Browsing by Author "Bridgit, T K"

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Effect of chemical and integrated weed management in upland rice
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1993) Kamalam Joseph; Bridgit, T K
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different weed management practices in upland rice in Kerala. The average reduction in grain yield due to weed competition was 44 per cent in 1988 and 56 per cent in 1989. During both the years weed free plots recorded grain yield on par with pre-emergence butachlor + 2,4-D at 25 to 30 days after rice emergence (DARE), pre-emergence pendimethalin and pre-emergence pendimethalin followed by either hand weeding once or 2,4-D application at 25 to 30 DARE. Weed control achieved by preemergence application of pendimelhalin followed by either a post emergence application of 2,4-D or hand weeding once was as effective as maintaining weed free condition throughout the crop growth. Weed control efficiency was higher in the case of pendimathalin when compared to thiobencarb and butachlor.
Effect of cultural management on root characteristics and productivity of rice in laterite soil
(Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, 2002) Bridgit, T K; Potty, N N
Effect of cultural management on yield and yield attributes of rice in laterite soil
(Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, 2002) Bridgit, T K; Potty, N N
Studies conducted to analyse the pathway of yield formation as influenced by varying cultural management systems in laterite soils revealed that depth of digging at 15 cm or 30 cm or increasing the levels of farm yard manure beyond 5 t ha"1 had only marginal effects on improving the growth and productivity of the plant. Crops under dry seeded condition which did not have reduced soil environment in the early stage manifested better growth as evidenced by higher elongation and more tillers with a steady declining tiller count. Larger numbers of longer roots were another characteristic. As against this, the plants in the reduced environment were comparatively dwarf, tiller production was low but extended beyond maximum tillering and panicle initiation stages and root production was also hindered. The variation in these characters between the two environments worked out to be 46.0 per cent in tiller count and 43.9 per cent in root count. This difference was manifested in the yield levels of 6496 kg ha"1 in dry seeded and 4715 and 4615 in wet seeded and transplanted situations.
Effect of hydrogel and mulching on maize (Zea mays L.) in sandy soil
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2018) Rajap Shiva Kumar; Bridgit, T K
An investigation entitled “Effect of hydrogel and mulching on maize (Zea mays L.) in sandy soil” was carried out at College of Agriculture, Padannakkad during 2016- 2018 to study the effect of hydrogel (super absorbent polymer) and mulching on soil moisture status, growth and yield of maize in sandy soil. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The treatment combinations included three levels of hydrogel viz. H1 – 1.25 kg ha-1, H2 – 2.5 kg ha-1, H3 – 3.75 kg ha-1 and three types of mulch viz. M1 – rice straw (5 t ha-1), M2 – rice husk (5 t ha-1), M3 – coirpith compost (2.5 t ha-1) and one control (KAU Package of Practices recommendations). Observations were recorded on growth and growth attributes, yield and yield attributes, plant analysis, soil analysis and economics. Hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 and rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1 recorded maximum plant height, dry matter production and root volume of maize whereas maximum leaf area and LAI were observed in hydrogel @ 3.75 kg ha-1 and rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1. The yield and yield parameters such as cob, grain and stover yield were found to be higher in treatments receiving hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 and rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1 than other levels of hydrogel and types of mulch. The response of hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 and rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1 was significantly superior over other treatments with respect to total N and P uptake. While total K uptake recorded was maximum in the case of hydrogel @ 3.75 kg ha-1 and rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1. The major beneficial effect of hydrogel was in enhancing and maintaining soil moisture status of coarse textured sandy soil at 15 and 30 cm depth. The treatment receiving hydrogel @ 3.75 kg ha-1 and rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1 