Browsing by Author "Baby Lissy Markose"

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Efficacy of biofertilizers in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L)
(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2012) Smitha, K O; Baby Lissy Markose
An experiment was carried to study the response of biofertilizers (Azospirillum, AMF and Frateuria each @ 2 kg ha -1) on growth, yield and quality of tomato at Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2011-12. Anagha, a bacterial wilt and crack resistant variety of tomato developed by Kerala Agricultural University was selected for the study. The experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design with 10 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments included inoculation of anyone of the biofertilizer along with FYM (T1, T2, T3), inoculation of any two along with FYM (T4, T5, T6), inoculation of all the three biofertilizers along with FYM (T7), inoculation of all the three biofertilizers along with FYM and inorganic ( ½ and full dose) fertilizers (T8, T9) and control (T10 KAU POP). The study revealed that integrated application of farm yard manure, full dose of inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers (T9) exhibited superiority in terms of plant height and number of leaves. The number of branches was maximum when all the three biofertilizers were applied along with FYM (T7). The earliest flowering was recorded in plants inoculated with all the three biofertilizers along with FYM (T7) and individual application of FYM along with AMF (T2). The treatments T7, T2 and T9 recorded early harvests. The treatment T7 recorded the maximum fruit weight (34.15 g), fruit volume (38.20 cm3), fruit girth (15.31 cm) and number of seeds per fruit (136.75). It was followed by the treatment T9. The flesh thickness was maximum in T2 (3.43 mm) followed by T7 (3.27 mm). Integrated application of FYM, full dose of inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers (T9) recorded the highest number of fruits per plant (28.16), fruit yield per plant (814.70 g) and total fruit yield (20.81 t ha-1). Total soluble solids of tomato fruit was the highest in treatment T9 where FYM, inorganic fertilizers (full NPK) and biofertilizers were applied. The treatment T7, where FYM and all the three biofertilizers were applied, recorded the highest vitamin C (24.66 mg/100 g) content. Shelf life (18.66 days) of fruits was more in plants treated with FYM and AMF (T2). Higher uptake of nutrients was observed in integrated application of full dose of NPK and FYM along with all the three biofertilizers (T9). Application of biofertilizers improved available N, P2O5 and K2O contents in soil. The population of Azospirillum, AMF and Frateuria in the rhizosphere was also enhanced by the use of biofertilizers and was maximum in integrated application of FYM, ½ NPK and biofertilizers (T8). Regarding the economics of cultivation, the highest B:C ratio of 1.76 was recorded when full dose of NPK was applied along with all the three biofertilizers and FYM (T9). It was followed by the treatment T8 and T10 which recorded a B:C ratio of 1.45 and 1.40 respectively. From the study it can be concluded that inoculation of biofertilizers enhanced the growth, yield and quality of tomato. The available nutrient status, microbial population and health of soil were also improved by biofertilizer application. Overall assessment indicated that integrated application of all the three biofertilizers and FYM along with full dose of chemical fertilizer was the best for better growth, yield and soil health. The second best performance was obtained when FYM, inorganic fertilizers (½ NPK) and biofertilizers were applied, signifying that a reduction of 50 per cent chemical fertilizers is possible by using biofertilizers. Application of FYM and all the three biofertilizers together improved the biometric characters like weight, volume and girth of fruits.
