Browsing by Author "Heera, G"

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Ecofriendly management of anthracnose of betel vine (piper betle L.)
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Nisha, A; Heera, G
Evaluation of fluorescent pseudomonads for the management of sheath blight and bacterial blight of rice
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2002) Heera, G; Kamala Nayar
Biological control of major foliar diseases of rice in Kerala viz., sheath blight and bacterial blight using fluorescent pseudomonads was studied. Isolates obtained from the phylloplane were observed to be effective In inhibiting the growth of foliar pathogens. Isolate P 11 was most effective In inhibiting the growth of Rhizoctonia solani inciting sheath blight disease whereas growth of bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae . was suppressed by the isolate P33, under in vitro conditions. P 11 and P33 survived well in the inert material talc used as carrier material in the formulation developed, using these isolates. Seed treatment with talc based formulation of each isolate (P 11 and P33) increased the dry weight of root and shoot of rice seedlings of cultivar Jyothi and TN-l 14 days after sowing. The isolates produced almost equal and detectable amounts of IAA in culture supernatant. Greenhouse studies conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, indicated that a combination of seed treatment (10g kg" seed), seedling root dipping (1 per cent solution), and foliar spray (1 per cent) with the formulation of PI 1 and P33 effectively suppressed sheath blight and bacterial blight disease respectively and also appreciably increased the biomass yield of treated rice plants. Three foliar sprays starting two days prior to inoculation with the pathogen, during the tillering stage of the crop enhanced the efficacy of seedling root dipping with the biocontrol formulation. Isolates P 11 and P33 were tentatively identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar 1 respectively.
Exploring the potential of spent mushroom substrate extract from pleurotus spp. for the management of leaf blight of amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.)
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2026) Devika, B S; Heera, G
The study entitled “Exploring the potential of spent mushroom substrate extract from Pleurotus spp. for the management of leaf blight of amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.)” was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2023-2025 with the objectives of evaluation of the efficacy of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) extract for the suppression of the leaf blight of amaranthus; and detection of associated biomolecule(s). The pathogen was isolated from the diseased amaranthus leaf and its pathogenicity was proved by Koch’s postulates. Cultural and morphological studies of the pathogen on potato dextrose agar medium revealed hyaline to brown, septate mycelia with right-angled branching and formation of white to brown irregular sclerotia after eight days of inoculation. Molecular characterization using LSU primers (LROR and LR7) validated the isolate as Rhizoctonia solani with accession number (PX411474). Pure culture of Pleurotus florida, P. ostreatus and P. sajor-caju were obtained from ICAR- DMR, Solan. Mushrooms were cultivated in paddy straw. Spent mushroom substrate, the by-product after cultivation (45 days), was collected from these three species of oyster mushroom. The spent substrates were shade dried, powdered and used for further studies. The nutrient analysis revealed that all SMS samples were rich in nutrients. Macronutrient analysis indicated that SMS of P. ostreatus contained the highest nitrogen (1.77%), potassium (1.40 ppm), and calcium (2.1%) contents, while SMS of P. florida had the highest phosphorus (0.16%) and magnesium (1.26%) levels, while the sulphur (0.61%) content was more for paddy straw (control). Among the micronutrients, boron concentration was highest in SMS of P. ostreatus (82 ppm), while zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) concentrations were similar among all the treatments. These findings suggest that SMS has substantial nutrient value and can serve as a potential organic fertilizer. Water