Browsing by Author "Nazeem, P A"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 42

Adoption of drought management practices by rubber planters in Kunnathunadu taluk of Ernakulam district
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1994) Abdul Rahiman, A K; Nazeem, P A
Characterization of subtracted cDNA library for detecting expressed sequence tags (ESTs) specific to drought tolerance in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
(Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2010) Mali Gajanan Vishvambhar; Nazeem, P A
Despite many decades of research, drought continues to be a major challenge to agriculture. This is due to the unpredictability of its occurrence, duration and interaction with other biotic and abiotic stresses. So, it becomes necessary to identify the varieties which are tolerant to water stress conditions in the field and to evolve management strategies for conserving available water resources. Various genotypes of black pepper are reported to vary in their response to water stress and the variety ‘Kalluvally’ has been identified as a drought tolerant one among the cultivated genotypes. Plants respond to stress through various physiological and biochemical adaptations which are governed by different genes and these genes are differentially expressed during drought conditions. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) is one of the powerful techniques to identify genes that are differentially expressed during water stress conditions. A subtracted cDNA library was constructed in black pepper by SSH using mRNA from stress induced drought tolerant plant. Colony plates containing 280 independent clones were screened by colony hybridization with already characterized 20 clones as probes. DNA sequencing and in silico analysis of 35 novel sequences revealed good homology with known sequences which play important role during water stress conditions directly or indirectly. These genes include protein kinase, MYB transcription factor, Ribonuclease enzyme, peptidylprolyl isomerase, beta tubulin, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase family protein, Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor, Glutamine synthetase, etc. Also these sequences had conserved domains for the above mentioned proteins. In addition to this, all the sequences possessed Open Reading Frames (ORFs) many had transmembrane helices and some were found to have signal peptide. The rest of the clones did not show any homology and therefore it was difficult to assign any reported role to these. The results thus obtained could be very well utilized for improving drought tolerance in other susceptible varieties of black pepper through molecular breeding
Comparative study of fertilizer recommendations based on soil and leaf analysis vis a vis blanket recommendations of rubber board
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1992) Rajendran, P V; Nazeem, P A
A case study was made to assess the comparison of the dosage of fertilizer recommendation based on soil and leaf analysis vis-à-vis blanket recommendation of the rubber Board. Almost all estates in our country are practicing this method of fertilizer application and systematic data is available only from large estates.. Hence the case study was confined to Estate Sector. From the soil analytical values and economics of fertilizer usage of the nine estates studied, the following observations are made. 1. In general organic carbon status of the soil was found to be medium, though high values were also recorded in some fields. 2. The available phosphorus status of the soil was found to be low in most of the cases. 3. Except in one estate, all the estates were low in available potassium. The observation on the leaf analytical value are as follows: 1. Nitrogen status was in the medium range in most of the cases and only in few cases it is high. 2. Leaf phosphorus was found to be in medium to high range inspite of low available soil phosphorus. 3. Leaf potassium also followed same trend as leaf phosphorus. Economics of fertilizer usage based on soil and leaf analisis revealed the following: Savings in quantity as well as the cost of fertiliser could be made in seven estates. The cost of fertilizer saved per hectare was found to be Rs. 31.23. Eventhough in two estates no savings in quantity as well as in the cost of fertilizer could be made by adopting discriminatory approach, it was possible to maintain the balance among the nutrients in these estates preventing the likely drop of yield.
