Browsing by Author "Narayanan Nair, E R"

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Cost of cultivation and marketing of pepper in Cannanore district
(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1985) Santhosh, P; Narayanan Nair, E R
The study was based mainly on the data collected from a sample of farmers and market intermediaries in Cannanore district of Kerala during the year 1982-’83. Data for estimating the cost of cultivation were generated from a random sample of 72 farmers, stratified on the basis of size holding. The costs were analysed input wise, operation wise and also based on ABC cost concepts in the aggregate level and stratum level. Capital productivity analysis was also attempted to study the economic feasibility of pepper cultivation. Pepper marketing was studied from the level of producers to the terminal market at Cochin. Price spread was worked out through the method of concurrent margins. Cost of production analysis was carried out both at the aggregate level and at the stratum levels for a period of seven years viz. from planting till the crop attained the stage of yield stabilisation. The annual cost for the seven year period at the aggregate level was found to be Rs.5,605, during the first year, Rs.2,475.06 in the second year, Rs.3,481.80 in the third year, Rs.3,514.48 in the fourth year, Rs.3,992.72 in the fifth year, Rs.4,715.12 in the sixth year and Rs.5,681.68 in the seventh year. In general the most conspicuous cost creating input was human labour while the corresponding operation was intercultural operations. Roughly one-fourth of the total cost was fixed cost and the rental value of the land was the predominant item in this. The cost of cultivation was highest in stratum II and less in stratum I. Analysis of capital productivity revealed that the investment on pepper cultivation had a pay back period of nine years two months and eleven days, benefit-cost ratio of 1.16, Net present worth of Rs. 6,646 and an internal rate of return of 17.22 per cent. The market practices, marketing costs, market structure and price spread were also studied. The marketing channels identified were: 1. Producer → Pre-harvest contractor → Wholesaler →Exporter 2. Producer → Village Merchant → Wholesaler → Exporter 3. Producer → Wholesaler → Exporter 4. Producer → Village Merchant → Commission agent → Wholesaler → Exporter 5. Producer → Commission agent → Wholesaler → Exporter 6. Producer → Village Merchant → Internal wholesaler (Consignment trade) The price spread in these six channels were worked out to be 28 per cent, 17.45 per cent, 12.65 per cent, 18.91 per cent, 14.11 per cent and 14.01 per cent respectively.
Cost of cultivation and marketing of pepper in Idukki District
(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1984) Vinod, G; Narayanan Nair, E R
This study was done in1983. Data for estimating the cost of cultivation were generated from a multi-stage random sample of 72 farmers stratified on the basis of the size of holding. The cost was analysed operationwise and inputwise. The economics of production was also studied by a capital productivity analysis. Pepper marketing was studied from the level of the producers to the terminal market at Cochin. The price spread was arrived at by the concurrent margin method. The annual cost of cultivation, per hectare, for the first seven years, were Rs.5952.54, Rs.3958.64, Rs.4150.55, Rs.4583.87, Rs.4901.45, Rs.5412.39 and Rs.5506.03 in that order, at the level of the aggregate sample. In general the most conspicuous cost creating operation was the cultural operation, while the corresponding input was human labour. Roughly one-fourth of the total cost was fixed and the rental value of land was predominant in this. The cost of cultivation was found to decrease as the size of holding increased, viewed on a unit area basis. The analysis of capital productivity revealed that, on the whole, investment in pepper cultivation had a pay-back period of 10 years, a benefit-cost ratio of 1.09, a net present worth of Rs.4180.76 and an internal rate of return of 13.48 per cent. The market structure, market practices and marketing costs were explored fairly in detail. The marketing channels identified were channel I: Producer- Village Merchant- Upcountry Wholesaler- (Commission Agent) – Exporter, channel II: Producer- Upcountry Wholesaler- (Commission Agent) - Exporter, channel III: Producer- Village Merchant- Upcountry Wholesaler- (Commission Agent) - Internal Wholesaler and channel IV: Producer- Upcountry Wholesaler- (Commission Agent) - Internal Wholesaler. The price spread in these four channels were found to be 13.94 per cent, 13.38 per cent, 11.20 per cent and 10.63 per cent in that order
Impact of increase in wage rate and cost of fertiliser in rice production in Thiruvananthapuram district
(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1995) Anitha, A V; Narayanan Nair, E R
