Browsing by Author "James Mathew"

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Biochemical and biological bases of resistance in solanaceous vegetables against bacterial wilt incited by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) yabuuchi etal.
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1998) Sheela Paul, T; James Mathew
An investigation on biochemical, biological and nutritional bases of resistance in solanaceous vegetables against bacterial wi1t incited by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al., has been attempted. The pathogen R. solanacearumwas isolated from respecti ve hosts and characterised by various morphological, cultural, biochemical and physiological tests upto biovar level. The three isolates were cross inoculable, and were sensitive to AmDistryn and Streptocycline. Based on these studies the tomato and chilli isolates were identified as Ralstonia solanacearum race I biovar III and that from brinjal as R. solanacearum race I biovar V. The study on toxigenic property of the bacterial isolates revealed that the toxic metabolites were not host specific. Out of the 43 varieties / lines screened , 12 varieties / lines were selected, one each from resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible categories. The varieties / lines selected were LE 79-5, BT-IO, LE 470 and Pusa Ruby for tomato; Swetha, Composite-2, BB-7 and Pusa Purple Long for brinjal and Ujwala, Manjari, Jwalasakhi and Pusa Jwala for chilli. The studies on biochemical, biological and nutritional factors in tomato, brinjal and chilli showed considerable variation between crops, between varieties/ lines, and between plant parts. However the root being the primary foci of infection by R. solanacearum the biochemical reactions in root is considered more important than other plant parts. Among the biochemical factors, the OD phenol and specific activity increased due to infection and the content was higher in the resistant genotype (LE 79-5) both under heal thy and diseased condition in tomato. In brinj al, the polyphenol oxidase activity, specific activity and peroxidase activity increased due to infection and were higher in resistant genotype (Swetha) both under healthy and diseased condition. In chilli, total phenol and OD phenol, increased due to infection and were higher in resistant plants (Ujwala) under healthy and diseased condi tions. The soluble sugar content and specific activity were also higher in resistant plants both under healthy and diseased condition even though a decrease was observed due to infection . In tomato, the resistant genotype showed a higher content of OD phenol, polyphenol oxidase activity, specific activity and alkaloids under healthy condition; and total phenol, OD phenol, soluble protein, specific activity and peroxidase activity under diseased condition. In brinjal, the resistant genotype recorded higher content of total phenol, OD phenol, soluble sugars, amino acids, soluble protein, polyphenol oxidase activity, specific activity and peroxidase activity under healthy condition; and polyphenol oxidase activity, specific activity and peroxidase activity under diseased condition. In chilli, the resistant genotype recorded higher total phenol, OD phenol, soluble sugars and specific acti vi ty under heal thy condition; and total phenol, OD phenol, soluble sugars, specific activity and peroxidase activity under diseased condition. Among the biological factors, the total microflora (fungi and actinomycetes), Pseudomonads and parasitic nematodes increased due to infection in resistant genotype whereas beneficial microbes recorded a decrease in population in resistant genotype by infection. In tomato the resistant genotype recorded higher nematode population under heal thy condi tion and higher total microflora, virulent Ralstonia and avirulent Pseudomonas under diseased condition. In brinjal the resistant genotype recorded higher population of fungi, avirulent Pseudomonas, mycorrhiza and saprophytic nematodes under heal thy condition, and fungi, virulent Ralstonia, avirulent Pseudomonas and nematodes under diseased condition. In chilli, the resistant genotype recorded higher populations of avirulent Pseudomonas, mycorrhiza and nematodes under heal thy condition and fungi, avirulent Pseudomonas and mycorrhiza under diseased condition. Among the nutritional factors, in tomato the resistant genotype recorded higher content of potassium and calcium under heal thy condition and iron, zinc and manganese under diseased condition. In brinjal the resistant genotype recorded higher content of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and zinc under heal thy condition; and potassium, magnesium, iron and zinc under diseased condition. In chilli, the resistant genotype recorded higher content of phosphorus, calcium and iron under heal thy condition; and nitrogen, potassium magnesium and zinc under diseased condition. Thus the study revealed that it was not possible to arrive at common bases for resistance to bacterial wilt in tomato, brinjal and chilli taken together. However it was possible to outline the important parameters that conditions resistance in individual crops.
Chemical control of bacterial leaf blight of rice using antibiotics
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1983) Mary, C A; James Mathew
Studies using antibiotics on the control of bacterial leaf blight disease of rice at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani has shown that Penicillin at 500 ppm gavethe maximum inhibition to the growth of the bacterium in vitro. In in vivo Penicillin or Agrimycin-1 00 (250 ppm) post-inoculation sprays twice at eight days interval were equally effective in lowering the disease intensity.
