Browsing by Author "Sajeena, S"

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Development of automated drip fertigation system using GSM based controller
(Kelappaji college of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2019) Akhila Shiney, P; Sajeena, S
Lack of sufficient water to grow enough crops for meeting the food demand of the increasing population is the major threat to Indian agriculture. The surface irrigation techniques cause seepage losses, erosion and water logging problems, deep percolation, salinization and runoff. To get satisfactory growth, application of right quantity of water at right time and at right place is very important and this can be accomplished only through micro irrigation techniques. Through automated drip fertigation, we can easily attain the agriculture intensification. The present study was focused on the development of GSM based automated drip fertigation system. In this study, calibration of capacitance type soil moisture sensors were carried out in laboratory for different soil types viz. laterite soil, black soil and costal alluvium soil. Field study was carried out with an Ujwala (KAU) variety of chilli crop under three treatments such as 100 percent irrigation and 100 percent fertigation with automation (T1), 100 percent irrigation and 100 percent fertigation without automation (T2) and 100 percent irrigation and 70 percent fertigation with automation (T3). The automated drip fertigation system consists of four capacitor type sensors, electronic fertilizer injection pump and fertilizer mixing device. Total yield and crop growth parameters showed better performance under 100 percent irrigation and 100 percent fertigation with automation (T1). Combination of 100 percent irrigation and 70 percent fertigation with automation (T3) also gave the good result which was on par with T1. Therefore, it could be concluded that with 30 percent less fertilizer, better performance of crop was obtained with automated drip fertigation system. It could also be shown that the right quantity of water at right time at right place is giving better performance of crop. The developed automated drip fertigation system is cost effective, portable, can perform better in field.
Effect of Bakkikayam regulator on groundwater using geophysical techniques and visual modflow
(Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, 2020) Smegha, N C; Sajeena, S
Erodibility and runoff potential of laterite soils under simulated rainfall conditions
(Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 1999) Sajeena, S; Kurien, E K
Soil erosion is one of the most serious environment degradation problems. However reliable measurement of erosion remains limited and estimates of soil productivity are even rarer. Assessing the extent and seriousness of erosion therefore remains a difficult task Nevertheless, identification and assessment of erosion problems could have an important role in influencing better land use and conservation practices. Rainfall simulators are considered as an effective tool in soil conservation research. Simulators make it possible to produce predetermined storms at any desired time and location. They make the replication of research easier and facilitate the study of storm sequences. Laterite soils are by far the most important soil group occurring in Kerala and cover the largest area. The objective of this study was to estimate the erodibility and runoff potential of laterite soils of three well defined series under simulated rainfall conditions. The rainfall simulator designed and fabricated by Kurien and George (1998) was modified for better performance. The modified simulator could produce rainfall intensities varying from 741 to 23.00 cmlh. Also uniformity of the rainfall produced could be increased to higher values of 88.10 and 91.53 per cent, thus giving a better performance. Intensity of rainfall increased as the 11 pressure of supply water to the simulator increased and a relationship was established between intensity and the supply pressure of water as 1= -87.205 p2 + 108.61 P - 10.786 (R = 0.99) Experiments were also conducted to study soil loss and runoff from three different series of laterite soils, i.e.Mannamkulam series, Naduvattom series and Vellanikkara series. The soil loss and runoff increased with increase in the rainfall intensity for all slopes studied for each series of soil. A general trend of increase In soil loss and runoff with increase in the slope was observed for all the three series of soils. Empirical equations were developed for estimating soil loss (E) and runoff (0) for various intensities of rainfall and land slopes for the three series of soils selected for the study. The equations are: Mannamkulam series E = 1167.797 I + 835.109 S - 21686.07 (R = 0.90) Q = 65.0161 + 16.747 S - 235.923 (R = 0.99) Naduvattom series E = 324.766 I + 112.799 S - 3912.219 (R = 0.97) Q = 74.542 1+19.434 S - 394.323 (R = 0.99) Vellanikkara series E = 115.662 I + 431. 064 S - 11512.284 (R = 0.98) Q = 58.742 I + 26.837 S - 310.019 (R = 0.99) ii1
