Browsing by Author "Jayachandran Nair, C S"

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Development of protocol for tissue culture of papaya (Carica papaya L) from mature explants
(Department of pomology and floriculture, College of agriculture, Vellayani, 2012) Hutke Vikram Rajendra; Jayachandran Nair, C S
Effect of organic sprays and bunch cover on yield and quality of banana (Musa AAB) nendran
(Department of pomology and floriculture, College of agriculture, Vellayani, 2014) Sreejith Kumar, V P; Jayachandran Nair, C S
The investigations on “Effect of organic sprays and bunch cover on yield and quality of banana (Musa AAB) Nendran” were conducted in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2012-2013. The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of various organic sprays and bunch cover on yield and quality of banana variety Nendran. The experiment was done in randomized block design (RBD) with eleven treatments and three replications. The treatments includes T1 (control, without any spray or bunch covering), T2 (water spray at 15 and 30 days after bunch emergence) T3 (panchagavyam, 3.0 per cent spray at 30 days after bunch emergence) T4 (panchagavyam, 3.0 per cent spray at 15 and 30 days after bunch emergence), T5 (vermiwash, 10.0 per cent spray at 30 days after bunch emergence), T6 (vermiwash, 10.0 per cent spray at 15 and 30 days after bunch emergence) T7 (cow’s urine, 10.0 per cent spray at 30 days after bunch emergence) T8 (cow’s urine, 10.0 per cent spray at 15 and 30 days after bunch emergence), T9 (jeevamrutham, 3.0 per cent spray at 30 days after bunch emergence), T10 (jeevamrutham, 3.0 per cent spray at 15 and 30 days after bunch emergence) and T11 (K2SO4, 3.0 per cent spray at 15 and 30 days after bunch emergence). All the treatments except control was having bunch covering. The investigations revealed that jeevamrutham 3.0 per cent bunch spray 15 and 30 days after emergence and bunch covering recorded the maximum bunch weight (7.72 kg/plant). The second hand weight, fruit length, fruit weight, pulp weight, pulp percentage, pulp: peel ratio and shelf life were also superior. The treatment also showed superiority with respect to quality attributes such as TSS, reducing sugars, sweetness, flavour, texture, firmness, colour of fruit as well as overall acceptability. Absence of skin blemishes and spray residues were also observed. The treatment also recorded higher net profit and B/C ratio (2.06). K2SO4 (3.0 per cent) bunch spray 2 and 4 weeks after bunch emergence and bunch covering resulted in higher bunch weight (7.69 kg/plant), weight of hand, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit girth, pulp percentage, pulp: peel ratio and shelf life with lesser bunch maturity period. Quality attributes were higher in this treatment. Skin blemishes and spray residues were absent. Net profit and B/C ratio (2.06) were also higher for this treatment. Treatment T8 (Cow’s urine 10.0 per cent bunch spray 15 and 30 days after emergence and bunch covering) was also superior to other treatments with respect to bunch weight (7.33 kg/plant) and weight of hand. Length, girth and weight of fruits, pulp weight, pulp: peel ratio, shelf life and quality attributes were also higher in this treatment. The above mentioned treatments (T10, T11 and T8) were superior to other treatments but did not differ significantly among them in most of the characters studied. Therefore, these three treatments can be recommended for improvement of yield and quality of bunches of banana variety Nendran.
