Browsing by Author "Balakrishnan, S"

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Anthracnose of betelvine in Kerala
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1994) Wilson, K I; Balakrishnan, S; Nair, S K; Kamala Nayar
Characterization, host range and management of sweet potato feathery mottle virus
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2001) Jeeva, M L; Balakrishnan, S
Comparative study of certain fruit qualities of twenty pineapple varieties
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1978) Gopimony, R; Balakrishnan, S; Marykutty, K C
A study was undertaken to evaluate the fruit quality of twenty pineapple varieties during the fruiting season of 1975-76 at the Pineapple Research Centre, Vellanikkara, Trichur. In fruit weight, Kew was found to be far superior to all other varieties except Smooth Cayenne. But in certain other dessert qualities like colour and texture of flesh, flavour, sweetness and T. S. S. varieties like Mauritius, McGregor, Ripley Queen, Queen and Valerabalanga were found to be superior to Kew. The variety Valerabanga was found to show a superior sugar-acid blend as compared to Kew. This suggests its use as a parent material in breeding works for further improvement of Kew.
Control of banana rhizome weevil (Cosmopolites Sordidus Germ) and banana aphid (Pentalonia Nigronervosa) (coq.) by the use of granular systemic insecticide
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1977) Nair, K K R; Joseph, D; Balakrishnan, S
Effect of application of graded doses of lime on the growth and yield of banana variety zanzibar
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1978) Sreedharan Nambiar, I P; Balakrishnan, S; Pillai, M R C; Marykutty, K C
Effect of artificial induction of flowering in pineapple
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1980) Balakrishnan, S; Nayar, N K; Valsamma Mathew
A study was undertaken at the Pineapple Research Centre, Vellanikkara during 1976—78 ye^irs to 3Ssess the influence of growth regulator 100 ppm ethrel solution containing 2% urea and 0,04# calciu.n carbonate in inducing flowering of pineapple plants raised from suckers and crowns. The crowns were not found to be as vigorous as suckers in growth chaiacteristics. Crowns the age group 17 to 20 months can be induced to flower earlier and uniformly. For getting better fruit weight, it is preferable to apply growth regulator on 20 month old crowns.
Effect of different light intensities on the vegetative characters and leaf analysis of pineapple variety 'kew'
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1980) Radha, T; Aravindakshan, M; Balakrishnan, S
In studies on the influence of different intensities of shade on the growth behaviour and nutrient status of leaves of pineapple plants, it was found that the pineapple plants tolerated shaded situations even upto 75 per cent. Under shaded situations, increased leaf area and higher contents of nitrogen, magnesium and chlorophyll in leaves were recorded.
Effect of gamma irradiation In ginger
(Department of Horticulture (Plantation Crops and Spices), College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1984) Giridharan, M P; Balakrishnan, S
Investigation was carried out at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, during 1983 – 84, to study the effect of gamma irradiation on germination, vegetative growth, flowering, yield, quality attributes and incidence of soft rot disease in ginger using four doses of gamma rays (0.7, 1, 1.5, 2.k rad). Irradiation treatments produced inhibitory effects on the germination of ginger rhizomes. The plant height, tiller production, leaf production, leaf size and leaf area index decreased with the increase in irradiation dosages. Flowering behaviour of ginger could not be altered by the levels of gamma irradiation tried. Rhizome yield reduced as the irradiation dose increased. The treatments did not differ significantly with regard to essential oil and oleoresin content of both green and dry ginger ; oleoresin of ginger peel and percentage recovery of dry rhizomes. However, the incidence of soft rot disease could be highly reduced by gamma irradiation.