Comparative study of the performance of polybag plants vis-a-vis bidded stumps in small holdings of Kannur district
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1992) Ramachandran, M; Nazeem, P A
In order to compare the field performance of polybag plants with that of budded stump planting a case study was undertaken in Kannur district . The data required for the study was drawn from the subsidy flies of Rubber Board Regional office , Thalassery. Eighty cases each under the two types of planting were considered. The important observations emenated from the study are 1. Polybag plantings resulted in relatively low rate of casuality. 2. Budded stump planting after establishment showed a very high growth rate in the initial years of immaturity. 3. In the later years of immaturity polybag plants and budded stumps had comparable growth rate . 4. The mean girth difference between polybag and budded stump planting narrowed down as years progressed . After 7 years, growth of plants under both the systems were comparable. 5. Proportion of plants that attained tappable girth in 7 years were substantially high in bolybag plantings. Considering the main objective of shortening the immaturity period, by bringing more percentage of trees to tapping, use of polybag plants is justified. Polybag planting being more expensive, it could be suggested in the areas where dry spell is extensive. In areas where dry spell is extensive. In areas where distributed rainfall is prevelent, budded stump planting may be undertaken in early june and polybag plants may be used for filling up of vacancies if any during September/ October season itself. For this purpose small polybag are sufficient and polybagging of stumps is to be done simultaneously with field planting in early june. If this system is adopted cost of planting material can be considerably reduced and at the some time better establishment and uniformity could be attained during the 1st year of planting itself . As the financial aspects of different planting materials and the monitory gains are not considered in this study ; it may be further investigated
Correlation between seed and seedling characters in jack (Artocarpus Heterophyllus L.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1980) Nazeem, P A; Gopikumar, K; Kumaran, K
Deficiency symptoms of mineral nutrients in clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Perry).
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1989) Nazeem, P A; Sivaraman Nair, P C
Experiments were conducted at the College of Horticulture on nutritional aspects of clove, to study the nutrient deficiency symptoms as well as the distribution pattern of nutrients in starved clove plants. The deficiency symptoms were induced in clove seedlings in sand culture. The distribution pattern of P, S (anions) and Ca (cation) were studied in the nutrient-starved seedlings employing radio isotopes. Besides, the annual nutrient removal and the seasonal fluctuations in the foliar nutrient concentration were studied in bearing clove trees. Older leaves were the first to exhibit 'hunger signs' due to the stress induced by N, P, K and Mg starvation whereas the symptoms, were manifested on the younger growth due to deficiency of Ca, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B. General yellowing of the older leaves and early defoliation were the symptoms expressed by N-starved plants. Phosphorus stress resulted in small brownish spots to appear on older leaves of clove seedlings which later coalesced to form necrotic patches.
Detection of novel metaboities in garlic (Allium sativum L.) through in silico analysis and its validation
(Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2016) Nabarun Roy; Nazeem, P A
Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 causing bacterial wilt of solanaceous vegetables in Kerala, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis
(Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, 2003) Deepa, James; Girija, D; Sally K, Mathew; Nazeem, P A; Babu, T D; Sukumara Varma, A
Nine strains of Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. isolated from bacterial wilt affected plants of brinjal, chilli and tomato in three different agroclimatic zones of Kerala were compared based on the utilization of carbohydrates, hypersensitivity reaction on capsicum leaves and RAPD analysis. Among these, six isolates were grouped into Biovar III and three, into Biovar IIIA. The isolates belonged to Races 1 and 3. RAPD analysis with 10 decamer primers revealed a high degree of polymorphism among the isolates. The primer OPF 8 yielded a unique band of 1.45 kb size for Race 3. This could be considered as a marker for rapid identification of Race 3 isolates of R. solanacearum.