Genetic and biochemical bases of resistance to bacterial wilt in chilli
(Department Of Olericulture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1996) Baby Lissy Markose; Abdul Vahab, M
Investigation on “Genetic and biochemical bases of resistance to bacterial wilt in chilli’ was carried out in the Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 1992-96 to study the inheritance and mechanisms of bacterial wilt resistance and to develop a near isogenic line of Pusa Jwala with resistance to bacterial wilt. Pseudomonas solanacearum, the bacterial wilt pathogen was isolated from infected chilli plants and its pathogenicity was established. The resistance to this disease showed a monogenic and incompletely dominant type of inheritance. Studies on biochemical basis of resistance revealed that total phenol, OD phenol and protein content and enzyme activities had a positive association with bacterial wilt resistance. Ujwala, the resistant variety showed high protein content and had higher activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme in all plant parts. Higher total phenol was found only in roots and OD phenol in roots and stems of Ujwala. All these biochemical constituents recorded an increasing trend on inoculation in both resistant and subsceptible varieties. The wilt resistant variety had higher OD phenol and protein contents on inoculation whereas the susceptible variety was higher in total phenol content. Both peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity were higher in resistant than in susceptible variety. The higher amount of OD phenol and their oxidation products like quinones formed by increased peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were ascribed for resistance in Ujwala. In the protein gel electrophoresis, the resistant and susceptible genotypes possessed similar bands with identical electrophoretic mobility. The isozyme patterns of peroxidase and esterase were studied. Roots for peroxidase and leaves for esterase showed clear bands. The resistant and susceptible varieties were different in banding pattern before inoculation. Inoculation did not evince any change in the banding pattern for peroxidase and esterase enzymes. The resistant variety had a well developed secondary xylem with thick and compact piliferous layers and cortical cells compared to the susceptible variety. In the radiotracer studies, radioactivity counts were more in susceptible than in resistant variety after inoculation in both 32p and 35S labeled plants. In the autoradiography, the 35S labeled bacteria were more in susceptible plants than in resistant ones. However there was no appreciable difference between resistant and susceptible plants when 32P tagged bacteria were inoculated. A near isogenic line of Pusa Jwala, moderately resistant to bacterial wilt, was developed by crossing Ujwala with Pusa Jwala and advancing the F1s to BC2F4 generation.
Genetic variability in bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.) in relation to yield and yield attributes
(Department Of Olericulture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1999) Annie Mathew; Baby Lissy Markose
Incorporation of bacterial wilt resistance in green chilly
(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1996) Seena, P G; Baby Lissy Markose
The present investigation on ‘Incorporation of bacterial wilt resistance in green chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)’ was conducted at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur during October, 1993 – May, 1995. Ten popular green chilli varieties susceptible to bacterial wilt were crossed with two bacterial wilt resistant varieties viz. Manjari and Ujjwala, to develop twenty F1 hybrids. They were grown in a wilt sick field for evaluating bacterial wilt resistance and green chilli characteristics. All the F1 hybrids were susceptible/moderately susceptible to bacterial wilt. The F1 hybrides Manjari x Phule – 5, Ujjwala x LCA 305, Ujjwala x JwalaSakhi, Manjeri x jwalaMukhi and Ujjwala x DPLC – 1 were grouped under green chilli types. Line x tester analysis was performed to derive informations on general and specific cobbining ability effects, gene action and heterosis. Good general combiners were LCA 305 for plant height, plant spread and fruits/plant, JwalaSakhi for days to first harvest, average fruit weight and fruit perimeter and Phule – 5 for fruit yield/plant and fruit length. Good specific cobiners were Ujjwala x LCA 305 for plant height and days to flowering, Manjeri x Phule – 5 plant spread and fruit length, Manjeri x RHRC Clustering Erect for fruits/plant and fruit yield/plant and Ujjwala x JwalaSakhi for primary branches/plant and average fruit weight. Significant heterosis was observed for all the characters studied viz., plant height, plant spread, primary branches/plant, days to flowering, days to first harvest, fruits/plant, fruit yield/plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit perimeter, seeds/fruit and pedicel length. Manjeri x Phule - 5 exhibited highest standard heterosis for fruits/plant and fruit yield/plant and relative heterosis for average fruit weight, fruit length and fruit perimeter. Ujjwala x JwalaSakhi showed high standard heterosis for average fruit weight and fruit perimeter. Manjeri x RHRC Clustering Erect exhibited maximum heterobeltiosis and relative heterosis for plant hight followed by Ujjwala x LCA 305. Manjeri X JwalaMukhi recorded highest negative value of relative heterosis for seeds/fruit and pedicel length. F2 segregants were evaluated for bacterial wilt resistance, green chilli characteristics and other yield attributes. The F2 segregant Ujjwala x JwalaSakhi recorded the highest mean performance for all the characters studied except days to first harvest and pedicel length. Considering bacterial wilt resistance and green chilli characteristics, the F2 segregants Ujjwala x JwalaSakhi, Manjeri x JwalaMukhi, Manjeri x JCA 283 and Ujjwala x LCA 305 were found promising which can be further selected for evolving green chillies resistant to bacterial wilt.
