Browsing by Author "Pramod, S"

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Evaluation of the utility of bypass nutrients in maintaining the growth rate of crossbred heifers under varying levels of thermal stress
(College of Climate Change and Environmental Science, Vellanikkara, 2024-08-24) Gyathri, B S; Pramod, S
A Study was conducted to evaluate the utility of bypass nutrients in maintaining the growth rate of crossbred heifers under varying levels of thermal stress. The study was conducted for 120 days, with equal periods of mild and moderate thermal stress. Eighteen female (5-12 months) cattle were used in the present study. The animals were randomly allocated into three groups of six animals each, viz. Treatment 1, Treatment 2, and the control group. Feed for Treatment Group 1 contained 50 % of dietary protein as natural bypass protein, while the control feed had 35 % of total protein as natural bypass protein. Animals in treatment group 2 were supplemented with 50 g of bypass fat per day along with control feed. The feed composition was prepared by using the formulation in ICAR, 2013. Feeding of cattle was done at 7.00 am and 2.00 pm daily. Also, a fixed amount of roughage was provided two times a day. The weather variables were recorded using an automatic temperature logger and the THI was calculated. The cattle's growth rate was determined by biweekly taking its body weight and biometrical parameters such as body length, chest girth, and body height. Physiological parameters such as respiration rate, pulse rate, rectal temperature, rumen motility, and body surface temperature were recorded at weekly intervals during forenoon and afternoon hours. By comparing the values in both the forenoon and afternoon, it was observed that the physiological rates such as respiration rate, pulse rate, rectal temperature, and body surface temperature were higher in the afternoon when compared with the forenoon. The rumen motility was higher in the forenoon than in the afternoon. The serological parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, albumin, and total protein were analyzed. The study revealed significant differences in several parameters, including wither height and chest circumference (biometrical parameters), pulse rate (physiological parameter), and serum levels of glucose, calcium, cholesterol, triglycerides, and albumin about THI. It was also observed that bypass protein and fat supplementation did not significantly enhance the growth rate of crossbred heifers during the study period. Keywords: Bypass nutrients; Bypass fat; Bypass protein; Heat stress; Cattle; Growth
Evaluation of the utility of bypass nutrients in maintaining the growth rate of crossbred heifers under varying levels of thermal stress
(College of Climate Change and Environmental Science , Vellanikkara, 2024-08-24) Gayathri, B S.; Pramod, S
A Study was conducted to evaluate the utility of bypass nutrients in maintaining the growth rate of crossbred heifers under varying levels of thermal stress. The study was conducted for 120 days, with equal periods of mild and moderate thermal stress. Eighteen female (5-12 months) cattle were used in the present study. The animals were randomly allocated into three groups of six animals each, viz. Treatment 1, Treatment 2, and the control group. Feed for Treatment Group 1 contained 50 % of dietary protein as natural bypass protein, while the control feed had 35 % of total protein as natural bypass protein. Animals in treatment group 2 were supplemented with 50 g of bypass fat per day along with control feed. The feed composition was prepared by using the formulation in ICAR, 2013. Feeding of cattle was done at 7.00 am and 2.00 pm daily. Also, a fixed amount of roughage was provided two times a day. The weather variables were recorded using an automatic temperature logger and the THI was calculated. The cattle's growth rate was determined by biweekly taking its body weight and biometrical parameters such as body length, chest girth, and body height. Physiological parameters such as respiration rate, pulse rate, rectal temperature, rumen motility, and body surface temperature were recorded at weekly intervals during forenoon and afternoon hours. By comparing the values in both the forenoon and afternoon, it was observed that the physiological rates such as respiration rate, pulse rate, rectal temperature, and body surface temperature were higher in the afternoon when compared with the forenoon. The rumen motility was higher in the forenoon than in the afternoon. The serological parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, albumin, and total protein were analyzed. The study revealed significant differences in several parameters, including wither height and chest circumference (biometrical parameters), pulse rate (physiological parameter), and serum levels of glucose, calcium, cholesterol, triglycerides, and albumin about THI. It was also observed that bypass protein and fat supplementation did not significantly enhance the growth rate of crossbred heifers during the study period.
Pathology of experimental pasteurellosis in ducks
(Centre of Excellence in Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Pramod, S; Divakaran Nair, N
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the pathological aspects of pasteurellosis in ducks following experimental inoculation by different routes – subcutaneous and intranasal. The haematobiochemical changes associated with the infection were also studied. Body weight changes at weekly intervals, mortality pattern, haematological and biochemical parameters such as total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, differential leucocyte count, total protein, albumin and globulin values estimated at weekly intervals were the parameters used, to study the changes caused by the infection. Gross pathological changes and histopathological changes of heart, liver, lung, kidney, brain, intestine, spleen, caecal tonsils and bursa were also studied. Statistically significant alteration was not observed in body weight. Mean Hb, TEC, PCV, albumin, heterophil and eosinophil percentage values were markedly increased after infection. Correspondingly, the lymphocyte and monocyte counts and the total protein values showed a significant decrease. Acute onset of the disease with sudden mortality was noticed in subcutaneously inoculated birds. Peracute death without any symptoms and lesions was shown by two birds in this group. The peracute pattern of mortality seen in this group was not observed in intranasally inoculated group. But the severity of clinical signs and lesions were more in intranasally inoculated birds. After the first two peracute deaths, symptoms of acute toxaemia such as pyrexia, dullness, depression, inappetence, reluctancy to move, paralysis of limbs and neck and incordination were expressed by the birds before death. The birds died from second day after inoculation onwards revealed an acute haemorrhagic septicaemic picture on all visceral organs. Haemorrhages on epicardium and scattered pin point necrotic foci in the liver, the prominent lesions of fowl cholera, were clearly evident. These lesions were more pronounced in the birds inoculated intranasally with P. multocida, which died on 23rd, 24th and 25th day post- inoculation. The lung and brain lesions were more severe in these birds. Reisolation of P. multocida was carried out from the liver, heart and spleen of all the dead birds except control and survived birds. The present study proved that the route of entry of organism played a significant role in the progression of infection, onset of mortality, number of deaths and symptoms and lesions in fowl cholera outbreaks. The immune suppression due to lymphoid organ damage in fowl cholera make the birds more susceptible to other infections.