to be 109.24 and 94.67 kg N ha-! respectively. Straw yield exhibited a linear response to applied nitrogen. An increase in N level increased the disease incidence while a significant reduction in disease incidence was observed with the NPK ratio of 2 : 1 : 1.5 over 2 : 1 : 1. The highest net returns and BCR were recorded when FYM was used to substitute 50 per cent of nitrogen. Increase in N levels upto 90 kg ha-! and application of NPK in' 2 : 1 : 1.5 ratio was found profitable. So a fertilizer dose of 90 : 45 : 67.5 kg NPK ha-! with 50 per cent N as FYM and 50 per cent N as chemical fertilizer can be recommended for maximizing the yield and returns of basmati rice in wetlands.
Nutritional requirement of black gram {Vigna mungo (L) Hepper}
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1980) Annamma George; Madhavan Nair, K P
Phosphorus management in a rice based cropping system
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1989) Annamma George; Sasidhar, V K
In order to standardize an appropriate phosphorus management practice in a rice based cropping system involving rice-rice-cowpea/sesamum, field experiments were carried out in the rice fields of the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani from June 1984 to September 1986. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. There were eight treatments. The treatments comprised of (1) continuous phosphorus application to all the three crops in the system (2) phosphorus application to the first and second crops of rice (3) phosphorus application to the first crop of rice and third crop of cowpea/sesamum (4) phosphorus application to the first crop of rice only (5) phosphorus application to the second crop of rice and third crop of cowpea/sesamum (6) phosphorus application to the second crop of rice only (7) phosphorus application to the third crop of cowpea/sesamum only (8) control plot with no addition of phosphorus to any of the crops in the system. The salient findings of the experiment are as follows: Phosphorus application had no significant influence on grain and straw yield of first crop of rice. But available nitrogen, available and total phosphorus and available potassium of the soil were increased with phosphorus application. Direct, residual and cumulative effects of phosphorus had no significant influence on grain and straw yield of second crop of rice. Phosphorus uptake could not show any variation due to the different treatments. Available and total phosphorus content of the soil were highest under cumulative phosphorus treatment. All the growth and yield attributes of third crop of cowpea and sesamum were increased by the direct and cumulative effects of phosphorus. Grain yield of cowpea was significantly increased by the direct application of phosphorus. Eventhough not significant the highest sesamum yield was accorded by the direct and cumulative application of phosphorus. Phosphorus uptake in all the growth stages of the crop was highest in direct phosphorus plots. Available and total phosphorus content of the soil was highest in continuous phosphorus applied plots. There was no significant influence on grain and straw yield of first crop of rice after cowpea and sesamum in the direct, residual and cumulative effects of phosphorus. Residual phosphorus was sufficient to maintain the available nitrogen status of the soil. Available phosphorus of the soil was increased by the direct, cumulative and continuous application of phosphorus and total phosphorus by continuous application of phosphorus. Balance sheet of available phosphorus revealed that the soil phosphorus level almost maintained, where phosphorus was applied only to the third crop of cowpea or sesamum. The highest net return and benefit-cost ratio for the rice-rice-cowpea and rice-rice-sesamum system was obtained when phosphorus was applied only to the third crop in the rice fallow and the residual effect being utilized by the succeeding rice crops.
Soil and crop management for organic carbon sequestration in a coconut based cropping system
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2007) Sudha, B; Annamma George