Browsing by Author "Biju, S"

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Alternative sources of cytoplasmic male sterility and genetic analysis of fertility restoration in Rice (oryza Sativa L.)
(Department of Pnimal Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture,Vellanikkara, 2001) Biju, S; Radakrishnan, V V
Investigation for alternative source of cytoplasmic male sterility suitable for warm humid tropical climatic conditions was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy and College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara (1998•• 2001). The study included the evolution of alternative source of cytoplasmic male sterility, potential CMS lines, screening of genotypes for fertility restoration and its genetic analysis. From the backcross experiments conducted, sterile cytoplasmic source was confirmed to be that of Bhadra and saline tolerant rice variety Vytila-3. The cytoplasmic nuclear interaction exhibited by various crosses studied, resulted in the manifestation of male sterility. The four cross combinations with Vytila-3 and Bhadra as cytoplasmic maternal sources exhibited increase in male sterility with each step of backcross. In the case of Vytila-3 x IR 36, 100 percentage male sterility was obtained in the F2BC3 generation. This points out the relevance of backcrossing to evolve fully male sterile line in other crosses also. With respect to grain yield and components, the highest positive gca effect was observed in Bhadra followed by Mattatriveni. Since the dominance variance of this character was greater than the additive genetic variance, there is scope for hybrid vigour exploitation. The estimation of heterosis in the case of hybrids produced was significant enough to explore the prospects of hybrid rice suited to warm humid tropics. Generation mean analysis revealed that the characters tillers at harvest, panicle length, spikelets per panicle, grain LIB ratio and pollen sterility percentage were controlled by both allelic contribution and its interactive effects and hence for improving the characters, hybridization followed by selection can be resorted to.
Breeding for lodging resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Keerthiraj, B; Biju, S
The research work ‘Breeding for lodging resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)’ was conducted in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, during the academic year 2017-2019. The research work was divided into three experiments. Experiment 1, consisted of screening of twenty-one rice genotypes for lodging resistance which was conducted at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Mannuthy. After screening, three lodging resistant rice genotypes were selected and crossed in Line x Tester pattern with four lodging prone high yielding varieties, in experiment 2. In experiment 3, progenies were evaluated along with parents for lodging resistance. Lodging and other characters were measured based on Standard Evaluation System of Rice, developed by International Rice Research Institute (SES-IRRI), 2014. Wide variability existed among twenty-one genotypes for yield and most of the yield attributes studied, indicating ample scope for the improvement through selection. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean indicating the influence of additive gene action in the expression of trait were observed for all the traits viz., days to fifty per cent flowering, plant height, flag leaf width, flag leaf length, tillers per plant, internodal length, culm diameter, culm wall thickness, days to maturity, panicle length, panicles per plant, panicle weight, seeds per panicle, test weight, silicon content, potassium content, seed yield per plant, and lodging per cent. Seed yield per plant recorded positive correlation at genotypic level with number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, test weight, and silicon content. Lodging per cent exhibited positive correlation at genotypic level with days to fifty per cent flowering, plant height, flag leaf length, internodal length, culm diameter, days to maturity, and panicle length. At the same time, it was negatively associated with culm wall thickness, silicon content and potassium content. Based on experiment 1, four genotypes viz., Swetha (L1), Prathyasha (L2), Vaisakh (L3) and Ponmani (L4) were selected as lines. Three genotypes viz., Uma (T1), Gouri (T2) and Pournami (T3) were selected as testers. Evaluation of hybrids based on mean performance revealed that, hybrids H3, H5, H6, H9, and H12 recorded reduced lodging and H7, H8, H10, and H11 recorded moderate lodging. Based on scoring, for all the characters, the hybrids H1 (L1 x T1), H3 (L1 x T3), H5 (L2 x T2), H7 (L3 x T1), H8 (L3 x T2), H10 (L4 x T1), H11 (L4 x T2), and H12 (L4 x T3) showed high values. Estimation of gca effects of parents indicated that, L4, T1 and T3 were better combiners for