Development and analysis of ESTs (expressed sequence tags ) in black pepper (Piper nigrum L )
(Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2008) Renu Kushwah; Nazeem, P A
Soil moisture is one of the major factors that influence plant growth and productivity. The stress is the second most important factor that affects crop production in black pepper. Various genotypes of black pepper are reported to vary in their response to water stress and the variety Kalluvally has been identified as a drought tolerant one among the cultivated genotypes. Plants respond to stress by adaptation of the biochemical and physiological processes. These biochemical and physiological reactions are regulated by several genes that are induced during drought conditions. Thus the gene products directly or indirectly provide tolerance to the plants so that they can survive under water stressed conditions. In the present study, an attempt was made to identify such water stress induced genes in variety Kalluvally using the molecular technique called Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) and finally to develop and analyze Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs). Total RNA and mRNA were isolated from normal and water stressed plants and were used respectively as ‘driver’ and ‘tester’ in SSH reaction. The reactions were performed utilizing the PCR select cDNA subtraction kit provided by CLONTECH, USA. Control subtraction was carried out first using PCR select™ cDNA subtraction kit, which gave satisfactory and expected results. For experimental subtraction, double stranded cDNAs were synthesized from 2µg mRNA from normal ‘driver’ and water stressed ‘tester’. Two tester populations were created and each ligated to two different adaptors. This was followed by two hybridization reactions and finally a selective PCR amplification. Only differentially expressed cDNAs were amplified exponentially. This was confirmed by analyzing the PCR products on agarose gel, which showed a smear ranging from 0.2 to1.5kb in the subtracted sample and was different from smear pattern of unsubtracted ones. The cDNA fragments from subtracted sample were cloned in pGEMT vector and sequenced. Total twenty clones were sequenced and analysed after vector and adaptor editing. In silico analysis using bioinformatics tools revealed that some of the cloned sequences showed good homology with known sequences which play important role during water stress conditions directly or indirectly. These included Heat Shock Proteins (HSP-17 & 20), Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein (SCAMP), gamma thionins, MYB transcription factor, Ribonuclease enzyme, fatty acid desaturase, peptidylprolyl isomerase and NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase family protein. Also, these sequences had conserved domains for the above mentioned proteins. The rest of the clones did not show any good homology and therefore it was difficult to assign any reported role to these. In addition to this, all the sequences possessed Open Reading Frames (ORFs) many had transmembrane helices and some were found to have signal peptide. The sequences were submitted to dbEST. For further exploitation of these sequences it is necessary to clone full length cDNA. ESTs thus generated in the present study will be of great use in future for further downstream applications.
Development of trait related markers for bacterial wilt resistance in tomato (solanum lycopersicum L)
(Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2007) Sameera Karumannil; Nazeem, P A
Tomato is one of the commercially important vegetable crops grown throughout the world, both for the fresh market and processed food industries. It is the second most important vegetable in India. Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. is a major constraint for tomato production in many tropical and sub-tropical regions. The area under tomato cultivation in Kerala is limited due to the incidence of this disease. The warm, humid tropical climate and acidic soil favours the bacterial wilt incidence in Kerala. The crop loss estimated by bacterial wilt attack is to the extent of 90 per cent. Chemical control measures are not effective as the pathogen is soil-borne. The mechanism of bacterial wilt resistance is cryptic and mainly dependent on environment and strain of the pathogen. Molecular level approaches can provide the key to unravel this complex genetic disease and can help a long way in breeding resistant genotypes. The study entitled “Development of trait related markers for bacterial wilt resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was undertaken at the Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during the period 2005-2007 to characterize selected tomato genotypes and to detect markers linked to bacterial wilt resistance/susceptibility. Fifteen tomato genotypes obtained from various centers were raised under open condition and greenhouse condition in earthen pots containing sterile soil medium during the peak period of infection. The seedlings were artificially inoculated to confirm the genotypic response to bacterial wilt. The greenhouse grown seedlings defended the infection. Out of the 