Browsing by Author "Sarah T George"

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Estimation of leaf area in Garcinia Cambogia (Kodampuli) through linear measurements
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1996) Lila Mathew; Sarah T George; Krishnan, S
Floral biology, fruitset and fruit development in sweet lovi-lovi (Flacourtia Cataphracta Roxb.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1999) Sarah T George; Lila Mathew, K; Mridula, K R
Sweet lovi-lovi, f'lacourtia cataphracta Roxb., is dioecious with male and female flowers borne on separate trees. The male tree flowers two weeks earlier than the female during October and the female in mid November. The flowers in male appear as axillary or terminal cymose clusters while those in female trees are in fascicles. In the male trees, 25 days are required for the complete flower development and in the female it takes 18-20 days. About 19 percent of pollen are viable with a maximum pollen germination of (80.7%) with pollen tube length of (132.6 jim) in 4 per cent sucrose + 0.25 per cent agar media. The fruit development from fruitsct requires 78-80 days. The fruits are harvested in February taking 98-100 days from flower initiation. The shelf life of the fruit is very low and proper harvesting methods and storage devices are required to prolong the shelflifeofihe fruits.
Improving quality and shelf life of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.)
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2013) Ance Mathew; Sarah T George
Malformation in Kodampuli (Garcinia Cambogia Desk.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1994) Sarah T George; Lila Mathew, K; Kesavachandran, R; Rajeevan, P K
Morphological and biochemical variations in different sex forms of kodampuli (Garcinia gummi-gutta L.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1999) Muthulakshmi, P; Sarah T George; Lila Mathew, K
Kodampuli seedlings segregate into males and bisexuals at flowering. A study has been carried Out to differentiate the sex by morphological and biochemical characters. The results indicated that there is no significant differences between male and bisexual plants in terms of morphological characters except the colour of emerging flush in which pink and pinkish shades were more prevalent in biscxuals than in male Significant differences between male and bisexual trees were noticed with respect to total phenol of young (208.60 nijj/IQOg and 118.10 mg/IOOy respectively) and mature (I397.H2 mg/IOO!> and 794.53 mg/IOOg respectively) leaves. The thin layer chromaiographic profile of phenolics showed one additional spot in male than in bisexual plants, li-leclroprioresis revealed similar banifmy pattern for pcmxidase enzymes in both male and bisexual plants.
Performance evaluation and standardization of planning time in carrot (Daucus carota L.)
(Department Of Olericulture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2016) Basavaraj Vitthal Simpi; Sarah T George
Pigments in kokkan affected banana
(Kerala Agricultural University, 1993) Sarah T George; Estelitta, S; Suma, A; Pradeep, K P
Regulation of sex in Garcinia gummigutta (L.) Robs. through controlled pollination and top working
(Department Of Pomology And Floriculture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2002) Zahida, P M; Sarah T George
Standardisation of grafting in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) and watermelon Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)
(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Akhila, A N; Sarah T George
Stimulation of growth and induction of variability in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.)