Performance analysis of bush lablab bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet
(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2007) Sreekanth, K S; Baby Lissy Markose
An experiment was carried out at the College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara during September 2006 – May 2007 to analyze the performance of bush lablab bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet.). The major objectives of the study were to genetically catalogue the available germplasm and to study the genetic variability, divergence, heritability, genetic gain and correlation of different traits with yield. Twenty five accessions collected from different parts of the country were grown in randomized block design with three replications. The 25 accessions were catalogued based on the descriptor for lablab bean. Significant differences for all the characters viz. plant height, plant spread, number of primary branches, leaf length, leaf width, pedicel length, days to1st flowering, days to 50 per cent flowering, pod setting per cent, pod length, pod girth, pod thickness, pod weight, number of seeds pod-1, number of pods plant-1, yield plot-1, 100 seed weight, shelling per cent, crude fibre and crude protein content were noticed among the accessions. The accession LP-26 was found to be the highest yielder (4.5 kg plot-1) coupled with high pod setting per cent (40.23) and number of pods plant-1 (227.33) during rabi. The accession LP-4 was found to be the best yielder during summer (1.15 kg plot-1) and the second best yielder (3.33 kg plot-1) coupled with second best pod setting per cent (38.00) and number of pods plant-1 (198.27) during rabi. Highest pod length (9.98 cm), pod girth (5.47 cm) and pod weight (4.61 g) was observed in the accession LP-27. Better shelling per cent (86.57) was expressed by the accession LP-7. Earliness (27.77 days) and highest number of seeds pod-1 (6.40) was shown by the accession LP-16. The qualitative characters like crude protein and crude fibre content was found to be highest in accessions LP-1 and LP-21 respectively. Highest genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for number of pods plant-1. High heritability coupled with genetic gain was noted for all the morphological, reproductive and qualitative characters. The 25 accessions were grouped into five clusters and no parallelism between geographical distribution and genetic diversity was observed. A selection model was also formulated using these characters. Based on this the accession LP-26 (a pulse type) was identified as the best performer for rabi season and LP-4 (a vegetable type) for summer. The accession LP-4 is the second best one for rabi season.
Pollen biology in shoe flower
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1987) Baby Lissy Markose; Aravindakshan, M
A widely divergent collection of 36 types/varieties/species of Hibiscus was utilized to study the pollen morphology, production, fertility and germination. Studies on pollen morphology showed that while colour of pollen grains varied, the shape was more or less constant in all types, varieties and species. Individual pollen grain was pantoporate, spheroidal and spinose. The types/varieties/species exhibited wide variation in pollen size, pollen out put, fertility, germination and tube elongation of pollen grains. Standardisation of media for pollen germination and tube growth indicated that a medium containing 20 per cent sucrose, 1 per cent agar and 100 ppm boric acid was the best. Pollen grains commenced germination within 30 min of dusting and gave satisfactory germination even after 4 hours of incubation. Polysiphonous germination was observed in majority of cases.
Pollen production, fertility and compatibility studies in shoe flower (Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis L)
(Department of Pomology, Floriculture and Landscapping, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1984) Baby Lissy Markose; Aravandakshan, M
Investigations were conducted on the pollen morphology, production, fertility and compatibility in 34 types or varieties of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and two other species viz., H. mutabilis L. and H. schizopetalus Hook, in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, during the year 1981-‘83. Since the types maintained did not possess any distinct varietal names, detailed morphological descriptions were made for identification. Observations were also made on certain aspects of blossom biology like flower opening, anther dehiscence, folding of corolla and retention of corolla. There was distinct variation in the morphology of flowers in the 36 types/varieties or species studied. Flower opening took place during the morning hours and in most of the types/varieties/species anther dehiscence commenced soon after flower opening. The time taken for the folding of the corolla ranged from 12 to 36 hours after flower opening and for the retention of corolla ranged from 24 to 72 hours. Pollen grains of Hibiscus were pantoporate, spheroidal and spinose and were 125.91 to 198.58 microns ( µ) 0 / in diameter. Pollen production per anther varied from 87 to 500 and percentage of pollen fertility ranged from 4.6 to 97. 4. Standardization of media for pollen germination and tube growth indicated that a medium consisting of 20 per cent sucrose + one per cent agar + 100 ppm boric acid was the best. The pollen grains commenced germination within 30 minutes of dusting and gave satisfactory germination even after four hours of incubation in the best medium. Of the 35 types/varieties/species tested, only in 23 cases, pollen germinated ,In vitro. Acc.11 showed maximum germination of 85.8 per cent followed by H. Mutabilis and Acc.2 while tube length was maximum in Acc.2 (962.48 µ) followed by Acc.11 and H. mutabilis. Polysiphonous germination was observed in majority of cases. Pollen grains could not be stored for more than three days in any of the methods employed in the present study. Of the different methods tried, storage of flowers with anther column intact at 4°C over calcium chloride in a desicator was found to be the best followed by storage of flowers at 4°C without calcium chloride. Acc.26 and Acc.11 had the longest shelf life followed by Acc.2. It was found that only Acc.2 and g. mutabilis set fruits naturally. Out of the seven types/varieties of H. rosa sinensis and two other species viz., H. mutabilis H. schizopetalus selfed, only-in five types or varieties of H. rosa-sinensis and in the species mutabilis self compatibility was noticed. The fruits matured in 28 to 38 days and germinated in 10 to 18 days. The number of seeds per capsule ranged from 8.5 to 192.5 and seed germination ranged from 3.33 to 69.77 per cent. Survival percentage of germinated seedlings was more than 95 per cent. Out of the intraspecific cross combinations tried, compatibility was observed in all the crosses except in cases where Acc.11 was used as the female parent. The cross Acc.2 x 11 had the highest crossability index followed by Acc.2 x 18, 2 x 26, 18 x 11, 22 x 11, 26 x 2 and 26 x 11. Interspecific compatibility was practically absent.
Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) to biofertilizers.
(Department Of Olericulture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2011) Anisa, N A; Baby Lissy Markose
An investigation on the effect of biofertilizers on growth and yield of okra was carried out in the Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2010-11. Okra variety Arka Anamika was used for the study. The experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design with thirteen treatments and three replications. The biofertilizers (Azospirillum, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Frateuria) were applied @ 2 kg/ha. The treatments included sole inoculation of biofertilizers along with FYM (T1, T2, T3), dual inoculation along with FYM (T4, T5, T6), inoculation of all the three biofertilizers along with FYM, applied as single dose (T7) and double dose (T8), inoculation of all the three biofertilizers along with FYM and inorganic (½, ¾, full dose) fertilizers (T9, T10, T11), application of all the three biofertilizers without FYM (T12) and control (T13- KAU POP). The study revealed that the treatment where Azospirillum, AMF and Frateuria were inoculated along with double dose of FYM (T8) and the treatment where all the three biofertilizers were applied along with FYM and ¾ NPK (T10) exhibited superiority in terms of growth parameters. The relative chlorophyll content (48.73 SPAD Units) and total dry matter production (350.50 g/plant) were the highest in plants supplied with double dose of FYM along with biofertilizers. The earliest flowering (39.67 days) and harvesting (46.33 days) were recorded in plants inoculated with AMF and Frateuria along with FYM (T6). The treatment T8 (double dose of FYM along with Azospirillum, AMF and Frateuria) recorded the maximum fruit weight (19.80 g), fruit girth (6.17 cm) and number of seeds per fruit (82.89). It was followed by the treatment T10 (FYM, inorganic fertilizers (¾) and biofertilizers). Plants treated with double dose of FYM, Azospirillum, AMF and Frateuria (T8) recorded the highest number of fruits per plant (31.67), fruit yield per plant (544.40 g) and total fruit yield (16.33 tha-1). It was followed by integrated application of FYM, inorganic fertilizers (¾) and biofertilizers (T10). The crude protein content of okra fruit was higher in treatments where all the three biofertilizers were applied. The treatment T10 where FYM, inorganic fertilizers (¾) and biofertilizers were applied, recorded the highest beta carotene content (94.33 µg/100g). Shelf life (6.67 days) was more in plants treated with all the three biofertilizers and FYM (T7 and T8). Higher nutrient content and uptake was observed in treatments where all the three biofertilizers were applied. Application of biofertilizers resulted in improvement of soil parameters like organic carbon, available N, P2O5 and K2O, pH and electrical conductivity. The population of Azospirillum, AMF and Frateuria in the rhizosphere was also enhanced by the use of biofertilizers. Regarding the economics of cultivation the highest B:C ratio of 2.49 was recorded in T8, where double dose of FYM was applied along with all the three biofertilizers. It was followed by the treatment T10 which recorded a B:C ratio of 2.42. It can be concluded that inoculation of biofertilizers enhanced the growth, yield and quality of okra. The available nutrient status and health of the soil was also improved by biofertilizer application. Overall assessment indicated that combined application of all the three biofertilizers along with double dose of FYM was the best, with respect to growth and yield. The second best performance was obtained when FYM, inorganic fertilizers (¾) and biofertilizers were applied signifying that a reduction of 25 per cent chemical fertilizers is possible by using biofertilizers.