Browsing by Author "Jayakumar, K M"

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Clinicotherapeutic studies on mycotic dermatitis in cattle
(Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2000) Arun Raphel, P; Jayakumar, K M
A study was designed in the Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy to understand the occurrence and etiology of virous dermatological problems in cattle. Clinico – pathological changes and the efficacy of virus lines treatment were also investigated. The occurrence for the period from January – 1994 to December – 1998 was found to be 4.49 per cent, 38.32 per cent of the cases being mycotic dermatitis, 31.95 per cent fly bite dermatitis/ ectoparasitic dermatitis and 29.73 per cent non – specific dematatological disorders. Detailed clinical examination of cattle with mycotic dermatitis revealed scaling, pruritis, alopecia, increased skin thickness and hypopigmentation of hairs. Presence of biting flies were also recorded. Skin scrapings collected and examined under microscope revealed presence of ectothrix arrangement of fungal spores. Organisms isolated by fungal culture were Trichophyton verrucosum T. mentagrophytes, Penicillium spp. And Aspergillus spp. Neutrophilia, eosinophilia, lower copper and zinc values in blood were observed in mycotic dermatitis. In fly bite/ectoparasitic dermatitis, along with lower copper values in blood, slightly lower albumin, albumin/globulin ratio and eosinophilia were detected. In animals with non – specific dermatological problems along with eosinophilia, lower values of haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, copper, zinc, total protein and albumin were recorded. Histopathological studies revealed chronic dermatitis, with marked lymphocytic infiltration, epidermal hyperplasia and shedding of keratinized scales in non – specific dermatological problems. In cases of mycotic dermatitis invasion of fungi beneath stratum corneum, hair follicle and hyperkeratosis, were noticed. Complete recovery was noticed in all animals treated with Cassia alata leaves paste and Bordeaux mixture – 1 per cent in 21 days. Seven out of eight animals responded to topical application of tincture iodine and glycerine (1:1).
Endoscopic evaluation and management of large bowel disorders in dogs
(Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Raji, K C; Jayakumar, K M
Endoscopic evaluation of large bowel diarrhoea was conducted in 15 dogs and the clinical signs correlated with endoscopic appearance and histological findings. Parameters studied were detailed history, clinical signs, faecal sample examination for ova of internal parasites and faecal culture, rectal cytology, haematology, serology, colonoscopy and histopathology of mucosal biopsy. Average age of the affected animals with large bowel disorders was 2.9 years. Among dog breeds, highest incidence was found in German Shepherd followed by Doberman pincher. Male dogs were more affected by the large bowel disorders. Clinical signs specific to large bowel disorders were straining, haematochezia, excess mucus in the faeces and frequent defecation with small volume of faeces. Rectal cytology helped to identify the type of mucosal inflammation even before doing colonoscopy, since it was always related with the histopathology result. Marked anaemia with hypoproteinaemia was detected in dogs affected with histiocytic ulcerative colitis that had grave prognosis. Mild anaemia was recognized in parasitic colitis and in most cases of chronic colitis. Gastrointestinal parasitism and dietary indiscrimination produced acute colitis in some animals. In chronic colitis even though the exact etiology was not determined the positive response to corticosteroids therapy with hypoallergenic diet indicated that a prolonged antigenic stimulation might be the inciting cause. On colonoscopy, the mucosa was found to be hyperemic and oedematous in dogs affected with acute colitis. In chronic inflammatory conditions, colonoscopy revealed varying degrees of hyperemia, oedema, mucosal ulcers, haemorrhage and increased mucosal friability. Histopathological changes in acute colitis were mild lymphocytic plasmacytic infiltrations with or without cryptitis, whereas chronic colitis was characterized by severe infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells or histiocytes. Treatment of the inflammatory bowel disorders were based on the severity of clinical signs and degree of inflammatory infiltrates. Dietary modification was suggested in all types of large bowel disorders. From the present study, it was inferred that colonoscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool for large bowel disorders.