recorded maximum soil moisture retention. The maximum porosity was recorded in the case of hydrogel @ 3.75 kg ha-1 and coirpith compost mulch @ 2.5 t ha-1. The residual nutrient status with respect to available N and K2O recorded maximum values in hydrogel @ 1.25 kg ha-1 and rice husk mulch @ 5 t ha-1 and available P2O5 was maximum with hydrogel @ 3.75 kg ha-1 and rice husk mulch @ 5 t ha-1. Considering the economics of maize crop production, the gross and net income obtained were maximum in hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 and rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1. However, BCR was found to be maximum in treatment with hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 and rice husk mulch @ 5 t ha-1. The maize growth and yield were significantly improved by the application of hydrogel and different mulches. Hydrogel @ 2.5 kg ha-1 in combination with rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1 was most efficient and economical compared to other combinations and can be recommended for maize cultivation in sandy soils of Kerala
Effect of modified urea forms on the performance of wet-seeded rice in acid laterite soils
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1996) Bridgit, T K; Jose mathew; Sivakumar, C
Field studies were conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station. Pattambi for three dry seasons during 1991 to 1993 tu evaluate the efficiency of modified urea forms in wet-seeded rice under puddled condition. The results indicated the remarkable response of wet-seeded rice to new urea forms over prilled urea in respect of growth, yield attributes and yield and N use efficiency. Split application on nimin coated urea (NCU) and inussorie rock phosphate coated urea (MRPU) recorded significant yield improvement over prilled urea (PU) and large granule urea (LGU) applied either fully as basal or in split doses.
Fertiliser management in cassava- Groundnut intercropping system
(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1985) Bridgit, T K; Sreedharan, C
An experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy, to study the effect of levels of N and time of application of N and K in a cassava- groundnut intercropping system. This 2x2x4 factorial experiment was laid out in randomized Block design with three replications under rainfed conditions. The study revealed that intercropping cassava with groundnut enhanced the growth parameters of cassava at all stages of growth. Yield attributes, yield and total drymatter production of cassava were also increased by intercropping. The quality characters like drymatter starch and crude protein content of tubers were improved by intercropping. Hundred percent recommended dose of N increased the growth, yield and quality over 75 percent of the recommended dose. Among the time of application T3 (15, 75 and 120 DAP) has given the highest tuber yield (21.92t ha-1) followed by T1 (15,60 and 90 DAP) of 21.65 t ha-1. T4 (basal, 60 and 90 DAP) which is the recommended dose recorded the lowest yield of 17.9 t ha-1. A comparatively higher utilization index was obtained with intercropping and higher level of N (75kg ha -1). T1 andT1 and T3 recorded more UI values than T2 and T4. The nutrient content as well as up take in cassava was increased by legume intercropping and higher levels of N. T1 and T3 recorded more nutrient content in different plant parts as compared to T2and T4. The fertility status of the soil was improved by intercropping and levels of N. Yield of ground nut was influenced by higher levels of N. Yield of groundnut was influenced by higher levels of N and time of application of N and K to cassava.T2 and T4 recorded more yield. Nutrient content and up take of bhusa was not influenced by levels of N and time of application of N and K. Maximum LER was seen in sole cassava plot when N and K was given at 15,75 and 120 DAP while in intercropped plot it was highest when N and K were given at 15,60 and 90DAP. Income from cassava cultivation was increased by intercropping with groundnut application of N and K at 15, 75 and 120DAP. Groundnut can be intercropped successfully with cassava under Kerala condition and a substantial quantity (25 per cent) of fertilizer nitrogen required by the main crop could be saved by this practice. For getting better fertilizer use efficiency of applied N and K fertilisers, 1st dose should be applied at 15 DAP of cassava instead of the now recommended basal Dose. Second dose can be extended up to 75 days of planting and the last dose up to 120 DAP so as to coincide with the harvest of the intercrop and the earthing up of cassava.