extracts of SMS (1:3 w/v) was prepared from each Pleurotus spp. after shaking the powdered SMS for 24-48 h in an incubator cum shaker, filtered and centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant obtained was utilised as the crude extract which was evaluated against R. solani by poisoned food technique at different concentrations (250 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm). Significant antifungal activity was observed in all the treatments. When compared to the control, at 250 ppm concentration of the extract, the radial growth of R. solani ranged from 0.58 to 1.82 cm in all the treated plates. The water extract of SMS (P. florida) treated plates showed complete mycelial inhibition (100%) of R. solani at 500 ppm and 1000 ppm concentrations, while the water extract of SMS (P. ostreatus) exhibited complete suppression of mycelial growth at 1000 ppm. The water extract of SMS (P. sajor- caju) was less effective with an inhibition percentage of 53 even at 1000 ppm concentration. Mycelial characters of R. solani in the treated plates was irregular and sparse compared to the dense, zonations in control. These results indicated that the SMS of Pleurotus spp., particularly P. florida, possesses potent antifungal compounds capable of inhibiting R. solani growth. A pot culture experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) to assess the efficacy of extracts of SMS, with 13 treatments and 3 replications, including foliar and soil applications of SMS extracts (0.2%), chemical (mancozeb @0.2%), biological control (Pseudomonas fluorescens @20 g/L) check, inoculated and absolute controls. Among different treatments, the foliar application and soil drenching with SMS extract (P. florida -T7) recorded the lowest Percent Disease Index (PDI) and lesion size, followed by foliar application and soil drenching of SMS extract of P. ostreatus (T8). The highest PDI (56.5%) was observed in the inoculated control (T12). Plants treated with SMS extracts delayed the symptom development and reduction in lesion size. In addition to disease suppression, significant enhancement was observed in the growth and yield attributes of the plants. SMS treated plants exhibited increased shoot and root length, higher fresh and dry biomass, compared to the untreated controls. Enhanced shoot and root biomass, and increased overall yield, were noted in SMS treated plants, particularly in T4 (soil drenching of P. ostreatus extract) and T7 (foliar spray + soil drenching of SMS extract (P. florida). The total yield was the maximum in T4 (soil drenching of P. ostreatus- 82 g/pot), whereas the highest plant height (47.5 cm) was observed in the case of T5 (foliar spray of SMS extract of P. sajor -caju). Biochemical assays carried out at 0,1,3,5,7 days after inoculation of the pathogen revealed significant enhancement in defense related enzymes viz., peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) in the SMS treated amaranthus plants after the inoculation of the pathogen. The highest activities of PO and PPO were recorded in T7, while PAL activity peaked in the treatment T8. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis of ethyl acetate extracts of SMS revealed the presence of various classes of bioactive metabolites including phenols, fatty acids, sterols, terpenoids and esters. Common bioactive compounds detected in the three Pleurotus spp. included phenolic compounds, terpenes, fatty acids and carboxylic acids, with reported antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study demonstrated that SMS extracts of Pleurotus spp., particularly P. florida, possess strong antifungal potential against R. solani causing leaf blight of amaranthus. The extracts were rich in essential nutrients and bioactive compounds capable of suppressing pathogen growth, inducing plant defense responses, and promoting overall plant growth and vigor. Therefore, SMS extracts represent a promising, eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides for the management of leaf blight of amaranthus.
Host range studies and management of anthracnose of nutmeg caused by colletotrichum spp.
(Department of Plant pathology Vellayani, 2020) Bommana Divya; Heera, G
Schizophyllum commune for the management of colletotrichum leaf blight of turmeric.