Effect of growth regulators on flowering pollination and seed-set in ginger(zingiber officinale, rose)
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1984) Usha, K; Balakrishnan, S
Flowering behaviour and floral biology of Rio-de-Janeiro and Maran and the effect of growth regulators viz., kinetin (5, 10 and 15 ppm), Ethrel (25, 50 and 100 ppm) and NAA (10, 25 and 50 ppm) in combination with two per cent urea and without urea on flowering, pollination and seed-set in Rio-de-Janeiro were studied at the College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural university, Vellanikkara during 1981-’83. The objective of the investigation was to assess the available varieties of ginger for flowering behaviour and to evaluate the effect of growth regulators with and without urea on the flowering behaviour, floral biology, floral structure, pollination and seed- set in Rio-de-Janeiro. (The possibility of overcoming the problems of shy and irregular flowering, poor pollen germination and the failure to set seeds also was explored during the investigation). (Among the 25 varieties studied, flowering was observed only in two varieties viz., Rio-de-Janeiro and Maran). Considerable variation was noticed between Rio-de-Janeiro and Maran with respect to flowering behaviour, extent of flowering, types of inflorescence, time taken for scape development, anthesis, anther dehiscence, pollen production, pollen fertility, style length and ovary length. Long but thin style was noticed both in Rio-de-Janero and Maran. Irrespective of the variety, flowers were found to rot/ and dry within 16 hours after flower opening. The maximum pollen germination (6.20 per cent) was obtained in the medium containing eight per cent sucrose, three per cent gelatin and 60 ppm boric acid under moist cotton covering in BOD incubator (26.50C). Coiling of the pollen tube during the advanced stages of growth was noticed. Pollination carried out in Rio-de-Janeiro and Maran employing the variables like stage of flower (bud stage, immediately after flower opening and three hours after flower opening), condition of stigma (partial and complete removal of style), density of pollen (smearing once, twice and thrice with standard brush), mixed pollen (ginger pollen with either Alpinia, Hedychium, Kaempheria or Costus pollen) and supplementary pollination (repeated pollination twice at two hours interval) failed to record any positive evidence of seed-set. Effect of growth regulators and urea on flowering behaviour, inflorescence characteristics and floral structures of ginger was evidenced during the study. ( Favourable influence of NAA 50 ppm on inducing early flowering, kinetin 15 ppm on the duration of flowering, NAA and kinetin on inflorescence production, NAA 50 ppm without urea on the number of flowers per inflorescence, NAA 10 ppm and all the three levels of kinetin on pollen production, NAA on pollen diameter, higher levels of Kinetin and Ethrel and lower levels of NAA on exine thinning, Ethrel 25 ppm in combination with urea, Kinetin 15 ppm with urea, NAA 50 ppm and Kinetin 10 ppm on pollen fertility, lower levels of Kinetin and Ethrel on reducing the style length, Kinetin 15 ppm and NAA 10 ppm on ovary length, Ethrel 25 ppm with urea and higher levels of NAA and Kinetin on pollen germination and NAA 50 ppm on pollen tube growth was revealed during the study.) Floral biology of Rio-de-Janeiro was not influenced by growth regulator and urea treatments. Abnormal floral structures occurred as isolated cases and therefore the role of growth regulators and urea in this respect was not clear from the results. (Pollination carried out in ginger (var.Rio-de-Janeiro) plants, subjected to growth regulator treatments with and without urea, employing the variables like stage of flower, condition of stigma, density of pollen, mixed pollen and supplementary pollination failed to result in seed-set.)
Effect of nitrogen nutrition on quality and storage behaviour of pineapple
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1980) Balakrishnan, S; Aravindakshan, M; Marykutty, K C; Valsamma Mathew
In studies on the effect of different levels of nitrogen nutrition on fruit quality and storage behaviour of pineapple, it was found that at harvest, the maximum reducing sugars, brix to acid ratio and sugar to acid ratio were registered at lowest level of nitrogen at 8g/plant As the level of nitrogen was increased to 12g/plant, total sugars increased, but there was a decrease as the level was further increased to 16g/plant. Acidity and TSS showed an increasing trend with increasing levels of nitrogen. During cold storage, higher levels of nitrogen recorded a decrease in reducing sugars. Maximum increase in acidity was recorded by the lowest level of nitrogen under both storage conditions. Increase in nitrogen level upto 12g per plant was found to have a favourable influence on total sugars in both open and cold storage conditions. Better retention of brix to acid ratio in cold storage and to reducing sugars in open storage was observed when the nitrogen dose was increased to 16g/plant.
