Browsing by Author "Renjan, B"

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    Eco friendly weed management practices in transplanted rice
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,vellayani, 1999) Renjan, B; Sheela, K R
    Mundakan season, Virippu ,Punja Season, Summer Ploghings, Microclimate An investigation was underta:z~i;atthe State Seed Farm, Kottarakkara dur- ing Virippu 1998 to evolve ecofriendly weed management practices in transplanted rice. The experiment was laid out as factorial randornised block design with three replications. The treatments included, two levels each of summer ploughings, stale seed bed technique, and nitrogen application along with four controls (complete weed free, weedy check, hand weeded twice and pre-emergent herbicide followed by hand weeding). Two summer ploughings enhanced the growth characters of rice such as plant height, tiller count and 'lA!. Dry matter production and nutrient uptake of rice were also enhanced by two summer ploughings. Yield attributes and grain yield was significantly improved by two summer ploughings. The count of grasses, sedges and BLW and the total weed population was reduced by this practice. The dry matter production of weeds and NPK uptake by weeds were reduced by two summer ploghings. Weed control efficiency was also increased at all stages. Adoption of stale seed bed technique enhanced the plant height, tiller count, LAI, dry matter production and nutrient uptake of rice. The yield attributes and grain yield were significantly increased by the practice and the weed index was significantly reduced. The total weed population was also reduced at all observa- tions, The count of grasses and BLW reduced up to 40 DAT, while sedge popula- I tion was unaffected by the adoption of stale seed bed practice. Relative density of grasses and sedges were also reduced by this technique. The v, ced dry matter production, and nutrient uptake were reduced and weed control efficiency was increased by the stale seed bed practice. Delaying the basal application of nitrogen up to 10 DAT had no influence on the crop-weed competition and yield. The treatment combinations enhanced the growth and yield. T7 and T" re- corded the higher dry matter production and nutrient uptake of rice. These treat- ments also resulted in higher grain yield and lower weed index than other combi- nations. They also recorded the lowest total weed count, weed frequency and weed density at all stage of observations. Moreover, the combinations of summer ploughing, stale seed bed and nitrogen application helped to reduce the weed dry matter production and nutrient uptake. Compared to existing hand weeding practice all treatments showed their superiority in increasing the net income especially. T7 and Tg. T, registered the highest benefit cost ratio. The benefit cost ratio of treatment combinations was comparable to herbicide application
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    Foliage and grain yield optimization in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) through foliar nutrition in homestead
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2023-03-13) Renjan, B
    The research was entitled with “Foliage and grain yield optimization in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) through foliar nutrition in homestead” was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2020 - 2022. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of foliar nutrition and percentage of foliage harvesting in growth, foliage yield and grain yield in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). The experiment was undertaken at Farming Systems Research Station, Sadanandapuram, Kottarakkara during summer season (February to May 2022) in randomized block design with 12 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments were (Factor A- Foliar nutrition (F) and Factor B - leaf harvesting intensity (I)), and treatment combination comprised f1l1- urea 2% spray at vegetative stage + 20% leaf harvest , f1l2- urea 2% spray at vegetative stage + 40% leaf harvest, f1l3 - urea 2% spray at vegetative stage + control (no leaf harvest), f2l1 - urea 2% spray at flowering stage + 20% leaf harvest, f2l2- urea 2% spray at flowering stage + 40% leaf harvest, f2l3- urea 2% spray at flowering stage + control (no leaf harvest), f3l1- urea 2% spray at vegetative stage and flowering stage+20% leaf harvest, f3l2 - urea 2% spray at vegetative stage and flowering stage + 40% leaf harvest, f3l3- urea 2% spray at vegetative stage and flowering stage+ control (no leaf harvest), f4l1- control (water spray) + 20% leaf harvest, f4l2 - control (water spray) + 40% leaf harvest , f4l3- control (water spray) + control (no leaf harvest). The variety