Effect of spacing on biomass production, dry matter partitioning, yield and fruit quality in tissue culture banana (musa) [aab] nendran
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1995) Anil, B K; Jayachandran Nair, C S; Jayachandran, B K
The experiment with tissue culture Nendran banana under different plant spacings (2.25 x 2.25 m, 2.0 x 2.0 m, 1.75 x 1.75 m, 1.50 x 1.50 m and 1.25 x 1.25 m) showed that the biomass production, dry matter partitioning and yield per plant decreased with decrease in plant spacing, while on per hectare basis it increased with decrease in spacing. The fruit quality deteriorated with decrease in plant spacing. The time taken for ripening of fruits decreased with increase in spacing, while shelf-life remained unaffected. However, the spacing 1.75 x 1.75 m was found optimum for all the characters studied
Evaluation of Nendran (Musa AAB Group) Ecotypes
(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1996) Bindu Viveka Devi; Jayachandran Nair, C S
The investigation "Evaluation of 'Nendran' (Musa AAB group) ecotypes" was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, V e l l a y a n i , Thiruvananthapuram during 1994-'95 inorder to study the effect of ecotype variation on growth, yield and fruit quality of 'Nendran' banana. The results obtained are presented below : Vegetative characters like plant height, girth at later stages, number of leaves per plant, phylacron at early stages, leaf longevity, leaf area duration, leaf area index at later stages and monthly growth rate at early stages showed variation among the different ecotypes. The number of suckers per plant were almost uniform for all the ecotypes. The time taken for flowering and total crop duration varied with ecotypes but the maturity period of the bunches was uniform for all the ecotypes. Eventhough bunch yield was maximum in Kaliethan, the number of hands and fingers per bunch were the lowest in this type. Fruit characters like finger length, finger weight, peel weight and pulp weight were high in Kaliethan where as the pulp/peel ratio was high in Poovanchira. Chengazhikodan and Kothala were superior in fruit quality compared to Kaliethan. The leaf nutrient status at flowering stage varied only in the case of potassium where as both phosphorus and potassium varied at harvest stage. Poovanchira, Puthur and Kothala types had higher levels of NPK at flowering time though Chengazhikodan had the highest potassium content. During harvest stage, Kothala and Chengazhikodan had higher NPK content compared to others types. The dry matter production was higher in Kaliethan and Pandaloor in both vegetative part and fruits. The extent of sigatoka leaf spot did not differ significantly among the 'Nendran' ecotypes during the different stages of growth. There was no incidence of bunchy top in any of the treatment plants. Nematode infestation in root was low in Poovanchira, Kaliethan and Chengazhikodan and high in Muttathukonam and Kothala types where as the rhizome weevil incidence was low in Puthur, Kothala and Kaliethan an 1 high in Chengazhikodan and Pandaloor types. Correlation and path analysis studies in 'Nendran' ecotypes indicated that leaf area duration (LAD), girth • fingers, time taken for flowering, number of fingers re bunch, plant height at post floral initiation stage and g i r t h of plant at floral initiation stage had a p o s i t i v correlation with bunch weight. So these characters can 1 -? considered for selecting superior ecotypes. In general, Kaliethan can be considered as the most suitable ecotype of 'Nendran' for commercial cultivation in Thiruvananthapuram and nearby areas. However, the o'h'i types such as Kothala, Chengazhikodan and Poovanchira typos can also perform well in this tract once they become adapt '1’ to the agroclimatic conditions of the zone.
Evaluation of papaya (Carica papaya.L) varieties for dessert purpose
(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2000) Lakshmi Unnithan; Jayachandran Nair, C S
Floral biology, Pollination and fruit development in pineapple (Ananas comosus L.)
(Department of Processing Technology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1982) Jayachandran Nair, C S; Damodaran, V K
Foliar nutrition in banana (musa aab) nendran for enhancement of growth, yield and quality
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2015) Ardhra Ann Paul; Jayachandran Nair, C S
High density planting in papaya (Carica papaya L.)
