Browsing by Author "Aravindakshan, C M"

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Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of eugenia jambolana (njaval) leaves on paracetamol induced toxicity in rats
(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy, 2008) Midhun, M V; Aravindakshan, C M
Hepatoprotective effect of Aegle marmelos (Indian bael) and Azadirachta indica(Neem) aqueous leaf extract on paracetamol induced toxicity in rats
(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2005) Anu Mathew; Aravindakshan, C M
The present study was undertaken to assess the hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Azadirachta indica at the rate of 500 mg / kg and Aegle marmelos at the rate of 1 g/kg on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The study was conducted using thirty two adult albino rats weighting 150-200g. The rats were divided into four groups of eight each. Animals of Group1 served as absolute control, which received 0.2 per cent gum acacia oral suspension in distilled water for 12 days. Group II animals received paracetamol (3g/kg) suspension prepared with gum acacia in distilled water for three days orally. Group III animals received A. indica aqueous leaf extract (500mg/kg) orally for 12 days and paracetamol (3g/kg) suspension on day eight, nine and ten. Group IV animals received A. marmelos aqueous leaf extract (1g/kg) orally for 12 days and paracetamol (3g/kg) suspension on day eight, nine and ten. Blood was collected from all groups before and after treatment for haematological and biochemical examination and liver was taken for biochemical and histopathological examination. The feed intake of paracetamol treated rats was reduced compared to animals group I. In A. indica and A. marmelos treated rats the feed intake was normal upto seven days and feed intake reduced after paracetamol treatment. The animals of group I showed a gradual increase in body weight. The paracetamol treated group showed reduction weight. The body weight of Group III and group IV were decreased during the experiment, being less pronounced than the paracetamol treated rats. The lipid peroxide levels were higher in paracetamol treated animals compared to the control and plant extract treated groups. A. indica at the rate of 500 mg/kg and A. marmelos at the rate of 1g/kg reduced the elevated lipid peroxide levels. The level of superoxide dismutase and catalase were lowest in the paracetamol (3g/kg) treated rats. There was increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the treatment groups. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity were higher in the paracetamol treated group compared to the control group. There was significant reduction in levels of these enzymes in group III and group IV compared to group II. Total protein and albumin levels were lowest in the case of animals treated with paracetamol compared to the other groups. The lowered total protein and albumin levels in group II animals were significantly elevated in group III and IV animals treated with aqueous extract of A. indica and A. marmelos. The study of haematological parameters of all the groups revealed no significant changes. Gross examination of liver from control group showed normal appearance and liver of paracetamol treated animals showed greyish white areas of necrosis. Livers of A. indica and A. marmelos pretreated rats were almost normal in appearance. Histopathological examination of control group revealed normal hepatic architecture. Liver of paracetamol treated group revealed centrilobular coagulative necrosis. The liver of A. indica and A. marmelos treated rats showed normal hepatic cords, absence of necrosis, mild congestion and less degree of infiltration. The results of the present study confirmed the strong hepatoprotective activity of A. indica and A. marmelos aqueous leaf extract in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Hepatoprotective effect of azadirachta indica (NEEM) and tridax procumbens (CHIRAVANAK) in rats
(Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology,College of veterinary and animal sciences,Mannuthy, 2010) Ranjana Mooken; Aravindakshan, C M
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica and Tridax procumbens leaves in paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats and to compare their action. Forty adult male wistar rats weighing 150-200 g, divided into five groups comprising eight animals in each group, were used for the study. Groups I and II animals were administered with 3 per cent gum acacia suspension in distilled water at the dose rate of 5 ml/kg/day for ten days. Groups III and IV animals received ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica and Tridax procumbens leaves at the dose of 300 mg/kg and Group V animals received reference drug silymarin at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day in 3 per cent gum acacia for ten days. All the groups except the group I, received paracetamol orally on the eighth day at the dose rate of 2 g/kg in distilled water. Blood was collected from all the groups before and after the experiment for various biochemical and haematological parameters. Body weight was recorded on day 0 and 10th day. All the animals were sacrificed on 10th day and liver was taken for histopathological examination. Phytochemical analysis of the Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, diterpenes, triterpenes and saponins and that of Tridax procumbens (chiravanak) showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Paracetamol administered group showed a decrease in body weight. Liver marker enzymes like ALT and AST were highest in paracetamol treated groups. The elevated levels of these enzymes were decreased by the herbal extracts thereby proving their hepatoprotective activity. A reduction in the total protein was observed in the paracetamol treated group. Both the herbal extracts elevated the total protein level to normal levels. Serum albumin level was also lowest in the paracetamol treated group because of the decrease in the total protein level. Both the extracts increased the serum albumin levels towards normal values. Serum bilirubin level was also highest in the paracetamol treated group Azadirachta indica and Tridax procumbens leaf extract at the dose rate of 300 mg/kg decreased the elevated level of bilirubin. The haematological parameters showed not much significant change with the treatment. From the biochemical studies it was noted that the administration of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract caused better reduction in serum parameters than that of Tridax procumbens extract. Gross examination of the liver showed normal appearance in all the four groups except the paracetamol treated group in which the liver showed areas of coagulative necrosis and congestion. On histopathological examination the paracetamol treated group showed extensive areas of centrilobular coagulative necrosis. The Azadirachta indica treated animals showed diffuse necrotic areas and fatty changes in certain lobules. The areas of regeneration with binucleate hepatocytes were abundant in this group. The Tridax procumbens treated group showed hypertrophied hepatocytes with vacuolation of cytoplasm and presence of fat droplets. The areas of regeneration with binucleate hepatocytes were scanty in this group. Silymarin treated animals have almost normal liver architecture like the control group. From the present study it can be concluded that the ethanolic extracts of leaves of A.indica and T.procumbens have significant hepatoprotective activities in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats and A.indica has a better hepatoprotective action compared to T.procumbens.
Hypoglycaemic effect of Brassica Juncea (mustard) and Trigonella Foenum-graecum (fenugreek) in albino rats
(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Preethy John; Aravindakshan, C M
Studies on the influence of chloramphenicol on thiopentone sodium anaesthesia in dogs
(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1978) Aravindakshan, C M; Zacharias Cherian
A study was undertaken to find out the influence of chloramphenicol, streptomycin and kanamycin on thiopentone sodium anaesthesia in dogs. Chloramphenicaol 50 mg/kg body weight, streptomycin 10 mg/kg body weight and kanamycin 10 mg/kg body weight were administered intramuscularly at 30, 60 and 120 minutes prior to the administration of thiopentone sodium, which was given at the rate of 30 mg/kg body weight intravenously. These antibiotics (chloramphenicol, streptomycin and kanamycin) produced a slight prolongation in the surgical anaesthesia and sleeping time, induced by thiopentone sodium. Chloramphenicol showed a significant effect over the other two drugs in these respects. It was also noticed that neither thiopentone sodium nor its administration along with chloramphenicol, streptomycin and kanamycin does possess any influence on the PCV and ESR values.