used in the study DCS 47(1) was raised as per KAU POP recommendations. Fully expanded cowpea leaves from the top were harvested prior to flowering. Among the foliar nutrition management treatments, f3 showed significantly the tallest plants (91.97 cm), more number of branches (15.13), leaves (34.76), leaf area/ plant (884.29 cm2), leaf area index (1.96) dry matter production (42.39 g) and chlorophyll content (3.544 mg/g) and on par with f1. The treatment f3 was on par with f1 (88.22 cm) and f2 (87.98 cm) with regard to plant height. The nodule parameters such as nodule number (37.44) and effective nodule number (32.11) were the highest in treatment f3 and was on par with f1. In contrast, the highest fresh weight of nodule (966.72 mg) was attained with f1 and it was on par with f3 and f2. Further, days to 50 per cent flowering (53.65 days), pod length (17.27 cm), 100 seed weight (12.40 g), pod number (24.58), foliage yield (1484.57kg ha-1), grain yield (925.85 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2722.70 kg ha-1) were the highest in treatment f3 and was on par with f1 except for pod weight (21.19 g). The number of leaves harvested per plant (10.07) was significantly highest with f1 and was on par with f3. The lowest response was observed in the treatment f4 in terms of growth parameters, nodule parameters and yield attributes. Quality parameters i.e., highest seed crude protein (23.05%), phosphorus (P) (0.44%) and potassium (K) (2.41%) were observed in the treatment f3. The lowest crude fibre content (CF) was observed in treatment f3 (15.37%), whereas highest CF was obtained in f2. Content of calcium (917.47 mg/100 g dry weight), iron (54.37 mg/100 g dry weight), zinc (116.82 mg/100 g dry weight) and nitrate (940.20 mg/100 g dry weight) were observed highest in f3. With regard to above all quality parameters f3 was found to be on par with f1. However, the leaf crude protein (22.11%) and nitrogen content (N) (3.54%) were higher in f1 and were found on par with f3. Highest NPK uptake was observed with treatment f3 and it was on par with f1. With respect to N uptake f2 was also found to be on par with f3. Among the leaf harvest intensity, treatment l3 recorded the tallest plants (92.45 cm), leaf area per plant (902.71cm2) leaf area index (2.01), less days to 50% flowering (47.60 days) and haulm yield (2754.85 kg ha-1). It was on par with l1 pertaining to plant height. The number of branches (15.03), dry matter production per plant (40.78g), pod weight/plant (19.43 g), pod number/plant (23.59) and grain yield (925.85 kg ha-1) were the highest in treatment l1. Number of leaves (35.05), number of leaves harvested (11.93) and foliage yield (2519.25 kg ha-1) was recorded highest with l2. The lower plant height (81.21 cm), leaf area per plant (679.39 cm2), leaf area index (1.51), dry matter production per plant (38.25 g), pod weight per plant (16.02 g), pod number per plant (19.83), grain yield (824.91 kg ha-1), haulm yield (2225.95 kg ha-1) and more days to 50% flowering (50.46 days) was recorded with l2. Number of branches (12.56), number of leaves (29.02), number of leaves harvested/ plant (0.0) and foliage yield (0.0 kg ha-1) were the lowest in treatment l3. Among the interactions, treatment f3l1 was superior with respect to number of branches/ plant (15.97), dry matter production/ plant (43.62 g), pod weight/ plant (22.91 g), pod number/ plant (25.45), grain yield (961.36 kg ha-1), leaf crude protein content (22.55%), leaf nitrogen content (3.61%) and leaf K content (2.55%). In contrast, leaf area per plant (971.07 cm2), LAI (2.16), haulm yield (3018.26 kg ha-1) and uptake of NPK (78.58, 9.74 and 57.34 kg ha-1) were the highest in f3l3. Treatment, f3l2 recorded the highest number of leaves harvested plant-1 (13.47), foliage yield (2807.67 kg ha-1) and leaf P content (0.46%). The lowest content of crude fibre was recorded in the treatment f1l1 (15.15%) and it was on par with f3l2, f3l1, f3l3 and f1l2. With the above findings, it is recorded that high foliage yield was attained with the treatment f3l2 with high net income (₹. 54522/ha) and B:C ratio (1.85). Significant enhancement of growth parameters resulted in high grain yield was recorded in the treatment f3l1 (i.e., urea 2% spray at vegetative stage and flowering stage+20% leaf harvest) (grain yield 961.36 kg/ha) which was comparable with f3l2 (urea 2% spray at vegetative stage and flowering stage + 40% leaf harvest) (grain yield 925.88 kg/ha). Therefore, it can be concluded that RDF (20:30:10 NPK) combined with foliar urea treatment @ 2 per cent during both vegetative and flowering stages with 40 per cent leaf harvest (f3l2) might be a feasible choice for increasing growth, productivity, quality and generating economic returns.