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2005) Juliya, Mathew; Jayachandran Nair, C S
An experiment was conducted in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2003-2004 to study the effect of different spacings on growth, yield and quality of papaya and to standardise the optimum spacing. The experiment was conducted in randomised block design with five treatments and four replications. The results of the study indicted that the vegetative characters were influenced by the spacings tried. As the plant spacing decreased, the plant height also increased and upto the spacing 1.75 x 1.75 m it was reasonable. The girth and number of leaves per plant decreased with decrease in spacing. Closer spacings upto 1.75 x 1.75 m resulted in reasonably good plant girth. Closer spacings upto 1.5 x 1.5 m did not have very harmful effects on the number of leaves produced. Wider spacings upto 2 x 2 m showed early flowering. The spacing upto 1.75 x 1.75 m could be considered to be flowering at lower height. The time taken for harvest decreased with increase in spacing upto 2 x 2 m. The root spread also increased with increase in spacing. Leaf area index and root : shoot ratio increased with decrease in spacing. Dry matter production increased under wider spacing upto 1.75 x 1.75 m. The number of fruits per plant and market acceptance of the fruits were not influenced by the spacing. Fruit weight increased as the spacing increased and was high under wider spacing upto 2 x 2 m. Fruit length, fruit girth, seed content and cavity index were high upto 1.75 x 1.75 m. Pulp percentage increased as the spacing decreased and it was reasonable upto the spacing of 1.75 x 1.75. Yield per plant was higher under wider spacing. The yield per hectare increased as the plant population increased. The closest spacing of 1.25 x 1.25 m gave the highest tonnage per hectare. Quality of the fruits was also affected by the spacings tried. TSS, total sugars and shelf-life increased under wider spacing and was superior upto the wider spacing of 2 x 2 m. Acidity and ascorbic acid showed a reduction as the spacing increased. Carotenoids was not significantly affected by different spacings. Organoleptic evaluation indicted that the spacings upto 1.75 x 1.75 m were superior than further closer spacings. The highest net profit was observed for spacing 1.75 x 1.75 m. But the cost of cultivation increased with increase in plant population and hence the benefit : cost ratio was the highest under wider spacings upto 2 x 2 m. From the results it can be concluded that a spacing of 1.75 x 1.75 m was suitable for papaya cultivation in commercial scale under Kerala conditions. However, for better fruit quality, spacing of 2 x 2 m and above was suitable.
Hybridization and molecular characterization of papaya(carica papaya L) varieties
(Department of Pomology & Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2004) Sereena, J; Jayachandran Nair, C S
In vitro propagation and rapid analysis of selected varieties of papaya (carica papaya L)
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2007) Bindhu, B; Jayachandran Nair, C S
A study was carried out at the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2003-2006 for refining existing tissue culture protocol with respect to selected varieties and hybrids of papaya. Molecular characterization of papaya hybrids was also carried out using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Papaya varieties and hybrids selected for the study were Pusa Nanha, CO-5, Washington, Pusa Nanha x Coorg Honeydew, Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew, Solo x Coorg Honeydew and Pusa Nanha x Solo. Apical buds and lateral buds from seedlings and mature plants were used as explant for in vitro propagation. The present study revealed that full strength MS medium supplemented with sucrose 30.00 g l-1 and agar 6.00 g l-1 under light condition produced highest shoot number and longest shoot in papaya varieties and hybrids. Application of BA 0.50 mg l-1 along with NAA 0.10 mgl-1 was found to be better for initial culture establishment and proliferation of papaya varieties and hybrids. Application of amino acid, arginine 50.00 mg l-1 resulted in highest shoot proliferation rate, while highest shoot length was obtained from arginine 100.00 mg l-1. Addition of activated charcoal 0.05 per cent and Cobalt chloride 10.00 mg l-1 increased shoot proliferation rate and shoot length in papaya varieties and hybrids. In vitro rooting was