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, vellayani, 2025) Gibence, H Rose Winnie; Heera, G
The study entitled “Schizophyllum commune for the management of Colletotrichum leaf blight of turmeric’’ was carried out at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2021-2023, with the objective of characterization and utilization of antimicrobial compounds from S. commune for the management of Colletotrichum leaf blight of turmeric. Survey was conducted during October 2022-February 2023 in three districts of Kerala, viz., Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam and Alappuzha to study about the disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (PDI) of leaf blight of turmeric. The disease incidence ranged between 31.12 – 55.11% and disease severity between 24.32 – 62.00 %. The highest DI and PDI was observed at Neyyattinkara location of Thiruvananthapuram. The common symptom observed in surveyed area was brownish necrotic blighting from tip or margin with prominent yellow halo. Ten fungal isolates were obtained, sub-cultured and purified. Pathogenicity of these fungal isolates were proved. The pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum sp. The morphological studies of Colletotrichum sp. revealed that mycelial width, septal distance and conidial size ranged from 1.01- 1.85 µm, 13.41-7.98 µm and 9.10 × 3.70 - 18.54 × 4.50 µm2 respectively. The conidial shape was either dumbbell or oblong. Colony colour was either off white, ash grey or dark grey. Colletotrichum isolate C6 was identified as the most virulent (Sadanandapuram from Thiruvanathapuram) after virulence rating. The molecular characterization of isolate C6 was done using ITS primers where it had the maximum identity with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Morphological, cultural and molecular characterization is done and identified C6 isolate as C. gloeosporioides. The mycelial growth of Schizophyllum commune was either fluffy, cottony or sparse. The mycelial growth rate was maximum in SC5 (S. commune 5; DMRX-2160) followed by SC3 (S. commune 3; DMRX-2158) (1.03 and 1.01 cm day-1 respectively). SC 1 (S. commune 1; DMRX-2156), SC2 (S. commune 2; DMRX-2157), SC4 (S. commune 4; DMRX-2159) exhibited growth rate of 0.92, 0.81 and 0.69 cm day-1 respectively. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was identified as the most suited and Czapek dox agar (CDA) least suited media for S. commune. In vitro antagonism was done by dual culture assay and poisoned food technique. All the S. commune strains were effective in managing the pathogen in vitro. The strains SC1, SC3, and SC5 exhibited lysis where as SC2 and SC4 showed overgrowth as mode of inhibition in dual culture assay. Highest inhibition was exhibited by SC5 (40.78 %) followed by SC3 (39.62%). Different concentration viz., 25, 50 and 75% of S. commune culture filtrate were tested against C. gloeosporioides in poisoned food technique. Among these, 75% concentration exhibited highest inhibition percentage. SC5 culture filtrate amended media showed highest inhibition (44.46%) of followed by SC3 (37.03%). Two most effective strains of S. commune viz., SC5 and SC3 were selected for in vivo studies. In vivo studies were conducted to evaluate effect of S. commune mycelial extract and cell free culture filtrate (CF) on leaf blight of turmeric in comparison with biocontrol agent (Pseudomonas fluorescens) and chemical control (Propiconazole). Among all the treatments spraying culture filtrate of SC5 at seven days interval showed lowest PDI (17.76%) at 14 days after inoculation (DAI) followed by propiconazole (T8), P. fluorescens (T7) and culture filtrate of SC5 (T5) which were statistically on par with each other. Similar trend was also observed at 21 and 28 DAI. Similarly, lowest lesion size observed in T5 (CF of SC5) at 14 DAI (1.96 ×1.4 cm2), 21 DAI (2.4×1.6cm2) and 28 DAI (3.96×2.3cm2). The maximum plant height was observed in T7 (127.66 cm) followed by absolute control (126.65 cm) and T5 (125 cm). There was no significant difference in the number of leaves in response to different treatments. Plant defence enzyme viz., peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase showed enhanced activity followed post inoculation the spray of P. fluorescens and culture filtrate of SC 5. Hot water extraction recovered 0.18g and 0.119g crude polysaccharide from S. commune mushroom mycelial powder and culture filtrate respectively. The results of this study revealed wide spread occurrence of Colletotrichum leaf blight in the turmeric growing areas of Kerala viz., Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam and Alappuzha. Wide variation in cultural and morphological characters of Colletotrichum isolates was observed from the surveyed areas. The most virulent isolate (C6) obtained from Sadanandapuram identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides based on cultural, morphological and molecular characters. PDA was identified as the most suitable media for the growth of S. commune. Schizophyllum commune strains possessed biocontrol potential with lysis and overgrowth as mode of action against C. gloeosporioides in dual culture assay. Culture filtrate of S. commune reduced the disease severity in leaf blight of turmeric. Crude polysaccharides were present in culture filtrate as well as in mushroom mycelial powder. The active compound responsible for biocontrol property of S. commune should be identified, fractionated and structurally elucidated. In vitro and in vivo activity of purified compound against fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens should be investigated and more research is needed for field level application.
