Browsing by Author "Hrudya Ann Joy."

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    Standardization of spacing and evaluation of nano nitrogen for yield and quality of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]
    (Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2024-03-02) Hrudya Ann Joy.; Sarada, S
    The study entitled “Standardization of spacing and evaluation of nano nitrogen for yield and quality of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]” was carried out at the Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2021 - 2023. The objective of the study was to optimize the spacing and foliar application of nano nitrogen in cluster bean variety KAU Suruchi for enhancing yield and quality. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. The treatments consisted of six spacings (S1 - 45 cm x 20 cm, S2 - 45 cm x 30 cm, S3 - 45 cm x 45 cm, S4 - 60 cm x 20 cm, S5 - 60 cm x 30 cm and S6 - 60 cm x 45 cm) in the main plot and four levels of nitrogen (i.e. N1 - soil application of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen, N2 - soil application of ½ dose of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen, N3 - soil application of ¾ dose of RDN + 0.4% foliar spray of nano nitrogen and N4 – control) in the subplot. Observations on growth, yield, quality and microbial characters were recorded. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among all characters except internodal length, node to first inflorescence, pod girth, shelf life and total sugar. The plant spacing of 60 cm x 45 cm (S6) and soil application of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N1) individually and in combination recorded the highest growth characters such as plant height, leaves per plant, nodes per plant and leaf area at 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS and 120 DAS. The earliest flowering was observed in 60 cm x 20 cm spacing (S4) (25.37 days), which was on par with 45 cm x 20 cm (S1) (25.42 days), 45 cm x 30 cm (S2) (25.48 days) and 45 cm x 45 cm (S3) (25.54 days), and in soil application of ½ dose of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N2) (24.67 days), which was on par with control (N4) (24.81 days) and in combination, in S4N2, ie. 24.33 days, which was on par with S1N2 (24.67 days), S1N4 (24.42 days), S2N2 (24.67 days), S3N2 (24.59 days), S5N4 (24.83 days), S6N2 (24.84 days) and S6N4 (24.67 days). 119 The plants spaced at 60 cm x 30 cm (S5) recorded the longest pod of 13.44 cm, which was on par with 60 cm x 45 cm (S6) (13.25 cm). Soil application of ¾ dose of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N3) recorded the longest pod, measuring 12.74 cm, which was on par with soil application of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N1) (12.65 cm). Among interactions, S5N3 exhibited the longest pod of 13.90 cm, which was on par with S5N1 (13.41 cm), S5N2 (13.59 cm) and S6N3 (13.85 cm). 60 cm x 30 cm spacing (S5) and soil application of ¾ dose of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N3) exhibited the highest pod weight of 5.50 g and 5.07 g respectively. The treatment combination S5N3 recorded the highest pod weight of 5.80 g, which was on par with S5N2 (5.69 g) and S6N3 (5.67 g). The highest number of pods per plant was recorded in 60 cm x 45 cm spacing (S6) (134.16), which was on par with 60 cm x 30 cm (S5) (134.09). Soil application of ¾ dose of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N3) exhibited the highest number of pods per plant (116.29), which was on par with soil application of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N1) (113.22). Among the different treatment combinations, the highest number of pods per plant of 148.38 was recorded in S6N3 which was on par with S5N3 (148.07), while the highest number of pods per cluster of 10.83 was recorded in S4N3, which was on par with S5N1 (10.51) and S5N3 (10.76). The highest yield per plant and yield per plot was recorded in 60 cm x 30 cm spacing (S5) (423.81 g and 8.48 kg respectively), which was on par with 60 cm x 45 cm (S6) (420.08 g and 8.40 kg respectively). Soil application of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N1) recorded the highest yield per plant and yield per plot of 384.78 g and 7.70 kg respectively, which was on par with soil application of ¾ dose of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N3) (383.74 g and 7.68 kg respectively). The treatment combination of S5N3 recorded the highest yield per plant of 452.63 g and yield per plot of 9.05 kg. The maximum number of harvests and the earliest harvest was observed in 45 cm x 20 cm (S1) which was on par with 45 cm x 30 cm (S2), 45 cm x 45 cm (S3) and 60 cm x 20 cm (S4). The earliest harvest was observed in soil application of ½ dose of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N2) which was on par with control (N4). Among the treatment combinations, S6N2 120 recorded the highest number of harvests which was on par with S1N2, S1N4, S2N4, S3N2, S3N4 and S4N3. The maximum number of seeds per pod was recorded in 60 cm x 30 cm spacing (S5) (9.55), which was on par with 60 cm x 45 cm (S6) (9.38). Soil application of ¾ dose of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N3) recorded the highest number of seeds per pod (9.62). Among different interactions, S5N3 recorded the maximum number of seeds per pod (10.02), which was on par with S6N3 (9.76), S5N2 (9.71) and S4N3 (9.71), while S4N3 recorded the highest value of 4.56 g for 100 seed weight which was on par with S1N3, S2N3, S3N2, S4N2 and S4N4 (4.56 g, 4.51 g, 4.49 g, 4.50 g and 4.44 g respectively). The treatment combination S6N4 recorded the highest ascorbic acid content of 48.99 mg 100 g-1, which was on par with S5N4 (48.45 mg 100 g-1) and S6N2 (48.30 mg 100 g-1). The plant spacing of 60 cm x 45 cm (S6), soil application of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N1) and their interaction recorded the highest crude protein content (26.37 %, 24.92 % and 27.92 % respectively), while S6N2 recorded the highest crude fibre content of 43.62 %, which was on par with S3N4 (43.28 %), S4N2 (42.98 %), S4N4 (43.26 %), S5N3 (43.46 %), S5N4 (43.02 %) and S6N4 (43.50 %). Among the interaction treatments, S6N4 recorded the more bacterial population (8.15 log cfu g-1), which was on par with S2N4 (8.14 log cfu g-1). The plant spacing of 45 cm x 20 cm (S1), soil application of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N1) and their interaction recorded the maximum fungal population (6.56 log cfu g-1, 6.53 log cfu g-1 and 6.80 log cfu g-1 respectively). The actinomycetes count was maximum in the rhizosphere soil of plants spaced at 45 cm x 45 cm (S3) and soil application of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N1) (6.61 log cfu g-1 and 6.54 log cfu g-1) and their combination (S3N1) (6.77 log cfu g-1). Soil application of ½ dose of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen (N2) recorded the highest number of root nodules and effective root nodules per plant (17.17 and 14.67 respectively). Among the treatment combinations, S5N4 recorded the highest number of root nodules and effective root nodules per plant (27.25 and 24.75 respectively). 121 The results of this experiment suggests that plant spacing of 60 cm x 30 cm and soil application of ¾ dose of RDN + 0.4 % foliar spray of nano nitrogen is the best treatment combination for high yield and quality in cluster bean cultivation.