Foliar nutrition of cowpea [Vigna unguiculum (L.)] under different management systems
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2020) Sugina, P; Bridgit, T K
IIHR 61-B, a high yielding vegetable type of cowpea
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1991) Neema, V P; Bridgit, T K; James, K I; Nair, N R
Integrated nutrient approach on productivity enhancement of rice in oxyaquic fluent soils of Northern Kerala
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad,Kasaragod, 2018) Chanchala, A; Bridgit, T K
The experiment entitled “Integrated nutrient approach on productivity enhancement of rice in oxyaquic fluent soils of Northern Kerala” was conducted to study the effect of organic manures along with micronutrient mixtures on growth, yield, pest and disease incidence, nutrient uptake and economics of wetland rice in farmer’s field during virippu season 2017. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 12 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were T1 - Farmer’s practice (FYM 5 t ha -1 + 18:18:18), T2 - Fertilizer recommendation on the STCR basis (75.6: 57.6: 37.35 kg ha -1 NPK), T3 - POP Recommendation of KAU (90:45:45 kg ha-1 NPK ), T4 - FYM (5t ha-1) + Neem cake (400 kg ha-1) + Groundnut cake (400 kg ha -1), T5 - T3 + Ayar (500 kg ha-1 as basal dose), T6 - T3 + Sampoorna (5g l-1 at 1-2 days before transplanting and 10 g l-1 at 50 DAT as foliar spray respectively), T7 - T4 + Ayar (500 kg ha-1 as basal dose), T8 - T4 + Sampoorna (5g l-1 at 1-2 days before transplanting and 10 g l-1 and at 50 DAT as foliar spray respectively), T9 - T5 + Si (100 kg ha-1 as calcium silicate), T10 - T6 + Si (100 kg ha-1 as calcium silicate), T11 - T7 + Si (100 kg ha-1 as calcium silicate) and T12 - T8 + Si (100 kg ha-1 as calcium silicate). The available N, P and K status of the experimental field ranged from low to medium and the secondary and micronutrients were in the sufficiency level. All the treatments were applied as per the technical programme. The results of the experiment showed that the growth and yield attributes such as plant height and number of tillers hill-1, number of panicles hill-1, filled grains panicle-1, test weight and lowest number of chaffy grains were significantly influenced by application of POP recommendation of KAU along with micronutrient mixtures viz. Sampoorna and Ayar. The treatment T9 (T5 + Si) recorded maximum grain yield which was on par with T6 (T3 + Sampoorna). Straw yield was maximum in T5 (T3 + Ayar) and was on par with T6. Higher harvest index was recorded in treatment T9 (T5 + Si). At harvest, the available N and P status of the soil were increased whereas the available K was decreased when compared to the initial soil nutrient status. Application of FYM + Neem cake + Groundnut cake along with Sampoorna recorded higher soil available N and application of fertilizers based on POP recommendation of KAU along with Ayar recorded maximum soil available P content. Plant nutrient content viz. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Si of both shoot and root were analyzed at maximum tillering, PI stage and at harvest. In the shoot, all the nutrients showed a declining trend from maximum tillering to PI except sulphur. The content of Fe showed sharp decrease from maximum tillering to harvest stage. The total uptake of nutrients showed a significant difference among treatments. Phosphorus uptake was maximum in treatment T10 and T6 recorded maximum K uptake. The treatment T9 recorded maximum uptake of nutrients such as Ca, Zn and Mn. T 5 recorded maximum Mg uptake. Application of FYM + Neem cake + Groundnut cake along with Sampoorna and silicon reduced the uptake of Fe. Correlation study revealed that plant nutrient content such as P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Si showed a positive relationship with yield at different critical growth stages. The treatment with POP Recommendation of KAU along with Sampoorna (T6) recorded maximum yield, gross return, net return and B:C ratio whereas, application of POP Recommendation of KAU along with Ayar and Si were also equally good with yield and ease of application. In general, the integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients along with secondary, micronutrients and Si not only increase the growth parameters and yield attributes but also increase the soil nutrient level and economics of wetland rice cultivation.