Standardization of biomedicinal enrichment in edible oyster mushroom, Pleurotus sp.
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2022-04-18) Aparna, R S; Heera, G
The present study entitled “Standardization of biomedicinal enrichment in edible oyster mushroom, Pleurotus sp.” was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2019-2021, to standardize the substrate(s) amended with medicinal plants for the cultivation of edible oyster mushroom, P. florida and analysis of the uptake of bioactive compounds of pharmaceutical importance by P. florida. In vitro evaluation of the effect of medicinal amendments (adathoda, neem and ocimum) on mycelial growth of P. florida revealed that there was a significant variation with respect to growth pattern and mycelial density. The radial growth of mycelium in PDA media amended with adathoda 1000 ppm, neem 1000 ppm and ocimum 250 ppm concentration was on par with control. The addition of medicinal amendments had no inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of P. florida. The basidial size from the sporocarp of amended mushrooms varied widely with maximum size in amended ones when compared to control. The mycelial width did not vary significantly among all the treatments. In vivo evaluation of medicinal amendments by soaking and spraying method revealed that addition of amendments reduced the days for spawn run, pin head initiation and first harvest. Desirable sporophore characters for enhanced yield was also observed when compared to control. Maximum yield was recorded in soaked beds when compared to sprayed beds and control. Ocimum was found to be the best amendment with an average yield of 448.75 g from soaked beds (T5) and 434.5 g from sprayed beds (T6). Sporophore characters of P. florida showed significant variation among the different treatments. There was enhanced shelf life of amended mushrooms under both room temperature and refrigerated condition. Neem sprayed (T4) and adathoda soaked (T1) samples had a better shelf life of 5 and 4 days respectively under refrigerated conditions as well as in room temperature (3 days respectively). Sensory evaluation scores of P. florida from different treatments were obtained for parameters viz., appearance, colour, flavor, texture and taste. The maximum scores for appearance was obtained by ocimum amendment. Mushroom from neem sprayed treatment was adjudged the tastiest. The major pests observed in the beds were sciarids, Megaselia sp. and staphylinid beetle. Neem amended beds showed reduced pest incidence (10-15%) when compared to control (20%). Trichoderma was the common contaminant observed along with Coprinus and bacteria. Least disease incidence of 10 per cent was observed in neem sprayed, adathoda sprayed and ocimum soaked treatments. Least disease incidence was recorded in sprayed beds than soaked beds. GC-MS studies of mushroom and substrate samples revealed the identification of many important compounds of pharmaceutical importance. The different classes of compounds observed were aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, esters, ethers, furan derivatives, sterol and nitrogen derivatives. Exclusive compounds could be identified viz., pidolic acid, ethyl iso-allocholate and erucic acid from mushroom samples whereas quinolone, myristyl monoethoxylate, epoxylanostan, adenosine and digitoxin from substrate samples. Biochemical analysis of beta-carotene, flavonoids, terpenoids and polyphenols from the mycelium and sporocarps revealed that there was enhanced concentration of above said bioactive compounds in sporocarp when compared to mycelia. Adathoda amended mycelia recorded maximum beta-carotene, flavonoid, terpenoid and polyphenol content. In the case of sporocarps, maximum beta-carotene content was recorded in adathoda soaked treatment. Neem amended sporocarp recorded maximum flavonoid content. Ocimum amended sporocarp recorded maximum terpenoid and polyphenol content. In the current study entitled ‘Standardization of biomedicinal enrichment in edible oyster mushroom, Pleurotus sp.’ it was observed that there was pronounced enhancement of yield attributes in amended mushrooms. Reduced pest and disease incidence was also observed. There was improvement in shelf life and organoleptic characters in amended mushrooms. New compounds of pharmaceutical importance could be identified by GC-MS analysis. The bioactive compounds viz., beta-carotene, flavonoid, terpenoids and polyphenols were also found to be enhanced when compared to control.