Effect of selected medicinal plant extracts on the incidence of pumkin mosaic
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1994) Vimi Louis; Balakrishnan, S
Effect of size of suckers on growth and yield in pineapple (Ananas Comosus. Merr.) cv. Kew
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1981) Balakrishnan, S; Nayar, N K; Valsamma Mathew
Studies carried out at the Pineapple Research Centre, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara during 1976-78 on the effect of different sizes of suckers on growth and yield in pineapple variety 'Kew' revealed that the productivity of the crop is not influenced by the size of suckers used for planting.
Effect of split application of N and K on banana var nendran
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1979) Nambiar, I P S; Marykutty, K C; Balakrishnan, S; Pillai, M R C; Nayar, M N C
Effect of storage on sprouting of banana suckers var. robusta
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1979) Mary Kutty, K C; Nambiar, I P S; Balakrishnan, S; Nayar, M N C
Effect of T. M. V. and certain chemicals on the Rhizosphere microflora or tobacco
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1970) Balakrishnan, S; Sam Raj, J
Effect of weight of suckers of nendran banana on plant growth and yield
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1978) Nayar, N K; Balakrishnan, S; Shilaja, S
Efficacy of certain growth regulators in inducing flowering in pineapple (Ananas Comosus)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1978) Balakrishnan, S; Aravindakshan, M; Krishnan Nair, N
A study was undertaken at Pineapple Research Centre, University Main Campus, Vellanikkara in 1976—77 to find a cheaper growth regulator for uniform flower induction in pineapple. The findings showed that a combination treatment of 25 ppm ethrel, 2% urea and 0.04% calcium carbonate was much effective than ethrel application alone ensuring higher percentage of flowering and poduction of better sized, shaped and uniform fruits. The cost of treatment was found to be low, 1.2 paise per plant.
Estimation of leaf area in pineapple
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1978) Balakrishnan, S; Sukumaran Nair, P; Nair, K K R; Nambiar, I P S
Flush grafting in cashew
(Director of Extension, Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy, 1991-04) Pushpa Latha, Abdul Salam, M P B; Aravindakshan, Sitarama Rao, D M; Balakrishnan, S
Fungal diseases of sesamum in Kerala
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1989) Sulochana, K K; Balakrishnan, S
Only limited information is currently available on the fungal diseases of sesamum in Kerala. During the course of the present study 12 fungal diseases could be identified and among these, leaf spots caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae and Pestalotia sp. are new records. Investigations were carried out to find out the losses caused by the major fungal pathogens, viz., Alternaria sesami, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Botryodiplodia and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami. Loss estimation studies conducted revealed that all the above fungi reduced the yield considerably. Rhizopus nigricans, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Mucor haemali were the common fungi found associated with sesamum seeds. Mode of entry, histopathology and toxin studies were conducted with the five major fungal pathogens. These varied with different organisms. Survival ability of the five species of fungi ranged from three months in A. sesami to elevan months in B. theobromae and F. oxysporum f. sp. sesami. In vitro evaluation of fungicides, in general, revealed that, Bavistin, Bordeaus mixture and Dithane M-45 were superior to the other fungicides tested, and in the field experiment Bavistin was found to be the best. The residue levels of carbendazim of Bavistin sprayed sesamum leaves and pods were below the maximum residue level fixed. Application of fungicides caused alterations in the acid value, iodine value and saponification value of sesamum oil. Bavistin was found to be the most efficient as well as economical fungicide in controlling the leaf spot diseases of sesamum. Varietal screening trials showed Si. 866, Kayamkulam-2, Si.44, Trivandrum local and North Kerala local No.24 as resistant/tolerant varieties against the five species of fungi.