Integration of organic and inorganic nutrient sources in transplanted lowland rice
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1994) Jose Mathew; Bridgit, T K; Kamalam Joseph
Nutrient requirement of rice under Koottumundakan system
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1994) Bridgit, T K; Jose Mathew; Kamalam Joseph
Nutritional balance analysis for productivity improvement of rice in iron rich lateritic alluvium
(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellenikkara, 1999) Bridgit, T K; Potty, N N
Investigation entitled “Nutritional balance analysis for productivity improvement of rice in iron rich lateritic alluvium” consisting of seven experiments was conducted during 1995-1997 in the farm attached to the Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy. Objective of the study was to identify the factors that limit the productivity of rice in the lateritic alluvium, estimate the nature and extent of their influences, formulate and test the methodology to overcome them and to evolve high – tech management programme to get 6 t or more yield of grain per hectare. The study included evaluation of the influences of all the cultural and nutritional inputs on the content and balances of N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S,Fe,Mn,Zn, Cu and SiO2 in the root, culm and leaf at MT and PI and boot leaf in addition to uptake in grain and straw. Results revealed the following Field evaluation of the crop performance in 36 locations of Thrissur and Palakkad districts of Kerala spread in km2 and three soil types revealed that yield ranged from 2800 to 9000 kg ha-1. Low productivity was not due to real deficiency of any of the 11 elements in the foliage. Foliar concentrations of individual elements were more than what has required to produce yield levels above 7000kg ha-1 in some locations expect for silica. Low realized yields were found to be due to the excess plant contents of non-applied elements especially Fe, Mn,Zn and Cu as well as their interactions in plants. As such, soil test or tissue test values of elements were found inadequate, a “content balance combined approach” was found to be better tool in nutritional management. Iron content of the root of the order of 50,000 ppm under submerged conditions was found to inhibit morphological and physiological development leading to low yield. Physiologically, lower development of chlorophyll ‘a’ and its poor stability as well as a higher sap PH lead to low dry matter accumulation. Morphologically the effect was expressed through very few long roots at MT,low root weight, root damage and failure of further initiation of roots, protracted production of fewer tillers as well as their decline and low dry matter accumulation in the shoots between MT and flowering periods. Yield variation due to the early suppression alone was of the order of 1800 kg ha-1. Harmful effects of Fe in the plant was less subsequently as Fe decreased progressively with growth of the plant. Manganese and Zn and to some extent Cu found to take over from Fe in the post panicle initiation phase. Leaf concentrations of these elements at PI and flowering stages rise far higher the critical levels. Manganese was found to reduce photosynthetic efficiency at this stage and Zn was identified with affecting translocation to the grain from vegetative parts in the maturity phase, thereby affecting translocation to the grain from vegetative parts in the maturity phase, thereby affecting grain – straw ratio. Lower productivity of second crop (September – October compared to first crop (April – May seeded rice) was found to be due to the higher foliar concentrations of Mn and Zn in the PI stage onwards. Cultivation under continuous submergence aggravated these inhibiting influences. Thus low yield of rice in laterite soils was found to be due to a multi – element multiphase effect. Nutritionally these effects could be recognised through narrow N/Fe, N/Mn, K/Fe, K/Zn ratios. Application of Ca @ 150 kg lime ha-1 could reduce the Fe content of the plant and S at 100 kg ha-1 could reduce Mn and Zn content in the plant at PI. Substituting urea with Ammonium sulphate for top dressing appeared to be better to contain Mn and Zn at PI stage. Application of SiO2 at 250 kg ha-1 and increasing the levels of K from the present level of 45 kg to 120 kg ha-1 and resorting to dry seeding in April-May crop and wet seeding in October-crop and irrigation once in three days after disappearance of ponded water were found to be effective means of containing the low yield malady and raise the yield beyond 6 t ha-1. This production programme has the advantage that it does not involve much additional input, offers the scope of reducing P application by 50 per cent and scientifically sustainable as it keeps nutrient removal within the levels of application of N, P and K. This programme also offers a way to progressional yield improvement above 6 t ha-1 as the levels of Fe, Mn and Zn in the leaves are still far higher than suggested critical levels.
Response of cowpea genotypes to dates of sowing
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1993) Bridgit, T K; Neema, V P; Joy, P P