Strain improvement and production technology of milky mushroom (calocybe indica P. & C)
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2006) Heera, G; Suharban, M
Survey conducted in different localities to obtain the native flora of Calocybe resulted in the collection of ten isolates of Calocybe, seven from Thiruvananthapuram, two from Kollam and one from Pathanamthitta. The nature of growth in petridish and spawn substrate of the native isolates varied widely. Of the ten isolates, the most promising isolate OE-349 which gave better yield, shelf life, nutrient status and low mortality was selected for further studies. Cultural characters studied showed that locally available jackfruit seed kernel broth can be substituted for potato dextrose broth for maximum biomass production. In solid media the Calocybe isolate had fluffy growth in oat meal agar and better radial growth in potato dextrose agar medium. Calocybe preferred fructose, rather than dextrose, hence can be used for higher biomass production. Least preferred carbon sources were lactose and sucrose. Among the nitrogen sources peptone was the best for maximum biomass production. The inorganic source, ammonium salts were less preferred than nitrate source. Calocybe preferred a pH of 5.5 for maximum biomass production. An increase or decrease in pH resulted in the reduction of biomass. Among the various substrates subjected to different sterilisation techniques, spent mushroom substrate (SMS) subjected to solarisation out yielded paddy straw and coir pith, compared to boiling and chemical methods. Solarised SMS gave higher biological efficiency and better fruiting body weight. Mortality percentage was minimum in solarised SMS. Solarised beds of SMS and paddy straw were free from contaminants. Coirpith did not prove as a successful substrate for Calocybe cultivation as it was highly contaminated with Trichoderma. Of the various supplements, rice bran supported higher biological efficiency than others. The application of supplements at four per cent rate gave better yield than two per cent. Rice bran supplementation of solarised SMS out yielded the other supplements neem cake, vermicompost and ferrous sulphate. Neem cake and vermicompost were not suitable for supplementation as there was heavy incidence of Trichoderma on beds. Casing materials consisting of sand, soil and CaCO3 gave better biological efficiency than coir pith soil mixture, vermicompost-soil mixture and clay-soil mixture. Vermicompost and coir pith when used as an ingredient in casing material there was heavy incidence of Trichoderma. Clay-soil mixture did not support fruiting body production of Calocybe due to crust formation as a result of quick absorption and slow release of water. Strain improvement was done using UV rays and gamma irradiation. UV irradiation at two distances (5 cm to 10 cm) from source for different periods (10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes) did not produce any significant effect on the yield as well as shelf life and nutrient status of mushroom. But irradiation at 10 cm from source had a positive effect on nature, radial growth of mycelium and yield when compared to irradiation at 5.00 cm. Irradiation with  rays enhanced yield, nutrient status and shelf life of Calocybe. Irradiation with  ray from 0.5 – 2.5 KR showed an increase in yield upto 1.5 KR followed by a decline. A hybrid was developed by crossing single spores of two different isolates with dissimilar character. The hybrid (54.88 per cent BE) out yielded the parents in yield, characters, nutrient content and enzyme activity. Molecular characterisation of hybrid and their parents revealed that hybrid had 44.40 per cent similarity with one parent and 28.57 per cent similarity with other parent. Dendrogram constructed clustered one parent and hybrid into one group and other parent into another group at 0.26 similarity coefficient.
