Browsing by Author "Pooja Krishna, J"

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    Climate resilience of peri- urban agriculture in Kerala : a farming system based assessment
    (Department of Agricultural Extension Education, College of Agriculture ,Vellayani, 2024-02-12) Pooja Krishna, J; Jayalekshmi, G
    The study entitled ‘Climate resilience of peri-urban agriculture in Kerala: A farming system-based assessment’ was conducted from 2019 to 2023 and focused on the climate resilience of peri-urban agriculture in Kerala. The primary objectives were developing the Climate Resilience Index (CRI) for the Agro- Ecological Units (AEUs) of Alappuzha, Palakkad, and Kannur districts, identifying the dimensions of roles played by various developmental departments/institutions in building climate resilience, exploring current impediments in implementation of climate change mitigation measures in agriculture and propose suggestions to overcome the same. The study was conducted in the peri-urban areas of 13 AEUs of Alappuzha, Palakkad, and Kannur districts. From peri-urban areas of each AEU, affected farmers were identified and listed in consultation with officials. From the prepared list, 30 farmers were selected at random. Also, from each district, 20 extension personnel were selected randomly. Thus, a total of 450 respondents comprising 390 farmers and 60 extension personnel were selected for the study. Climate resilience was expressed as the function of the three core dimensions- absorptive, adaptive, and transformative capacities. Each dimension was studied under five factors viz. physical, environmental/ecological, social, economic, and psychological factors. The absorptive capacity index has been constructed using 31 indicators, adaptive capacity index using 18 indicators, and transformative capacity index using 23 indicators. Thus, a total of 72 indicators were selected for the development of CRI. The procedure for calculating the CRI comprised four steps considering the assumed relationship to climate resilience, normalizing data for comparison, aggregating the indicators across each dimension, and computation of the index.
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    Social discrimination of tribal agricultural labourers in wayanad district:
    (Department of Agricultural Extentsion , College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2019) Pooja Krishna, J; Anil Kumar, A
    The study entitled ‘Social discrimination of tribal agricultural labourers in Wayanad district: A critical gender analysis’ was conducted at Mananthavady block of Wayanad district during the year 2017-19. The study was conducted among three tribal communities viz, Kattunaikan, Paniyar and Kurichiyar. The objective of the research was to study the social discrimination experienced by the tribal agricultural labourers, to assess the extent of usefulness of developmental programmes as perceived by tribal agricultural labourers and also their profile characteristics. From each community, 30 male and 30 female tribal agricultural labourers were randomly selected, totaling the sample size to 180. While considering social discrimination, 80 per cent of men and 90 per cent of women experienced a high order of social discrimination and 18.89 per cent of men and 10 per cent of women experienced medium level of social discrimination. Only 1.11 per cent of males experienced low social discrimination. Women experienced a higher scale of social discrimination than men. Among communities, Kattunaikans experienced a higher order of social discrimination, when compared to Paniyan and Kurichiyan respondents, owing to their poor economic status and spatial isolation. The major significant factors that negatively influenced social discrimination were annual income, wage, social participation, health and nutrition, access to common property resources and political orientation. Other than the above, self- confidence was observed to be negatively significant to social discrimination in the case of men, whereas, land alienation, educational status, migration and awareness negatively influenced social discrimination experienced by women tribal agricultural labourers. In the case of perception of extent of usefulness of developmental programmes, officials had a higher level of perception, while the tribal communities had a lower perception. Low level of perception was observed among men (68.89%) and women (77.78%), while, only 31.11 per cent of men and 22.22 per cent of women had medium to high perception. Among the communities, Kattunaikans had a low level of perception of usefulness of developmental programmes than Paniyas and Kurichiyas, majorily contributed by their low awareness and social interaction. The major influencing factors for perception of usefulness of developmental programmes were annual income, wage, political orientation and awareness about the development programmes. Other than the above, self- confidence was found to have significant negative influence on perception in the case of men, whereas, educational status, exposure to mass media and social participation negatively influenced in the case of only women. Profile characteristics of the respondents in the study areas were collected and analysed. More than half of the respondents (58.33%), irrespective of the gender and community, were under middle-age category. Kurichiyas had better education than Paniyas and Kattunaikans and among men and women, women lagged behind in education. Majority of the tribal agricultural labourers earned low to medium wages (82%) and annual income (81%), while women got lower wage (60%) and annual income (84.44%). Kurichiyas owned more land than Paniyas, while, Kattunaikans owned no land. Men owned more land than women. High extent of land alienation was observed among men (90%) and women (93.33%). Kattunaikans and Paniyas incurred debt almost entirely for non-productive purposes, while, Kurichiyas borrowed mainly for farm purposes. While alcoholism and smoking were issues among the males, betel use was common among both men and women. Comparatively high extent of daily migration was observed among men for job, while majority of the women were permanent migrants owing to dependency movement. Low order of mass media exposure (87.22%), social participation (84.58%), self-confidence (98.89%), health and nutrition (91%), political orientation (59.89%) and awareness about development programmes (90.5%) were observed among the tribal agricultural labourers; especially among women. From the findings, it was concluded that, majority of the tribal agricultural labourers experienced a higher order of social discrimination. Perception of extent of usefulness of developmental programmes was found to be lower for tribal agricultural labourers. Among the communities, Kattunaikans experienced a higher scale of social discrimination, while they possessed a lower level of perception. Most importantly, strict gender disparity could be identified, where women experienced a higher order of social discrimination than men. Women were also observed to have a lower level of perception than men. High social discrimination and low perception resulted in the lower socio-economic status of women than men. The government should take steps towards developmental activities in all tribal settlements, in consensus with the tribal representatives. It must also be ensured that the benefits of these development projects reach the intended population.