Collar rot and wilt of clove seedlings incited by Cylindrocladium camelliae Venkitaramani and Venkata Ram - A aew record from India
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1994) Beena, S; Anita Cherian, K; Varma, A S; James Mathew
Control of bacterial leaf spot of betel vine
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1982) Koshy Abraham; James Mathew
In the in vitro screening of antibiotics, chloramphenicol, Terramycin, Streptomycin, Streptocycline and Agrimycin-100 have showed inhibitory effect to X. campestris pv. betf/cota. Among these, chloramphenicol at 500 ppm exerted maximum inhibitory effect. None of the antibiotics tested in in vivo gave absolute control of the disease. But minimum percentage index of disease status and maximum percentage survival of diseased leaves were observed in plants receiving Terramycin 500 ppm spray.
Etiology and control of bacterial leaf blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae (Uyeda and Ishiyama) Dowson
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1980) Mary, C A; James Mathew
The bacterial leaf blight of rice, incited by Xanthomonas oryzae (Syeda and Ishiyama) Dowson is one of the most serious disease of economic importance in India and several other rice growing countries of the world. This disease was first reported in India by Sreenivasan et. al. (1959) from Maharashtra and a serious epiphytetic was reported by Srivastava and Rao (1963) from Bihar. In Kerala , eventhough severe epiphytotics of this disease have not been reported so far, the disease is endemic in the major rice growing areas of Kuttanad and Palghat. The pathogen was identified as Xanthomonas oryzae (Uyeda and Ishiyama) Dowson based on its morphological , cultural , physiological and biochemical characters together with its pathogenicity. For laboratory studies and mass culturing of the organism, Glucose Yeast extract Agar and Glucose Agar were found to be the best solid media and Glucose Yeast extract chalk broth and potato Sucrose Peptone broth were the best liquid media. The pathogen was found to survive in infected seeds for a period of 90 days , in infected debris in soil for a period of 28 days and in infected soil for less than a week indicating that the infected seeds and infected plant debris in soil play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease.
Etiology of marbled disease of pineapple (Ananas Comosus L. Merr.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1999) Sheela Paul, T; Nandini, K; Ramachandran Nair, S; James Mathew
Etiology of the bacterial wilt of ginger incited by Pseudomonas solanacearum E.F. Smith and its control
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1980) Marykutty Samuel; James Mathew
The bacterial wilt of gingerincited by psuedomonas solanacearum E.P. Smith probably the most serious of all the disease recorded on this crop was first reported from India in 1978. The symptoms of the disease include loss of turgidity of leaves , rolling and yellowing of the leaflets, cropping and wilting of the plant and rotting of the rhizome . No variations in symptoms were observed with the different inclates of the pathogen. Nutrient agar and peptone ceramic acid were the best soild media for the growth of the bacterium . Slight variations in growth were observed among the isolates when grown on ECA medium. The pathogen was identified to be Pseudomonas solanacearum E.P. Smith , biotype -3 of Hayward, from its morphological , physiological and biochemical characters coupled with pathogenicity.
In vitro production of toxic metabolite(s) by phytophthora capsic1 and partial purification of the metabolite(s)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1997) Shylaja, M R; Sreekandan Nair, G; Augustine, A; James Mathew
Phytophthora capsici, the causal organism of Phytophthora foot rot disease in black pepper produces toxic metaholite(s) under in vitro conditions. Maximum accumulation of toxic metabolite(s) was observed in shake cultures of 15 days incubation in Ribeiro's medium. The symptoms induced by toxic metabolite(s) were quite typical to symptoms of natural and artificial infection by the pathogen. The toxic metabolite(s) accumulated in the in vitro culture was found to be heat stable aim non-specific. The toxic metabolite(s) could not be separated using organic solvent fractionation since it is present in the aqueous fraction of the culture filtrate. However, ion exchangers like Dowex 1 and Dowex 50 could be used for separating the metabolite(s) from the aqueous fraction.
In vitro screening of some medicinal plant extracts against Phytophthora capsici, incitant of foot rot of black pepper (Piper Nigrum L.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1996) Vimi Louis; Balakrishnan, S; James Mathew
Influence of age of plants on cassava bacterial blight incidence and development
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1981) Mani T Cherian; James Mathew
Leaf spot disease of Dioscorea alata Linn.