Experimental selenosis in cattle
(Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1989) Jayakumar, K M; Aleyas, N M
Fluid and electrolyte status in diarrhoeic conditions of dogs
(Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Jabina Martha Philip; Jayakumar, K M
The study "Fluid and electrolyte status in diarrhoeic conditions of dogs" was conducted in the Department of Clinical Medicine during the period of one and a half years from June 2001 to October 2002, to evaluate plasma volume and electrolyte status, haemogram and the possible etiological factors in diarrhoeic dogs. Detailed investigations of twenty clinical cases and six healthy normal cases were done after making a tentative diagnosis based on history. Blood and faecal samples were collected on the day of admission to the hospital. Detailed laboratory examination of faecal samples, blood and microbiological studies were carried out. Haematological parameters were estimated as described by Schalm et af. (1975). Biochemical analyses were done under standard conditions of operation as described, using photometer 5110 (Boehringer Mannheim). Plasma volume was determined as per the protein precipitation and extraction method of Hunsaker (1965). Ancylostomes was identified as the major parasitic cause for diarrhoea. Though bacteria could be isolated from all the cases, it could not give a true reflection of the actual disease. A low HA titre was obtained for the canine parvoviral infection. Haemogram revealed a significantly lower value for haemoglobin. Biochemical analysis revealed reduced sodium and bicarbonate level indicative of their excess loss through faeces. Significantly lower level of plasma protein observed in the study suggested low level of nutrition and partial or complete anorexia in clinical cases. Based on the haematological and biochemical findings suitable formulations were suggested with inclusion of deficient electrolytes, haernatinics or other supportive measures in the therapeutic management of diarrhoea.
Investigaion on hepato-biliary disorders in dogs
(Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Elso John; Jayakumar, K M
Investigation on heapto-biliary disorders was conducted in forty dogs using ultrasonography and correlated ultrasonography with haemato-biochemical and histological findings. Parameters studied were history, clinical signs, physical examination, ultrasonography of liver, serology, haematology and serum biochemistry, post-mortem examination and histopathology. Age of affected animals with hepato-biliary disorders was 4.54 ± 0.47 years. Among dog breeds, highest incidence was found in German shepherd followed by Dachshund. Female dogs were more affected by the hepato-biliary disorders. Clinical signs more specific to hepato-biliary disorders were ascites and icterus. Primary hepatic diseases that produced ultrasound changes were hepatic abscess, hepatic neoplasia, leptospirosis, cirrhosis, fibrosis and chronic active hepatitis. Biliary changes were observed in cholangiocellular carcinoma, chloangiohepatitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis and gall bladder sludge. Secondary liver diseases were associated with pyometra, ehrlichiosis, rhabdomyolysis and passive venous congestion due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Varying degrees of leucocytosis and anaemia were the consistent finding. Total serum protein and albumin were reduced in majority of hepato-biliary disorders, with a marked reduction in cirrhosis and fibrosis. Serum copper level was elevated in Dalmatians with chronic hepatitis. Serum alpha feto protein was detected/increased in hepatic neoplasia. Serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase were elevated in varying degrees in majority of hepatobiliary disorders. Histological changes in leptospirosis were chronic venous and sinusoidal congestion. In cirrhosis, major histological findings were fibrosis and pseudolobulation whereas biliary hyperplasia in cholangiocarcinoma. From the present study it was inferred that ultrasonography was a valuable diagnostic tool for hepatopathies supported with clinico-haemato-biochemical findings.
Thyroid function evaluation in canine dermatoses
(Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2005) Renju Alias; Jayakumar, K M
Prevalence of hypothyroidism was studied among the dogs presented with dermatological problems at the University Veterinary Hospitals, Mannuthy and Kokkalai, during the period from June 2004 to May 2005. Among 1,233 dermatological cases presented, hypothyroidism accounted for 1.23 per cent (16 cases) Dogs between the age group of seven to ten years were more frequently affected and no significant differences in the incidence rate between male and female dogs were observed. Hypothyroidism was recorded more in German Shepherd breed followed by Dachshunds. Low serum thyroxine (T4) and high thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level with normal or low normal T3 levels were observed in the hypothyroid dogs. The most common dermatological changes exhibited by hypothyroid dogs included seborrhea, alopecia of tail and around the neck, bilaterally symmetrical pattern of hair loss and coat changes such as dryness, dullness, dandruff, scaliness, coarseness and sparseness. A significant increase in serum cholesterol concentration was observed in the affected dogs. Serum enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase were showed elevation in few cases. Replacement therapy using Eltroxin was found to be effective in treating hypothyroidism. A minimum of one month was needed to evaluate the therapeutic response. Four out of six (66.66 per cent) confirmed cases of hypothyroidism showed an excellent response to replacement therapy.