reduced lodging. Based on all eighteen characters, L4, T1 and T2 were found as better combiners. Considering the scores, of mean performance and combining ability effects for all the characters together, L4, T1, T2, and T3 were found as the most promising parents. Specific combining ability effects studied among the cross combinations and scores indicated that, out of the twelve hybrids, H3 recorded high lodging resistance, and except H1 all others recorded moderate lodging resistance. Based on all the characters considered together, H1, H3, H5, H6, H8, and H10 recorded as better cross combinations. When scores of mean performances and sca effect were considered together for all the characters, hybrids H1, H3, H5, H8, H10, and H11 had high scores, and H6, H7, and H12 scored moderate scores. All the twelve hybrids recorded high significant heterosis for days to fifty per cent flowering, plant height, days to maturity, internodal length and lodging per cent. Scoring for both mean performance and heterotic effect for all the characters, revealed that, the hybrids H12 recorded highest score followed by H10, H11, H8, H3, H5 and H1. Evaluation of hybrids based on scores of mean performances, sca effects and heterosis for all the traits, revealed that, hybrid H10 stands in first position, H8 in second and H11 and H5 in third position. Among these, H10 (Ponmani x Uma) and H11 (Ponmani x Gouri) were found as better cross combinations. The identified hybrids can be evaluated in segregating generations for yield and reduced lodging.
Breeding for shattering resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Anju M Job; Biju, S
Epigenetic regulation of transposable elements in plants
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, 2019) Akhil, K P; Biju, S
Evaluation of husbandry practices in captive zoo mammals in Kerala
(Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2002) Biju, S; Francis Xavier
Husbandry practices adopted for captive zoo mammals, were studied in the Government owned zoological gardens located at Thiruvananthapuram and Thrissur districts ofKerala State. The mammals in the zoos were classified into ten groups, based on the taxonomic position and food habits. In the feeding management studies, the different feed ingredients used to formulate the ration for these ten groups of mammals were recorded. The dry matter content of the ration was worked out. A comparative study was taken up between Thiruvananthapuram and Thrissur Zoos, in the feed ingredients as well as in the dry matter content of the ration in all the above ten groups of mammals. The management practices with regard to housing of animals were also observed. Cages and enclosures were provided for the animals and in most of the cases the floor was made of cement concrete. A comparison between the two zoos with regard to the substrate and the type of cage for the ten groups of mammals were also made. The environment enrichment methods adopted as well as the provisions for wallowing and perching were also observed and compared in the two zoos among the ten groups of mammals. Under the captive breeding observations in Thiruvananthapuram Zoo it was found that 23 different mammalian species were kept in breeding pairs though successful breeding were noticed in 19 of them. The animals which do not breed in captivity even when kept in pairs, were the Indian Porcupine, the Himalayan Black Bear, the Sloth Bear and the Jungle Cat. Whereas in Thrissur Zoo" 11 mammalian species were in breeding pairs and out of that eight species were successfully breeding. The Indian Porcupine, Small Indian Civet and the Camels in the zoos were not breeding, eventhough they were in pairs. Disease prevalence was another management practice studied. Parasitic diseases (44.68 per cent), infectious diseases (35.11 per cent), non-specific conditions (17.02 per cent) and neoplastic conditions (3.19 per cent) were observed in captive mammals in Thiruvananthapuram Zoo; and infectious conditions (59.32 per cent), neoplastic conditions (15.25 per cent), parasitic diseases (13.56 per cent) and non-specific conditions (11.87 per cent) were observed in Thrissur Zoo. Vaccinations were regularly done only in felids in Thiruvananthapuram Zoo and no vaccinations were done in Thrissur Zoo. Regular dewormings were done for all mammals in Thiruvananthapuram Zoo, but only in carnivores and Camels in Thrissur Zoo. The frequency of deworming varied between the species and did not conform to any scientific suggestions. Hygiene and sanitation showed that the enclosures in the zoos were cleaned daily in the morning, before the feeding of the animals. Along with that the feed and water troughs were also cleaned. The water pools were emptied, cleaned and refilled twice in a week. 'Benzalkonium chloride' solution was the disinfectant used in the zoos, and were occasionally used only in the carnivore and primate cages.