The study ‘‘Impact of increase in wage rate and cost of fertilizers in Rice production in Thiruvananthapuram district’’ was carried out with the following objectives. 1. To examine the changes in the pattern of labour intake and fertilizer use consequent on the increase in wage rate and price of fertilizers. 2. To study the impact of increase in price of fertilizers and wage rate in the production and productivity of Rice. An attempt was also made to work out the economics of Rice cultivation and to examine the resource are efficiency of different input factors involved in the production process. The study was conducted at Nedumangad Agricultural sub division using a sample of 120 farmers selected by multi stage stratified random sampling technique. The variables selected for the study included wages paid to the labourers during first and second crop season of 1992-93 and 1993-94., labour use for different agricultural operations, quantity of fertilizers and organic manner used, production obtained in different crop seasons, and pricer of input and output obtained in different crop seasons. The data were collected from Rice growers using a well structured and pretested questionnaire. The data so collected were analysed using appropriate statistical techniques, viz., index numbers, percentage analysis and regression analysis. Some of the important findings of this study were. 1. Majority of the respondent farmers fell in the age group of 45-60 years, had nuclear families, educated up to high schools and were mere agriculturists. 2. The total cost of cultivation increased by 12.53 per cent in S4 season over S1 season due to the increase in cost of all the input factors involved in the production process. 3. The maximum share of total cost was contributed by labour component which was 72.5 per cent in S1 season, 69.32 per cent in S2, 70.32 per cent in S3 and 70.82 per cent in S4 season. Among this the expenditure on human labour was the highest which was 56.19 per cent to total cost in S1 and it increased to 57.45 per cent in S4 season. 4. The share of fertilizers to the total cost increased from 6.53 per cent in S1 to 7.46 per cent in S4 season and it was maximum during S2 season (9.62 per cent). 5. The returns from grain was more in first crop season and less in second crop season because the farmers mostly used high yielding variety during first crop season. 6. The price of nitrogen in terms of urea reduced by 9.79 per cent in S4 season. But its level of use reduced by 11, 15 and 5 per cent respectively in stratum I II and III 7. Since S1 season, the price of phosphate increased by 101.73 per cent in S2 season, 86.38 in S3 season and 65.66 per cent in S3 season. During this period a reduction in its use at the rate of 12-14 per cent in stratum I and II and 6-7 per cent in stratum III was noticed. 8. The price of potash showed an increase of 185.8 per cent in S2 season, 184.60 per cent in S3 season and 124.60 per cent in S4 season over S1 season. During this period its use was reduced by 13-16 per cent in stratum I and II and 4-8 per cent in stratum III. 9. A study increase in the wage rate of men and women labourers was observed during this period. But a proportional reduction in the level of labour use was not noticed. The wage rate of both male and female labourers were above the minimum wage rate fixed by the Government. 10. The price of output increased by 14 per cent in S4 season over S1 season. The increase in the price of output was only nominal when compared to the price of inputs. 11. The production function analysis revealed that the cost of organic manures and men labour had significant elasticity during S1, S2 and S3 season. Nitrogen had significant elasticity in S2 season and women labour in S4 season. Other factors did not appear significant. 12. The marginal value product of organic manure and nitrogen were much above their respective factor cost. But the marginal value product of men labour was less than the wage rate prescribed. The results obtained from the study was similar to those obtained in earlier studies with regard to most of the variables. The results clearly indicated that the profits from cultivating rice had been declining under pressure of rising input prices. The exorbitant rise in the prices of farm inputs like fertilizers and labour restricted their use by the farmers and there by reduced the level of productivity in recent years. By proper policy measures of the Government and its implementation the rice cultivation can be made a profitable preposition.
Standard of living of farm labourers
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1975) Narayanan Nair, E R; Venugopal, S; Karayalar, K S
The study revealed that (1) as income increased the percentage expenditure on food decreased and vice versa (2) at all levels of income, the percentage expenditure on clothing, dwelling, fuel and light, remained more or less the same. The percentage expenditure on luxuries has shown a direct relationship with the changes in income. Thus the d >mestic expenditure pattern of the farm labourers has shown that it is in confirmity with the Engel's Law of Consumption.