Ultrasonographic investigation of urinary tract diorders in dogs
(Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2004) Siby Antony; Jayakumar, K M
Sixteen dogs with clinical signs suggestive of urinary tract disorders were subjected to ultrasonography and the physiological, and biochemical parameters were analysed. Urine samples from selected cases were subjected to culture and sensitivity and laboratory investigation were made for leptospirosis. The present study revealed a higher incidence of urinary tract disorders in male animals, with noticeably higher incidence in German Shepherd Dogs. The age of affected animals ranged from eight months to 15 years. Specific clinical signs observed were dysuria, anuria, stranguria, haematuria, pollakiuria and symptoms of uremia. Out of the sixteen cases of urinary tract disorders studied, four cases were of calculi in the urinary bladder and one of calculus in the renal pelvis which revealed hyperechoic foci with distal acoustic shadowing suggestive of calculi on ultrasound examination. One case of unilateral hydronephrosis evinced enlarged kidney with dilated pelvis and ureter and five cases of cystitis showed thickening of urinary bladder wall ultrasonographically. The four cases of nephritis turned positive for Leptospira antigen by sandwich dot ELISA and on ultrasonography, showed lack of cortico-medullary distinction with hyperechoic cortex. The case of chronic nephritis had shrunken kidneys with irregular margins and lack of cortico-medullary distinction with hyperechoic cortex. Haematological values showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia on the day of admission in cystic calculi, cystitis, nephritis and hydronephrosis. Urinalysis showed haematuria, pyuria and proteinuria as predominant findings in various cases. Serum biochemical values namely urea nitrogen, potassium and creatinine were highly elevated in cases of nephritis. The altered clinico-pathological picture tended to regain normalcy upon treatment of the respective cases. Efficacy of treatment in urinary tract disorders could be appreciated in subsequent sonographic examinations. The present study revealed that ultrasonography in conjunction with clinico-pathological and biochemical findings aided in an early diagnosis of urinary tract disorders in dogs.
Ultrasonographic studies on gastrointestinal disorders in canine
(Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2006) Sindhu, K; Jayakumar, K M
The study “Ultrasonographic studies on gastrointestinal disorders in canine” was conducted in 15 dogs to evaluate ultrasonography as diagnostic tool in gastro intestinal disorders. To assess and to correlate serum biochemical values, clinico-pathologic findings with ultrasonographic changes. The study included 15 animals with gastrointestinal disorders. Various parameters such as history, signalment, clinical, physical examination, ultrasonography, haematology, serum biochemistry were studied. Physical examination findings in dogs with gastritis were non specific. Ultrasonography could identify lesions in dogs with gastritis, enteritis, uremic gastropathy and gastrointestinal obstruction due to foreign body. In the present study, ultrasonographic changes in animals with gastritis were thickening of stomach wall with loss of wall layers. Dilated intestinal lumen with thickened wall layers was observed in animals with enteritis. In case of gastrointestinal obstruction due to foreign body the sonographic features are dilated fluid filled stomach and intestine with hyperperistaltic movements proximal to the obstruction. Ultrasonographic changes observed in uremic gastropathy were thickened stomach wall and rugal folds. Stress leucogram were recorded in dogs with gastrointestinal obstructions and uremic gastropathy. Hyponatremia, hypokalemia and hypocholremia were the electrolyte abnormalities in dogs with gastritis, enteritis, uremic gastropathy and gastro intestinal disorders.