Genetics of shattering resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2020) Akhil, K P; Biju, S
Identification of saline tolerant rice hybrids for pokkali tract
(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Vellanikkara, 2019) Nikhil Narayanan; Biju, S
Various abiotic stresses causing a decline in global rice production are drought, salinity and chillness. Among these, salinity is the major factor that affects crop productivity. The traditional rice varieties grown under Pokkali area show remarkable tolerance to salinity and floods making it unique. However, the yield potential of these varieties is low. In India, out of ninety three rice hybrids developed, a few viz. DRRH 28, KRH 4, PSD 3, etc. were reported to have tolerance to salinity. Considering the potentials of hybrids, identification of salt tolerant hybrids suitable for Pokkali tract of Kerala is an urgent need of the hour. Hence, the study was designed to explore the adaptability of eight rice hybrids to the unique tract of Pokkali and evaluation of traits associated with salinity tolerance. The study comprised of two experiments, the first experiment was Laboratory screening for salinity tolerance and the second experiment was Field evaluation of rice hybrids in Pokkali tract. The laboratory screening was done following a completely randomised design and the genotypes were grown in Yoshida's solution and evaluated for various seedling characters. High shoot length, root length, high root CEC and high root and shoot proline content were seen in Vytilla-6 followed by Ezhome-2. Low root and shoot proline content were observed in IR-29 confirming its susceptibility to salinity. Among the hybrids, a high value for shoot length, root length, total number of roots, root CEC, root proline, shoot proline and survival per cent was observed in the hybrids CORH-3 and KRH-4. Vigour index was high in Sahyadri 4 followed by KRH-4 and low in MRP- 5401. Vytilla-6 and Ezhome-2 showed the high survival per cent while low survival per cent was noticed in Sahyadri 2 and MRP-5401. Vytilla-6 exhibited high chlorophyll content and RWC while low RWC was recorded in MRP-5401, Sahyadri- 2 and Sahyadri-4. Ca in root and shoot along with Na content in shoot were high in IR-29 while Vytilla-6 had low Ca and Na content. High Na in root was seen in Sahyadri 4 followed by Sahyadri 3. High amount of root Cl2 was recorded in Sahyadri-3, Sahyadri-1, Sahyadri-4, IR-29 and Sahyadri-2 while, the lowest amount of root and shoot Cl2 was in Vytilla-6. High amount of shoot Cl2 was seen in Ezhome-2 and IR-29. High amount of root and shoot SO4 content was seen in IR-29, Sahyadri-3, Sahyadri-4, Sahyadri-2 and Sahyadri-1. The lowest root and shoot SO4 content was recorded in Ezhome-2, followed by Vytilla-6. Low visual score of 3 was recorded in Vytilla-6 and Ezhome-2; a score of 5 was recorded for CORH-3, MRP-5401, TNAU RH-4 and KRH-4. Sahyadri-2, Sahyadri-3 and Sahyadri-4 were observed to have scored more than seven. Score 9 was noticed in Sahyadri-1 and IR-29, indicating that these genotypes are more susceptible to salinity. Visual score under salinity was found to be negatively correlated with shoot and root length, number of roots, vigour, proline content and RWC, while it was positively correlated with content of Ca, Na, Cl2, SO4 and K in the plant tissue. Field evaluation of rice hybrids in Pokkali tract was done during Kharif season of 2016-17, following a randomised block design. Days to fifty per cent flowering and maturity showed that all hybrids became early under salinity. Tall plants were observed in Vyttila-6 and Ezhome-2 and short plants in IR-29. High number of productive tillers was observed in CORH-3 and low in Sahyadri-2. Ezhome-2, IR-29 and Vyttila-6 had high number of spikelets per panicle while seed setting percentage and long panicles were observed in Ezhome-2. Spikelet sterility was high in Sahyadri-2 and low Ezhome-2. High 1000 grain weight was observed in Ezhome-2 and low in IR-29. Based on visual scoring Vyttila-6 was classified as highly tolerant and IR-29 as highly susceptible. Correlation studies indicated that grain yield per plant was positively correlated with productive tillers per plant and seed setting per cent, while it was found to be negatively correlated with sterility per cent. Visual scoring was negatively correlated with plant height, uppermost internodal length, days to maturity and seed setting per cent. The hybrid CORH-3 was found to be moderately tolerant based on visual scoring and it produced highest yield per plant indicating that this hybrid is better than saline tolerant traditional varieties.