Field evaluation of site specific drip fertigation using GIS integrated nutrient status map
(Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2023-05-15) Khamarunneesa, M; Sajeena, S
A study was conducted to evaluate a site specific drip fertigation system based on the nutrient status maps prepared with help of GIS at Instructional Farm KCAET, Tavanur. Seventy soil samples were collected at a grid interval of 50×50m and different soil parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity, Organic Carbon, Available Nitrogen, Available Phosphorous and Available Potassium in the soil were determined. The nutrient index rating of the study area indicate that, nitrogen and potassium shows “low fertility”, whereas phosphorous found to be under “high fertility” range in the study area. Using the spatial variability maps of the nutrients, two test plots, one from high fertility zone and one from low fertility zone were identified with the help of GPS for raising the test crop tomato. The experimental plot was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications. The results showed increase in yield and growth parameters under site specific drip fertigation treatment in low fertility area due to the adequate fertiliser application than general recommendation, which might be inadequate for that low fertility area. In case of high fertility area, reduction of fertilizer to site specific requirement has produced almost similar result of general recommendation which indicates that site specific dose was sufficient to produce optimum yield from the crop. Moreover, a site specific drip fertigation helped to achieve a higher water and nutrient use efficiency with high economic return of agricultural produce. From this study, it can be concluded that nutrient status map prepared using GIS for a particular area can be used as an effective tool for the better nutrient management in that area for maximum productivity. Instead of going blanket nutrient recommendation, a site specific nutrient recommendation may help the farmers who want to achieve higher profit from unit land area by using optimum inputs, thereby reducing environmental stress due to over fertilizer application.
GIS integrated site-specific fertigation recommendations for Instructional farm, KCAET, Tavanur
(Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, KCAET, Tavanur, 2021) Subhasree, N; Sajeena, S
Excessive application of fertilizers can cause wastage of fertilizer which increases input cost and environmental pollution. Implementation of Precision Agriculture through site specific nutrient management is the best suitable solution to increase nutrient application efficiency and thereby increase crop productivity. Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) is the real time feeding of crops with nutrients while recognizing the spatial variability within the fields. In this context a study on “GIS Integrated Site-Specific Fertigation Recommendations for Instructional Farm, KCAET, Tavanur” was conducted. Delineation of the study area was done with the help of cadastral map of KCAET campus and coordinates of the corner of the study which were found using hand held GPS during the study. Sampling points were located by using gridding tool. The soil samples were collected at the 40 sampling points and analysed for the soil chemical properties such as pH, Electric Conductivity, Available Nitrogen, Available Phosphorous, Available Potassium, Boron and Sulphur by using standard methods. Spatial variability maps of soil chemical properties were prepared by using Inverse Distance Weighing method of interpolation tool in spatial analyst tool of Arc tool box in ArcGIS. Based on soil analytical values, site specific nutrient recommendations were calculated to each grid for Coconut, Banana and different vegetables by Site Specific Soil Nutrient Calculator (SSSNC). It is a winForm Windows application created with the help of Objective-C using Visual studio 2019. Based on nutrient index rating given by Meena et al., (2006), potassium and phosphorous were found in the range of ‘medium fertility’ (1.67-2.33), nitrogen and sulphur were under ‘low fertility’ (<1.67) and boron was found to be under high fertility range (>2.33) in the study area. According to the criteria given by Wilding et al., (1985), pH was found to be least variable whereas nitrogen and boron were moderately variable and the remaining parameters such as organic carbon, phosphorous, potassium and sulphur were found to be most variable parameters in the study area. The maps and the Site-Specific Soil Nutrient (SSSN) App which were developed during the study will help farmers to make better site-specific nutrient recommendations. From this study, it can be concluded that implementation of site-specific fertigation recommendations can eliminate the excessive application of fertilizers and a significant amount of fertilizer can be saved when compared to Package of Practice/ adhoc recommendation.