best in full strength MS medium supplemented with IBA 3.00 mg l-1, sucrose 30.00 g l-1and activated charcoal 0.05 per cent. Earliest planting out of in vitro propagated plants in potting media was carried out in papaya variety Pusa Nanha and late planting out in papaya hybrid Pusa Nanha x Coorg Honeydew. Highest plant height of in vitro propagated plants, at time of planting out in potting media was recorded by papaya variety Washington and lowest by papaya hybrid Pusa Nanha x Coorg Honeydew, while hsighest leaf number was reported from papaya variety CO-5 and lowest from Pusa Nanha. But longest root was noticed in papaya hybrid Pusa Nanha x Coorg Honeydew and shortest root from CO-5. No significant difference was noticed in the number of roots produced at the time of planting out in potting media. In vitro propagated plants of papaya had better establishment in the potting mixture containing sand : soil : cowdung (1 : 1 : 1) + Mycorrhiza (1.00 g plant -1). After field establishment, highest plant height and plant girth was noticed in papaya variety Washington and lowest in papaya hybrid Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew. While highest leaf number upto six weeks after planting was shown by papaya variety CO-5 and thereafter by papaya variety Washington. Lowest leaf number upto eight weeks after planting was noticed in papaya hybrid Solo x Coorg Honeydew and thereafter by papaya hybrid Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew. Early flowering was reported in papaya hybrid Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew and late flowering in papaya variety Washington. Most of the papaya varieties and hybrids selected for the present study exhibited only dioecious nature, but papaya hybrid Solo x Coorg Honeydew showed gynodioecious nature. Highest field establishment of in vitro propagated plants was shown by papaya varieties CO-5 and Washington and lowest by papaya hybrid Solo x Coorg Honeydew. Genomic DNA was successfully isolated from four papaya hybrids using CTAB method. All the ten primers (six primers from OPA and four primers from OPB series) yielded amplification products with isolated DNA. A total of 39 RAPDs were obtained from ten primers of which 36 bands were polymorphic. Primers OPA-03, OPA-04, OPA-12, OPB-04 and OPB-17 gave 40 scorable bands, with an average of 8.0 bands per primer. The largest cluster in dendrogram was formed by three hybrids - Pusa Nanha x Coorg Honeydew, Pusa Dwarf x Coorg Honeydew and Pusa Nanha x Solo. The second cluster contained only one hybrid - Solo x Coorg Honeydew. The minimum similarity coefficient detected in the present study was 0.389, suggesting a genetic differentiation among the papaya hybrids.
Regulation of leaf pruning to optimise leaf and bunch harvest in musa (AB Group) njalipoovan and (AAB Group) palayankodan
(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1995) Bindu, C S; Jayachandran Nair, C S
The investigation on Regulation of leaf pruning to optimise leaf and bunch harvest in Musa (AB group) Njalipoovan and (AAB group) Palayankodan was conducted at the Department of Horticulture College of Agriculture Vellayani Thiruvananthapuram during 1993 94 in order to study the effect of leaf pruning on growth yield and fruit quality of Njalipoovan and Palayankodan bananas Studies revealed that the plant height in Njalipoovan was comparatively less affected by leaf pruning than Palayankodan Plant height in both the varieties was higher with less severe pruning treatments The plant girth total number of leaves per plant and phylachron were not influenced by the leaf pruning regimes imposed Leaf longevity increased slightly with the severity of pruning Njalipoovan responded more to leaf pruning than Palayankodan with regard to leaf longevity The functional leaf area leaf area index and leaf area duration decreased significantly with the severity of leaf pruning in both the cultivars Leaf pruning after 15 days of unfurling less adversely affected the relative growth rate in both the cultivars The time taken for bunch emergence increased and the time taken for bunch maturity decreased when the extent of lamina removed was more or the period of retention was short in both Njalipoovan and Palayankodan The crop duration in Njalipoovan decreased when the period of retention of leaves was longer The sucker production and dry matter production in both the cultivars were higher with lesser severity of pruning The bunch characters of Njalipoovan were less