Strain improvement of Calocybe SPP. through interspecific hybridization
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2022-05-09) Vijeth, S; Heera, G
The present study entitled “Strain improvement of Calocybe spp. through interspecific hybridization” was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2019-2021, for the development and evaluation of improved strain(s) of Calocybe spp. with desirable traits by interspecific hybridization. Two Calocybe spp. viz., Calocybe indica, Calocybe gambosa were obtained from AICRP on Mushroom and Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The pure culturing and morphological studies of cultures revealed that the mycelia was septate with clamp connections. The mycelial growth was white fluffy and with slow growth in C. indica, whereas it was off white cottony mycelia with fast growth in C. gambosa. The mycelial width was larger (26.55 μm) in C. gambosa. Basidia and cheilocystidia were comparatively larger in C. indica. The basidiospores were hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, thin walled and produced on clavate basidia on the hymenial layer of the sporocarps in both the Calocybe spp. The size of the basidiospores were comparatively larger in C. gambosa. Mycelial run was faster in C. gambosa than C. indica in paddy grains when used as spawn substrate. Paddy straw and amended cocopeat were used as substrate for mushroom bed preparation. C. indica took minimum number of days for complete spawn run (25), pinhead formation (37), first harvest (44), total crop period (60) with comparatively more number of sporophores (16) with lesser sporophore weight than C. gambosa. C. gambosa took 31 days for spawn run, 45 days for pin head formation, 52 days for first harvest with larger sporophores and biological efficiency of 84.78 % whereas in C. indica it was 61.59%. The colour of sporophores were milky white in C. indica while creamish white in C. gambosa. The pileus shape in both the species were convex with varied diameter and thickness of the pileus. Length and diameter of stipe was higher in C. gambosa. C. indica showed more number of gills cm-2 (24), while in case of C. gambosa it was 19. The development of improved strains by hybridization was initiated with the isolation of single spores. The single spores of Calocybe spp. were isolated by serial dilution technique. Pure culturing of single spores was done in potato dextrose agar medium. Nature of their mycelial growth, colour, growth rate and days taken for complete growth in Petri dishes were recorded. The experiment was laid out in CRD with five replication. Hybridization was carried out between single spore cultures of C. indica and C. gambosa by dual culture technique. 121 crosses were done with 42 positive crosses (compatible) and 79 inhibitions (incompatible). The hybrids were confirmed by the presence of clamp connection in the mycelium from the barrage zone. Out of the 42 crosses 22 compatible crosses were identified based on their parental mycelial characters, nature of barrage formation (clamp connection) and mycelial run in spawn. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the parents and their interspecific hybrids. In vitro studies were conducted to observe nature of mycelial growth, colour, growth rate and days taken for complete growth in Petri dish for 22 interspecific hybrids and their parents. four were selected for further studies based on the prior experiment. In vivo studies were conducted by preparing the beds of the selected 4 interspecific crosses with five replication in CRD. The days taken for spawn run and incidence of disease were recorded for all the four crosses. Fruiting body production was observed only in A2B4. The parents A2 and B4 failed to produce any fruiting body indicating the monokaryotic condition. Days taken for pin head initiation, first harvest, number of sporophores emerged, average weight of sporophore and incidence of pest were recorded for this cross. The microscopic observations of A2B4 sporophore revealed basidia of 35.64 x 5.21 μm with thin ellipsoidal basidiospores of size 10.25 x 7.56 μm. Comparative studies on the biomass of the inter specific hybrids (A1B5, A2B4, A4B2 and A4B6) and their parents revealed that A2B4 hybrid had higher biomass (0.42 g 100ml-1) when compared to other crosses. The crude fibre estimation studies for the parents (C. indica and C. gambosa) and hybrid revealed that A2B4 hybrid had higher fibre content of 24.43 % crude fibre when compared to the parents C. indica and C. gambosa 11.79 and 16.47 % respectively. Molecular characterization of improved strain along with parents were analysed by RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). Pairwise comparisons of the strains, based on the presence or absence of unique and shared amplicons, were used to generate similarity coefficient of Jaccard. The results were analysed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). The analysis revealed that the hybrid A2B4 had 69.6 per cent similarity with C. gambosa and 54.5 per cent similarity with C. indica. The present study revealed the integration of traits of parents into the hybrid. Enhancement in characters of sporophore viz., like colour, shape, earlier initiation, increased sporophore weight were observed in hybrid when compared to parents. Also faster completion of crop cycle, reduced incidence of pest and disease were noticed. There was an improvement in biomass, crude fibre content in hybrid when compared to the parents. The hybrid A2B4 can be recommended for the production after yield stabilization studies.
Suitability of Pleurotus ostreatus (DMRP-30) for cultivation in Kerala
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2023-03-30) Amelinora Tariang; Heera, G
Varietal screening and management of anthracnose of black pepper using new generation fungicides
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2020) Athira, K; Heera, G