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture,College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2011) Manoj, P S; Sarah T George
Variability analysis in Garcinia cambogia Dest. (Malabar Tamarind)
(Department of Pomology and Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1998) Muthulakshmi, P; Sarah T George
The present investigation on variability analysis in kodampuli (Garcinia cambogia Desr.) was undertaken in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 1996 to 1998. Major objectives of the study were to explore the variability in vegetative, floral, fruiting and biochemical characters of kodampuli, to compare the quality of the rind under different drying conditions, to study the pattern of fruit development and to differentiate the sex in terms of morphological and biochemical characters. Surveys were conducted in the homesteads of Pathanamthitta and Thrissur districts to study the variability. A wide variation in tree characters like shape of the tree (dome, round, conical and pyramidal) and branching pattern (erect, spreading and drooping) was noticed. Early flowering (AC. 3 and 36), late flowering (AC. 11,21,23,37 and 46) and sporadic flowering types (AC. 3a, 9 and 13) were identified. Prolific bearing types (AC. 3, 8a, 9, 14, 40, 42, 43b, 45a and 46), giving an yield of above 350 kg fresh fruits per annum, could be located. Most of the collections showed irregular bearing tendency. Incidences of gamboge, malformation and fruit rot were widely noticed. Though scientifically yet to be proved, pruning seems to be deleterious. A wide variation was noticed in leaf characters. Among the trees surveyed, six different flower types were identified. The first five flower types were widely prevalent on male trees and the sixth one was common only on bisexuals. The first three did not set any fruit, four and five set fruits rarely and the sixth one set fruits profusely. Male trees had more number of flower per cluster, higher petiole length, more stamens per flower, higher pollen viability and germination. Flowers in bisexual trees had higher flower weight, petal length and ovary size. Variation in fruit colour (light yellow to dark orange) and shape (round, oblong, oval, cordate, pear and napiform) was recorded. There were fruits with papilla (size ranged from 0.1 to I.S cm) and without papilla. Some of the entries recorded higher number of segments of more than 10 (AC. 8b, 7, 24, 4b, 6, 43a, 40 and 46). Higher width of the segment of more than 1.40 cm was seen in AC. 20, 13, 2S, 9, 39 and 3. Accessions with length of the fruit above 8.00 cm namely, AC. 46,1,21,20, 43b, 40 and 36 and girth of the fruit above 2S.00 cm like AC. 4Sa, 46, 41 and 22 were noticed. Some of the accessions (AC. 46, 4Sa, 14, 4b, 9, 33, 38, 43a and 41) were outstanding in fruit weight by recording above 200.00 g. There were also accessions with higher rind thickness of above I.S0 cm (AC. 46, 43a and 4Sa). Collections with higher rind seed ratio of above 1.4 were AC. 46, 8a, 23, 16, 2S, 39,43a, 4Sa, 4Sb, 17a, 9, 4a and 6. Biochemical analysis recorded variability in terms of moisture content, rind and mucilage TSS, total acidity and (-)-HCA. Collections with total acidity of above 22.00 per cent (AC. 2, 40, 23, 4a, 3S, 33, 6, 46, 42 and 24), (-)-HCA of above 20.00 per cent (AC. 23, 40 and 24) and total phenol content of below 290.0 mg/l00 g (AC. 7, 12,86, S, 29, IS, 37, 43b, 24, 39, 30, 8 and 21) were identified. Fruit weight and other fruit characters like length, volume, rind thickness, seed weight, rind weight, rind seed ratio and fruit rind ratio were highly correlated. Path analysis showed that fruit weight had a high influence on rind weight. The indirect effect of fruit weight and rind weight via., fruit rind ratio was negative. Non-hierarchial eucleadian cluster analysis revealed the existence of genetic diversity in kodampuli. The 50 entries collected could be grouped into four clusters. On comparing the quality of the rind under different drying conditions namely oven, sun and smoke, no significant difference was noticed. However, the rind from smoke drying was soft and flexible, shiny black in colour with good shape retaining capacity and consumer appeal. It took 133 days from fruit set to ripening. The physical parameters like length, girth, etc. attained its maximum by 112 days after fruit set with varying rate of growth at different periods. Moisture content increased from fruit set till harvest. The total acidity and (- )-HCA increased upto 77 days and then decreased till harvest. Crude fat, crude protein and crude fibre increased upto 112 days and then remained constant. The phenol content increased upto 98 days and thereafter decreased. The total fruit drop observed was 35.5 per cent. The drop during the first month of development was 29.5 per cent. There were no significant differences between male and bisexual trees in terms of morphological characters. Pink and different shades of pink were more prevalent in the emerging flushes of bisexual trees, as compared to male trees. Significant difference between male and bisexual trees was noticed with respect to total phenol content of young and mature leaves. The TLC profile of phenolic extract showed one additional spot in male than in bisexual plants. Electrophoresis revealed similar banding pattern for peroxidase enzyme in both male and bisexual plants.
Vegetative, Floral and fruit characters in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.)