15 genotypes evaluated, five (Anagha, Sakthi, Mukthi, Hawaii 7998 and LE-66) were resistant, three (LE-20, LE-474 and LE-1-2) were moderately resistant, three were moderately susceptible (BT-1, BT-218 and BTH-102-1-2-2) and four (Pusa Ruby, Arka Vikas, BL-333-3-1 and PKM-1) were susceptible. Further, the genotypes were subjected to molecular characterization using RAPD and AFLP assay. Genomic DNA was isolated by two protocols and the protocol suggested by Rogers and Bendich (1994) was found to be the ideal one for DNA isolation from tomato leaves. Forty random decamer primers were screened for RAPD profiling and 35 of these were selected for genotype screening. Out of this, only 14 primers that displayed clear, reproducible bands were selected for further analysis. Almost all the primers yielded monomorphic banding pattern, except OPS 1, which yielded a specific fragment unique to resistant genotypes. The dendrogram obtained from the pooled data indicated high genetic similarity among the genotypes studied. A more sensitive assay, AFLP was performed with five combinations of EcoRI and MseI based primer pairs. This technique could display the genetic diversity among the genotypes in a better way compared to RAPD marker analysis. Two markers linked to bacterial wilt susceptibility were obtained using the primer combinations E+ACG/M+CAC and E+AGC/M+CAA. The RAPD specific amplicon obtained in resistant genotypes, with the primer OPS 1 was eluted and cloned in pGEM-T Easy Vector and was transformed into E. coli JM 109 cells. The recombination efficiency was assessed through blue-white screening. Recombination of the insert was confirmed through RAPD reaction and restriction analysis. The cloned fragment was sequenced to obtain the nucleotide sequence information. The sequence obtained after vector screening was named as Tomato seq 2 was subjected to Blast search. It revealed significant levels of homology with genomic DNA of tomato in chromosome 11, 9 and 8, and the sequence for T-2 Type RNase LER gene of tomato deposited in the public domain. The sequence was also subjected to various sequence analyses using bioinformatics tools, which include ORF finder, SOPMA, NEB cutter, Hydropathy plot, NASTATS and AASTATS tools of Biology Workbench. Scientists have already reported QTL conferring resistance to bacterial wilt on tomato chromosome 11 and 8. Moreover, the role of RNase LE in wound healing and defense mechanism is well established. So the future line of works should be focused on development of SCAR marker based on sequence data for its use as a trait related marker. Efforts are also to be made to isolate and characterize the full-length gene.
DNA fingerprinting of brinjal (Solanum melongena L) varieties and related species
(Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2013) Vikhe Parimal Laxman; Nazeem, P A
DNA fingerprinting of selected black pepper (piper nigrum L.) varieties.
(Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2011) Manjunath Mogalayi; Nazeem, P A
Economic feasibility of betel vine as an intercrops in rubber holdings of Mavelikkara taluk
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture,Vellanikkara, 1993) Vijayakumari, P R; Nazeem, P A
A study has been conducted to analyse the economic feasibility of betelvine as an intercrop in the rubber holding of Mavelikkara taluk . Only five units having betelvine as intercrop could be identified in this area. One hundred other holding 20 each of betelvine as pure crop, plantain as intercrop, plantain as pure crop having covercrop and without any intercrop were also selected for the study . The study revealed that only a small portion of the holding was occupied by the betelvine, when it was treated as an intercrop. The cost of cultivation was found to be very high when compared with other cash crops. This might be the reason for limiting the cultivation to a small portion. This was confirmed by the fact that betelvine as pure crop was also limited in extent. The benefit cost analysis of the above crops revealed that betelvine cultivation was highly profitable with a benefit cost ratio of 2.51 in the intercropped area and was significantly higher than that for plantain which is the other common intercrop. The soil analysis data showed that betelvine absorbed lesser nutrients than plantain . The rubber plants of betelvine intercropped area showed vigorous growth than other intercrops which was due to the regular irrigation and fortnightly application of organic manure to the betelvine. Though the cost of cultivation was very high for betelvine , it could be recommended as an intercrop in the rubber holdings where there is availability of water throughout the year since it ensures substantial weekly income for the grower and his family. Though betelvine could be treated as a perennial crop, the farmers choosing it as an intercrop in rubber holdings will have to sacrifice the same by the fourth year when the rubber canopy closes to the full extent. Hence, we can suggest betelvine as an intercrop in rubber holdings only if land is too scare for its monoculture.
Evaluation of pathogenesis related proteins in relation to phytophthora foot rot in black pepper [Piper Nigrum L.]