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    Foliar nutrition in sweet potato ipomoea batatas l.lam for vine top and tuber yield
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2024-07-15) Bhupasamudram Neeraja; Renjan, B
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    Integrated weed management in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2025-03-05) Gloria Raphael.; Renjan, B
    The study entitled “Integrated weed management in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)” was undertaken at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2022-2024. The objectives were to formulate an integrated weed management (IWM) strategy for sorghum and to assess the effect of IWM on growth, yield and economics of sorghum. The field experiment was conducted from November 2023 to February 2024 at the Farming Systems Research Station (FSRS), Sadanandapuram. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with ten treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised T1: broadcasting cowpea seeds @ 15 kg ha -1, T2: broadcasting cowpea seeds @ 30 kg ha -1, T3:T1 + brown manuring with 2,4-D @1 kg ha-1at 20 days after sowing (DAS), T4:T2 + brown manuring with 2,4-D @1 kg ha-1at 20 DAS, T5: pre-emergence (PE) pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1fb one hand weeding (HW) at 25 DAS, T6: post directed application (PDA) of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 0.06 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS, T7: post emergence (PoE) 2,4-D @ 1 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS, T8:HW at 20 DAS, T9: weed free control and T10: weedy check. In T1 and T2, cowpea seeds were broadcast on the same day of sowing and maintained as live mulch until 20 DAS, after which the cowpea plants and weeds were uprooted and retained as mulch. The sorghum variety CO-32 was raised and managed as per the recommendations of the KAU Package of Practices. The study revealed that weed management practices had a significant effect on the growth parameters of sorghum. The treatment T2 resulted in significantly taller plants (155.17cm and 219.67cm at 45 DAS and at harvest respectively), leaf area per plant (681.68 cm2 and 4693.01cm2 at 30 and 45 DAS respectively), leaf area index (LAI) (1.01 and 6.95 at 30 and 45 DAS respectively) and dry matter production (DMP) (25.87 g per plant and 71.49 g per plant at 45 DAS and at harvest respectively) and was comparable to T4, T5 and T6. The results indicated that the yield attributes of sorghum were significantly influenced by the weed management practices. T2 resulted in a higher number of grains per panicle (2991.3) and grain weight per panicle (64.30 g) which was comparable with T6, T5 and T4. Grain yield (2679 kg ha-1) and stover yield (9896 kg ha-1) of sorghum were higher in T2 and were comparable with T6 (grain yield of 2567 kg ha-1and stover yield of 9561 kg ha-1) and T4 (grain yield of 2462 kg ha-1 and stover yield of 9387 kg ha-1). The weed index was found to be the lowest in T2 (-2.97 %) and was comparable with T6 (1.36 %), T5 (2.78 %) and T4 (5.38%). In the experimental field, grasses were the most dominant weed flora. The total weed count was notably influenced by weed management practices. Among the treatments, T5 and T9 consistently resulted in the lowest absolute frequency of grasses, sedges, and BLW at all stages. IWM integrating pretilachlor application and cowpea mulching effectively reduced the relative frequency of grasses, sedges, and BLW in sorghum. Notably, T2 (00.30 g m-2and 10.22 %), T5 (00.06 g m-2 and 10.22 %) and T6 (0.00 g m-2 and 0.00 %) exhibited comparable lower dry weight and importance value (IV) of grasses at 30 DAS. T9 demonstrated the highest weed control efficiency (WCE) (100.00%) at all stages. At 30 and 45 DAS, it was comparable to T5 (99.93 % and 94.84 % respectively) and T2 (99.65% and 98.73% respectively). Integrated weed management practices influenced the dehydrogenase enzyme activity in the soil at 15, 30 and 45 DAS. Among the treatments, T5 exhibited the highest enzyme activity at 15 DAS (83.33 μg TPF g⁻¹ soil d⁻¹). T2 resulted in higher total carbohydrate (72.50 %), crude protein (13.69 %) and crude fiber content (5.86 %) and was comparable with T4 and T5 on a dry weight basis. Higher organic carbon content was recorded in T2 which was significantly higher than the weed-free control. T2 resulted in higher available soil N (187.35 kg ha⁻¹), T5 registered higher available P (61.19 kg ha⁻¹) and T9 had the higher available K (185.35 kg ha⁻¹). The economic analysis indicated that T6 resulted in higher net return (₹33,395 ha⁻¹) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) (1.50), followed by treatments involving brown manuring and live mulch. The study has identified broadcasting cowpea seeds at 30 kg ha⁻¹ followed by uprooting and retaining as mulch at 20 DAS as the most effective weed management strategy in terms of yield, weed control efficiency and gross return in sorghum. However, post-directed application of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl at 0.06 kg ha⁻¹ at 20 DAS turned out to be the most economical in terms of net return and BCR. Broadcasting cowpea seeds at 30 kg ha⁻¹ followed by brown manuring with 2,4-D at 1 kg ha⁻¹ at 20 DAS could be identified as the most effective IWM method for achieving higher grain and stover yields in sorghum.
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    Management of blood grass(isachne miliacea roth ex roem et schult) in wetland rice ecosystem
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Renjan, B; Sansamma George