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1980) Abraham, M; Karunakaran, P; James Mathew
Management of bacterial wilt of ginger incited by Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) smith
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1994) Alli Rani, G; James Mathew
Bacterial wilt is one of the most destructive disease of ginger in Kerala. The pathogen was isolated from wilted ginger plant and its pathogenicity established. The isolate of bacterium was characterized and identified as Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith based on its morphological, cultural, biochemical and physiological characters coupled with its pathogenicity. Invitro inhibitory effect of antibiotics, fungicides, botanicals and others against p. solanacearum was tested. Ambistryn- S and chloromycetin 1000 ppm exhibited maximum inhibition of bacterium. Of the two fungicides tested Bordeaux mixture one per cent gave maximum inhibition of the bacterium. Among the botanicals and others tested, water extract of ocimum spp. And garlic at 50 g/1 exhibited maximum inhibition of the bacterium. Field experiment on the management of bacterial wilt of ginger revealed that none of the treatments gave an absolute control of the disease. However, plots treated with Ambistryn- S and Bordeaux mixture had minimum wilt incidence than the other treatments. The changes in the total rhizosphere microflora and the pathogen P. solanacearum as a result of treatments in field codition were assessed. Ambistryn- S, Bordeaux mixture and chloromycetin had effectively reduced the population of P. solanacearum. Ambistryn- S, Bordeaux mixture, Streptocycline and chloromycetin had reduced the bacterial population. The maximum reduction of fungal population was observed in Bordeaux mixture and Ambistryn-S treated plots. Actinomycetes population was minimum in plots treated with garlic. Results of the study on the in vitro effect of treatments on the soil microflora and the pathogen P. solanacearum revealed that Ambistryn-S and Bordeaux mixture had effectively reduced the P. solanacearum. There was a maximum reduction of bacterial population was recorded in soil treated with Ambistryn-S, Streptocycline, Bordeaux mixture, Chloromycetin and Terramycin. The soil treated with Bordeaux mixture and calixin had minimum count of fungal population. Ambistryn-S, streptocycline and water extract of Ocimum spp. Treated soils had minimum count of actinomycetes. The result of the pot culture study on the management of bacterial wilt of ginger revealed that plants treated with Bordeaux mixture, Ambistryn-S, Terramycin and Chloromycetin had minimum wilt incidence. Correlation studies were made between environmental factors and wilt incidence. There was a positive correlation between maximum air and soil temperature and wilt incidence. The colonization of VA-mycorrhiza was greater in roots of healthy plants than the roots of infected plants. The incidence of phyllosticta leaf spot was minimum in plants treated with Bordeaux mixture, Ambistryn-S, Calixin and Chloromycetin both in pot culture and field experiments. The effect of treatments on plant height, number of tillers and yield were also recorded. Bordeaux mixture and Ambistryn-S treated plants had maximum plant height, more number of tillers and better yield than the other treatments. Thus the present study revealed that one per cent Bordeaux mixture can be used as a prophylactic measure to reduce the incidence of bacterial wilt of ginger. The use of water extracts of botanicals for the control of the disease needs further detailed investigations.
Mode of survival of Pseudomonas Solanacearum (Smith) Smith causing bacterial wilt of ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rose.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1981) Indrasenan, G; Sreekumar, V; James Mathew; Mammen, M K
Occurrence of rice yellow dwarf in Kerala
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1977) James Mathew; John Abraham
On the physiological variation of xanthomonas campestris Pv.betlfcola (Patel, Kulkarni and Dhande) dye
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1983) Koshy Abraham; James Mathew
Reaction of different types of ginger to bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1982) Indrasenan, G; Vasantha Kumar, K; James Mathew; Mammen, M K
Reaction of popular rice cultivars to bacterial leaf blight pathogen Xanthomonas Campestris pv. Oryzae
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1982) Mary, C A; James Mathew
Reaction of popular varieties and cultures of rice at the nursery stage to brown spot helminthosporium oryzae under natural disease pressure
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1976) James Mathew; John Abraham; Gopalan, N
Screening of betelvine cultivars for host resistance against leaf spot pathogn Xanthomonas Betlicola Patel, Kulkarni and Dhande
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1981) Koshy Abraham; James Mathew
Seven cultivars of betelvine were screened for host resistance against the the leaf spot pathogen Xanthomonas betlicola. The study revealed that none of the cultivars were absolutely resistant to the disease, but the minimum disease severity was observed in the cultivar Tulasivettila. The minimum defoliation within 20 and 30 days after inoculation were observed in the cultivars Karilanchikarpuran and Tulasivettila.
Screening of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) calliclones for phytophthora foot rot resistance / tolerance
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1996) Shylaja, M R; Sreekandan Nair, G; James Mathew
Calliclones of different black pepper cultivars viz., Kalluvally, Cheriakanyakkadan, Balankotta, Karimunda and Panniyur-1 were regenerated from calli, screened against toxic metabolite(s) of Phytophthora capsici. The regenerants derived from screened and unscreened calli were further tested for resistance / tolerance to P. capsici using different methods of screening viz., natural screening (keeping in infected field), screening by electrolyte leakage method and screening by artificial inoculation with culture disc of P. capsici. None of the regenerated calliclones was found to be completely resistant to the disease in natural screening. However, some of the regenerants derived from unscreened calli exhibited higher degree of tolerance to the disease revealing the possibility of exploiting somaclonal variation for Phytophthora foot rot disease screening in black pepper. The calliclones of Cheriakanyakkadan recorded greater degree of tolerance to the disease as compared to others.