Gis Integrated Site-Specific Fertigation Recommendations For Instructional Farm, Kcaet, Tavanur
(Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology ,Tavanur, 2021-12-22) Subhasree,N; Sajeena, S
Excessive application of fertilizers can cause wastage of fertilizer which increases input cost and environmental pollution. Implementation of Precision Agriculture through site specific nutrient management is the best suitable solution to increase nutrient application efficiency and thereby increase crop productivity. Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) is the real time feeding of crops with nutrients while recognizing the spatial variability within the fields. In this context a study on “GIS Integrated Site-Specific Fertigation Recommendations for Instructional Farm, KCAET, Tavanur” was conducted. Delineation of the study area was done with the help of cadastral map of KCAET campus and coordinates of the corner of the study which were found using hand held GPS during the study. Sampling points were located by using gridding tool. The soil samples were collected at the 40 sampling points and analysed for the soil chemical properties such as pH, Electric Conductivity, Available Nitrogen, Available Phosphorous, Available Potassium, Boron and Sulphur by using standard methods. Spatial variability maps of soil chemical properties were prepared by using Inverse Distance Weighing method of interpolation tool in spatial analyst tool of Arc tool box in ArcGIS. Based on soil analytical values, site specific nutrient recommendations were calculated to each grid for Coconut, Banana and different vegetables by Site Specific Soil Nutrient Calculator (SSSNC). It is a winForm Windows application created with the help of Objective-C using Visual studio 2019. Based on nutrient index rating given by Meena et al., (2006), potassium and phosphorous were found in the range of ‘medium fertility’ (1.67-2.33), nitrogen and sulphur were under ‘low fertility’ (<1.67) and boron was found to be under high fertility range (>2.33) in the study area. According to the criteria given by Wilding et al., (1985), pH was found to be least variable whereas nitrogen and boron were moderately variable and the remaining parameters such as organic carbon, phosphorous, potassium and sulphur were found to be most variable parameters in the study area. The maps and the Site-Specific Soil Nutrient (SSSN) App which were developed during the study will help farmers to make better site-specific nutrient recommendations. From this study, it can be concluded that implementation of site-specific fertigation recommendations can eliminate the excessive application of fertilizers and a significant amount of fertilizer can be saved when compared to Package of Practice/ adhoc recommendation.
Ground water resources modelling of a watershed using modflow
(Department of Land and Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2015) Sajeena, S; Kurien, E K
A study on ‘Ground water resources flow modelling and mapping of a watershed using MODFLOW’, was carried out for Kadalundi river basin of Malappuram District in Kerala. The objectives of the research were 1. to study the aquifer characteristics of the study area, 2. to study the spatial and temporal ground water variations in the study area, 3. to identify the potential ground water zones within the study area using earth resistivity studies and 4. to develop a ground water flow model for the river basin using Visual MODFLOW. Kadalundi river basin has a drainage area of 1122 km 2 with a main stream length of 130 km, originating from the Western Ghats at the western boundary of Silent Valley. River flows through the district of Malappuram and downstream reach of the river falls into Arabian Sea. In order to evaluate the aquifer characteristics of the study area, spatial and temporal variations of ground water level of dug wells and bores wells were analyzed separately. Monthly water table data from 16 bore wells and 14 dug wells during the period from 2008 to 2013 were used for the study. From the p re and post monsoon water table and piezometric water level variations and from the water table and piezometric water level hydrograph studies, it was observed that the water table and piezometric level fluctuation in low land, mid land and high land area were correlated with rainfall except at some locations like Kottakkal, Marakkara and Tanur. Hydraulic continuity studies were carried out with the help of statistical analysis and it indicated that the hydraulic continuity of ground water and surface water exists between aquifers of dug wells and bore wells in major part of study area. Areas like Thirurangadi, Kottakkal and Some part of Perinthalmanna, variation of piezometric water level was poorly correlated with rainfall, which indicated that hydraulic continuity does not exist in that areas and these areas are suitable for deep bore wells.Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method was carried out using Signal Stacking Resistivity Meter (MODEL-SSR-MP-ATS) at 22 locations. The apparent resistivity values obtained from the resistivity meter were interpreted with the help of ‘IPI2WIN’ software to obtain the layer parameters. The sounding curves are of A,H,K,Q,HK and KH types reulting in 3 to 4 layer sequence. The curves are prominently of H, Q, K and A type indicating the presence of three layer and combination of curves like HK and KH indicating the four sub surface layers. Most parts of the study area are dominated by H type curve which indicates the presence of good quantity groundwater. Visual MODFLOW software version 2.8.1 developed by Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc. was used for the flow modelling of the study area. The conceptual model for the study area was developed based on the base map of Kadalundi river basin, topo sheet of the area, well logs at 30 sites and the data obtained from the geophysical studies conducted in the study area. Discretization was done by dividing it into 62 rows and 136 columns with a grid spacing of 500 m x 500 m throughout the area and the cells outside the boundary of the study area were made as inactive. Monthly pumping rate from 35 pumping wells and monthly water level data from thirty head observation wells of Ground Water Department (GWD), Government of Kerala were used as well inputs of Visual MODFLOW. Hydrogeological parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, specific storage, specific yield, porosity and initial heads and boundary conditions of the model domain including constant head, rivers, drains, recharge and evapotranspiration were used as input of Visual MODFLOW. After uploading input parameters, the model was run for steady state and transient state subsequently. Model was developed and calibrated using four years data from 2008 to 2011 and a reasonably good agreement was obtained between computed and observed water levels. After calibration, the model was validated for t w o years data of 2012 and 2013. The root mean square error (RMSE) for almost all the wells during validation were reasonably low and within acceptable limits except a few wellsvery close to the river which are most likely to be influenced by the interflow of river. After the model development and validation, it was used to predict the flow head for the next 15 years assuming five per cent yearly decrease in recharge and also to predict the ground water condition by increasing the pumping rate by 10, 25 and 50 per cent of pumping rate of the validation period (2013). From the modelling studies, it can be concluded that the Kadalundi river basin will remain safe for next five years from the point of future ground water development and subsequently the water table may reach the bed rock. This necessitates artificial ground water recharge techniques to supplement the recharge of rainfall to the ground water.
Impact of soil and water conservation measures on lulc and groundwater in Olanthichira watershed, Malappuram Disrict
(Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Tavanur, 2025-02-07) Revathi, N; Sajeena, S
Modification and evaluation of automated drip irrigation system
(Department of Land & Water Resources and Conservation Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2016) Arjun Prakash, K V; Sajeena, S
Water is the most valuable resource in the world and is playing a crucial role in daily activities of living beings on the earth. To meet the ever increasing demand, conservation and management of water resource is very important. Conventional methods of irrigation, like surface and subsurface flooding leads to scarcity of water, which can be reduced by adopting drip or trickle irrigation. Drip irrigation system can be controlled through different automation techniques. The present study was focused on the modification and evaluation of the existing cost effective automated drip irrigation system. In this study, calibration of capacitor type and conductive type moisture sensors were carried out in different soil types viz. black soil, coastal alluvium, forest loam, laterite soil and riverine alluvium. Field study was carried out with Hilton FI variety of salad cucumber under different irrigation and fertigation levels using solenoid valves and GSM modem technique. The automated drip irrigation system consists of two capacitor type and two conductive type soil moisture sensors, solenoid valves and water flow sensors. Total yield and crop growth parameters showed better performance under 100 per cent fertigation when compared with 70 per cent fertigation. Combination of 100per cent fertigation with 70 per cent irrigation also showed good results, whereas production was less in the case of 70 per cent fertigation with 70 per cent irrigation. The modified automated drip irrigation system is cost effective, portable, durable and can perform better
Simulation of salt water intrusion into the coastal aquifers of Kadalundi river basin in Malappuram district using visual modflow
(Academy of Climate Change Education and Research Vellanikkara, 2016) Swathy, P S; Sajeena, S