adversely affected by the leaf pruning treatments imposed than Palayankodan The number of hands fingers bunch weight and yield per hectare in both the cultivars decreased with the increase m the severity of pruning The finger length finger girth finger weight peel weight pulp weight and pulp/peel ratio of the fruits were also adversely affected by severe pruning treatments Abnormalities in fruit shape and fruit filling were observed as a result of the leaf pruning treatments in Palayankodan The fruit quality of cv Palayankodan was more affected by severe pruning than that of cv Njalipoovan In both the cultivars severe pruning treatments resulted in decreased quality m terms of TSS reducing sugars total sugars and sugar/acid ratio The acidity of the fruits was not significantly affected in Njalipoovan The non reducing sugar content and the green life of the fruits decreased with Increase m the extent of leaf area removed but the time of pruning had no significant influence on these characters The content of major nutrients in the plant parts decreased with the increase m the severity of leaf pruning The cost of cultivation was higher in the treated plants The returns from fruits and the total returns per hectare was highest m the control plants The net returns was higher in Njalipoovan compared to ‘Palayankodan The studies thus indicated that in general leaf pruning was not a desirable practice from the economic point of view in Njalipoovan and Palayankodan However the loss of lamina upto 50 per cent after 30 days of unfurling had less deleterious effects compared to more severe loss of leaf area Njalipoovan exhibited more ability to withstand the adverse effects of leaf pruning than Palayankodan
Response of papaya (Carica papaya L.) to major mineral nutrients
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2003) Bindu, B; Jayachandran Nair, C S
An experiment was conducted in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2001-2002, to study the response of major plant nutrients viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth, yield and quality of papaya under Kerala conditions and to standardise the optimum dose of these nutrients. The experiment was conducted in 33 confounded factorial RBD, confounding NPK in replication 1 and Np2K2 in replication 2. The present study revealed that application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased plant height, girth and number of leaves. The highest plant height was obtained with the combined application of 200 g N, 300 g P and 500 g K plan' year-', while the highest plant girth was obtained with application of 250 g N, 300 g P and 500 g K. Combined application of 300 g N, 250 g P and 500 g K p lant' year-' resulted in the maximum number of leaves. Plants receiving a dose of nitrogen at 250 g, 300 g phosphorus and 500 g potassium plant" took the shortest time for flowering. Combined application of nitrogen at 250 g plant.", phosphorus at 250 g plant" and potassium at 500 g planr' considerably shortened the time for harvesting the first fruit. Fruit weight, number of fruits plant", yield planr' and papain yield increased by application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Application of 250 g N, 250 g P and 500 g K planr' year-' gave highest yield. Maximum fruit girth was obtained from 200 g N, 200 g P and 500 g K, whereas maximum fruit volume and pulp percentage was obtained from 250 g N, 250 g P and 500 g K. Levels of nitrogen and phosphorus tried had no significant influence on TSS and ascorbic acid content of fruits. Nitrogen at 200 g, phosphorus at 250 g planr' produced. fruits of low acidity, while potassium had no significant influence. The combination of 200 g nitrogen, 300 g phosphorus and 500 g potassium plane 1 year" increased carotenoids, total sugars, reducing sugars and organoleptic qualities of fruits. Most of the treatments had light yellow peel colour, orange pulp colour and firm flesh. Nitrogen at 200 g, phosphorus at 250 g and potassium at 500 g plant" was found to increase the shelf life of fruits. Application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased soil and leaf petiole content of the respective elements. Highest benefit: cost ratio was obtained from the combination of 250 g N, 250 g P and 500 g K I -I -I P ant year . Over all assessment indicated that application of N, P and K at the rate of 250 : 250 : 500 g plant" year-I in six equal splits was economically viable and improved growth, yield and quality of papaya.