Locating high yielding lodging resistant lines from the segregating populations in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Department of plant breeding and genetics, college of agriculture , Vellanikkara, 2023-07-25) Abhijith K Antony; Biju, S
The success of green revolution led to the introduction of high yielding and semidwarf genotypes in rice to a great extent. However, lodging remains a problem in many of the improved rice cultivars causing a significant reduction in grain yield and quality. With this aspect in mind, Keerthiraj et al. (2019) conducted a study to identify the lodging resistant genotypes among twenty-one different rice genotypes at Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics (PBGN). Three lodging resistant genotypes and four lodging prone genotypes were identified and they were crossed in Line × Tester design for the development of hybrids. Lodging resistance (LR) evaluation was carried out among the hybrids developed to identify the best lodging resistant hybrids. The evaluation of segregating generations would provide more insight into the lodging resistant character and higher yield of the hybrids developed. The present study was therefore conducted as two experiments to identify the best segregants for LR in F2 and F3 generations of two hybrids H8 (Vaisakh × Gouri) and H5 (Prathyasha × Gouri) having intermediate LR at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Mannuthy. Observations were recorded for qualitative, quantitative and biochemical characters. The qualitative characters included flag leaf angle, culm angle, culm strength, panicle type and panicle axis. Quantitative observations consisted of plant height (cm), flag leaf length (cm), flag leaf width (cm), internodal length (cm), number of tillers, number of productive tillers, culm diameter (mm), culm thickness (mm), panicle length (cm), panicle weight (g), number of seeds per panicle, 1000 seed weight (gm), seed yield (g) and lodging percentage. Biochemical characters included silicon and potassium content. Correlation and path analysis were carried out to identify the effect of the characters towards grain yield. The F2 population of both the crosses showed high mean performance, range and variance over the parents, indicating higher variability among the segregating population. Correlation study revealed that grain yield per plant exhibited a significant positive association with number of tillers, number of productive tillers, panicle weight, number of seeds per panicle, culm diameter and culm thickness. Path analysis revealed that number of productive tillers and 1000 seed weight had the highest positive direct effect towards grain yield. Based on the observation recorded for quantitative characters individual plants were ranked for each character effecting lodging resistance. A selection criterion was fixed based on quantitative characters for selecting best lines to be forwarded to F3 generation. Six lines from F2’ s of H8 family and four lines from F2’s of H5 family were identified to be the best and forwarded to next generation. Silicon and potassium content were analyzed among the selected plants and parents, it was found to be high in selected plants indicating strong culms for the plants which to a great extent signifies lodging resistance of the selected plants. In experiment 2, the selected F2 plants were grouped into families consisting of 50 plants each and were evaluated for lodging resistance in F3 generation to identify the best segregants. Similar as in experiment 1 the observations recorded include qualitative, quantitative and biochemical characters. The mean performance and variability in F3 generation were found to be lower than F2 generation. Correlation studies revealed that grain yield per plant exhibited a significant positive association with number of tillers, number of productive tillers, panicle weight, number of seeds per panicle, culm diameter and culm thickness. Path analysis revealed that number of productive tillers and panicle weight had the highest positive direct effect towards grain yield in F3 generation. The selection criteria were fixed based on the quantitative observations recorded for lodging related traits in F3 generation. Based on this criterion and ranking of individual plants seven lines from F3’s of H8 family and three lines from F3’s of H5 family were identified as the best lodging resistant segregants from the evaluation and shall be forwarded to next generation for evaluation.