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1996) Ajay Alex; Sarah T George
The present investigations on the growth habit, phases of growth, flowering and floral biology, fruit development, seed viability and storage life of mangosteen were carried out in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, during the period 1994-96. The studies indicated that shoot growth in mangosteen coincided with the main flushing season from June to August and with a second one from January to February. Maximum shoot growth was observed during July. The growth of the tree was slow, with an extension growth of 6.91 cm in an year. The tree had a monopodial orthotropic trunk meristem which showed continuous growth. Laterals exhibited plagiotropy, sympodial growth and sylleptic branching habit. Leaf arrangement was spiral in the seedling stage but distichous on the branches of mature tree. Emerging leaves which were purplish red, later changed to dark green. The flowering season was from December to January. But development was completed in 28 days. Flowers were female and borne terminally on branchlets either singly or in groups of two to four. Flower drop was meager. Peak anthesis period was between 17.30 and 18.00 hours. Flowers had four scarlet red sepals and four yellow petals each having imbricate aestivation. Androecium consisted of 18-20 staminodes. Gynoecium was syncarpous with five to seven carpels having single ovule in each locule on axile placentation. Style was short and had a five to seven fid capitate stigma at its end. Anthers failed to dehisce until flower opening but a few showed signs of dehiscence after anthesis. Stigma showed no signs of receptivity. Anthers produced numerous non viable pollen grains which failed to germinate in vitro. Different methods of pollination had no effect on fruit set. Initial set was high but a fruit drop of 41 per cent occurred during first month. Though fruit development was parthenocarpic and seed development parthenogenetic, seeds produced were viable. Therefore, mangosteen can be considered as an obligate agamosperm where proembryos developing from integuments of embryosac mature into embryos. Pulp development took place from 42nd day onwards. Average weight of ripened fruit was 100 g. The percentage contribution of pulp towards total fruit weight at ripening stage was 33.00 per cent as against 62.30 and 4.70 per cent in the case of rind and seed, respectively. Chemical composition of pulp showed a decreasing trend. Total sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars and sugar : acid ratio increased upto harvest. Season of harvest coincided with South West monsoon. Stage of harvest was identified as 90 days after fruitset. Such fruits ripened normally in two days at ambient temperature and showed no difference in quality as compared to that of tree ripened fruit. At this stage, 25 per cent of the fruit skin developed a purple colour and scar formed at the stalk end was smooth, without any exudation of gum. Mechanical injury should be avoided during harvesting and handling to save fruits from Transluscent Flesh Disorder. Yield varied from 650 to 3350 fruits/tree. Number of segments, which was same as that of stigmatic lobes, ranged from four to seven. However, number of viable seeds ranged from zero to three. Fruits caught in the rain were severely affected with gamboges, a disorder, which accounted to about 33.82 per cent fruit loss. Exudation of yellow gum from the rind was the characteristic symptom. The fruit pulp also became yellow, gummy, corky, bitter in taste and inedible. Biochemical analysis showed that ripened fruit contained water 76.57, protein 0.5, citric acid 0.32, total sugars 17.02, reducing sugars 3.22, non reducing sugars 13.80, nitrogen 0.28, phosphorus 0.01, potassium 0.13, calcium 0.01 and magnesium 0.24 on percentage basis. Sugar : acid ratio, TSS and ascorbic acid content was 53.18, 27.00 0brix and 5 mg/100 g, respectively. β carotene was only in traces. Fruits stored under refrigerated conditions showed no quality deterioration and fruit loss even after one month of storage. Fruits kept in bamboo baskets lasted for a fortnight. Keeping quality of fruits even without any treatment was more than a week. During storage TSS, sugars and sugar: acid ratio decreased, whereas acidity increased with the storage period. Seeds varied in size and shape. Viability was very high when sown immediately after harvest. Storage reduced the viability and was completely lost by 35 days of storage. Seeds took 20 days for germination. Germination was hypogeal with single seedlings arising normally, but 10 per cent polyembryony with 2-4 seedlings/seed was also noticed.