Screening banana (Musa sp.) varieties for leaf production
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2004) Selvakumar, K; Jayachandran Nair, C S
Selection of superior types of kaliethan [(Musa AAB Group) Nendran]
(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture,vellayani, 1997) Sunilkumar, K; Jayachandran Nair, C S
Standrdisation of spacing for tissue culture banana cv. nendran (AAB group)
(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1994) Anil, B K; Jayachandran Nair, C S
The investigation on “Standardisation of spacing for tissue culture banana cv. Nendran (AAB group)” was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during, 1992-’93 inorder to study the effect of different spacings on growth, yield and fruit quality of Nendran banana. The results obtained are presented below: In the early stages of growth, the vegetative characters were not influenced by the spacings tried. However, during later periods, the plant height, girth, number of leaves per plant, total and functional leaf area, interval of leaf production, LAI and LAD increased with decrease in spacing. The time taken for bunch emergence, maturity and duration of crop increased with decrease in spacing. The number of suckers per plant decreased with decrease in spacing, while total number of suckers per hectare increased with decrease in spacing. The biomass and drymatter production per plant, bunch yield and fruit size were higher in wider spacing, while on per hectare basis it was the reverse. Drymatter content, TSS, reducing, non-reducing and total sugars and sugar/acid ratio of fruits increased with increase in spacing, while acidity and ascorbic acid content decreased. The time taken for ripening of fruits decreased with increase in spacing, while shelf life remained unaffected. The benefit/cost ratio was most favourable in 1.75 x 1.75 m spacing. Incidence of pests and diseases were severe in closer spacings above 1.75 x 1.75 m. Soil nutrient depletion was tolerable upto 1.75 x 1.75 m spacing, while uptake and partitioning of major nutrients by individual plants decreased with decrease in spacing. Fruits showed the highest nitrogen and phosphorus content followed by leaf, leaf sheath, corn and pseudostem. Potassium content was the highest in leaf followed by fruits, corm, leaf sheath and pseudostem. In general spacing 1.75 x 1.75 m did not significantly affect the plant growth, yield and quality of fruits. However, the experiment has to be repeated to arrive at conclusive results.
Validation of tests for sex determination in papaya (Carica papaya L)
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2014) Meera Mohan, N; Jayachandran Nair, C S
An experiment on “Validation of tests for sex determination in papaya (Carica papaya L.)” was carried out at the Department of Pomology and Floriculture and Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2011-13 to compare the efficiency of chemical tests developed for identification of sex forms in papaya in order to find a reliable test for sex determination of papaya plants in the pre-flowering stage. Attempts were also made to identify the sex forms in papaya through molecular characterization using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. The colorimetric tests along with molecular analysis can be an efficient tool for more accurate prediction of sex forms in papaya. Papaya varieties selected for the present study were Pusa Dwarf, Pusa Nanha and Washington. Two months old seedlings raised in polythene bags were serially numbered and transplanted into the main field. Two to three newly emerged leaves were collected from one and half months old nursery seedlings and the filtered aqueous extract was prepared. Chemical tests such as Almen reagent test, Ammonium molybdate test, Ferric chloride test and Titanous chloride test were carried out at pre-flowering stage and the results were compared with that from the field established plants after flowering. Almen reagent test was found to be the best in determining the male and female sex forms in papaya varieties. The accuracy of prediction of sex form was 67 per cent for males and 71 per cent for females. For molecular analysis, genomic DNA was isolated from young leaves of all the varieties using Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method. A total of 10 random primers (OPA3, OPA13, OPB1, OPB4, OPB17, SO1, SO7, RY01, RPI01, and RPI02) were used for study.Out of these, six primers (OPA13, OPB1, OPB17, SO1, SO7 and RY01) yielded amplification products with the DNA from both male and female sex forms of all the three varieties. Among these six primers, four primers (OPA13, OPB1, OPB17 and SO1) gave polymorphic banding pattern. The primer SO1 (5’CCACCACGAC 3’) proved to be highly effective for the discrimination of male papaya plants of all the three varieties tested. RAPD profiles with SO1 primer showed two distinct bands, one with 500 bp and another with approximately 400 bp in male plants of all the three varieties. Primer OPB1 could differentiate sex forms of two varieties, viz. Pusa Dwarf and Pusa Nanha, while male and female plants of variety Washington could not be differentiated. With OPB1, one male specific band of approximately 1250 bp was present in Pusa Dwarf and Pusa Nanha while in Washington variety that band was present in both the sex forms. OPA13 helped to distinguish Pusa Nanha female plants with the presence of two bands at approximately 400 bp and more than 1.2 kb size. With OPB 17, an amplicon of approximately 300 bp was found distinctly in the variety Washington. But it was unsuccessful in differentiating sex forms in other two varieties. The present investigation showed that the Almen reagent test and RAPD profiling with the decamer primer SO1 (5’CCACCACGAC 3’) can be used for the determination of the sex forms of papaya in the pre-flowering stage.