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2000) Parab, G V; Nazeem, P A
Fruit set, fruit development and fruit drop in nutmeg (Myristica Fragrans Houtt.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1981) Nazeem, P A; Sivaraman Nair, P C
Studies on fruit set, development and fruit drop in nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) conducted in Kerala, India have indicated that the fruit set was only 33.7 per cent while the post-set fruit drop was 74.4 per cent. The ultimate harvested yield accounted to only about 8.2 percent of the total flower production. Therefore, the best method to increase fruit production is to increase the set and to lower the fruit drop. Hand pollination increased the set by about 2.5 times as compared to the natural set. The fruits showed a sigmoid growth pattern and took seven to eight months to attain maturity Maximum drop period synchronised with the peak development period of sixth to sixteenth week after set, indicating nutritional imbalance as one of the major factors influencing fruit drop
Hairy root induction in adapathiyan (Holostemma ada-kodien K. Schum.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, 2001) Karmarkar, S H; Keshavachandran, R; Nazeem, P A; Girija, D
Holostemma ada-kodien, commonly known as adapathiyan is a laticeferous climber belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. The root tubers of the plant are useful to cure various ailments of eye and many other human diseases. Due to the indiscriminate collection of root tubers, the plant population in the natural habitats has declined drastically and consequently it has been listed out as vulnerable and rare in the FRLHT red list of medicinal plants. The present study reports the hairy root induction in Holostemma useful in conservation of the plant and also to explore possibilities for in vitro production of the active chemicals in Holostemma, which would be a good alternative to meet its ever-increasing demand. The procedure for induction of hairy roots is given in detail.
Histology of organogenesis from callus cultures of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, 2003) Sujatha, R; Luckins C, Babu; Nazeem, P A
Impact of additional incentive scheme for rubber in Assam
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1992) Rabi Ram Baro; Nazeem, P A
An attempt was made in this study to evaluate the impact of additional incentive scheme for rubber in Assam. There were four Rubber Board Regional Offices in the State and one Zonal Office at Guwahati. All the available data were collected from the above offices. In the surveyed area, the impact of various additional incentives was studied and interpreted.
Impact of rubber producers societies on rubber plantation industry in Kasargod district
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1991) Jose, M J; Nazeem, P A
Rubber Producers Societies were formed among small rubber growers to improve their rubber production, productivity, processing and marketing facilities. The survey was conducted to evaluate the impact of Rubber Producers Society on rubber plantation industry in Kasargod District. 110 Rubber Producers Society members in the district were contacted for this purpose using a structured interview schedule the data were collected from the respondents and analysed by simple statistical producers such as percentage, means and standard deviations. The major findings of the study could be summarised as follows.
Induction of orthotrops in vegetatively propagated nutmeg (myristica fragrans houtt.) plants.
(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1994) Rani, T G; Nazeem, P A
Investigations were made to induce orthotrops in vegetatively propagated nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) plants at the Department of plantation Crops and Spices, college of Horticulture , vellanikkara, Thrissur during the period 1993-94. Budding orthotropic scions on there year old nutmeg plants alone showed bud take. In situ budding on three year old field plants gave the maximum bud take and bud sprouting . Among the different methods tried , maximum initial success was obtained with patch method in M. fragrans and forkert method in M. beddomei. The month of August was found to be the best season for in situ budding and July for budding in polybag plants. Partial shade was found ideal for better bud take than the mist . chamber conditions in nutmeg. Stumping the root stock above the bud union retaining the whorl of lower leaves gave better sprouting and later survival. The anatomical studies of bud union revealed the sequence of bud union as the callus formation stages , callus bridge stage and cambial differentiation stage. Absence of callusing , damage to cambial layers of stock or scion, thick necrotic layer and a wide gap between stock and scion and phenolic exudation were attributed to the probable reasons for bud failure . On mature branches of nutmeg trees, maximum number of orthotrops were induced when an orthotrop was cut close to the tree trunk leaving 30 cm stump. Staking the immature brown shoots of one to two years age and young green shoots of less than six months of nutmeg grafts acquired a reduced angle with the vertical even one month after removal of stake. Among the physical and chemical treatments tried to induce orthotrops in nutmeg grafts of plagiotropic nature, the treatments stumping and application of 5 ppm kinetin was found superior with respect to the number of shoots produced per plant. However , none of the shoots were found to have orthotropic growth pattern. Anatomy of orthotropic and staked stems revealed the production of more wood towards the adaxial side than towards the adaxial side. Plagiotropic stem have more or less proportionate wood formation on both sides.