Browsing by Author "Sebastian Joseph"

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Appraisal of the formulation and implementation of the district credit plan in Kottayam District
(Department of Rural Banking and Finance, College of Co-operation And Banking, Mannuthy, 1990) Sebastian Joseph; Mohandas, M
The study ‘An Appraisal of the formulation and implementation of the District Credit plan in Kottayam District’ has been carried out to examine the extent to which the lead banks have followed the methodology suggested for formulation of the District Credit Plan (DCP) and the Annual Action Plan (AAP).It also aims at examining the extent of co-ordination between the banks and the development departments. Comparative performance of commercial banks and the co-operative banks and assessing the extend of inter bank. Inter sectoral and inter block variations in the achievement of targets fixed under the DCP and AAPs in the Third round and until the formation of the fourth round of the District Credit Plan. The study covered all the commercial banks and co-operative banks in the Kottayam District in Kerala during the period 1983 to 1987 ie.. the 3rd round of the DCP and the AAPs prepared thereafter. A sample study of the District coordinators of the various banks were also employed for the purpose of assessing the extent of co-ordination between banks and development departments and the methodology actually followed for the preparation and implementation of the DCP. The study revealed that the RBI guidelines for formulation amd implementation of DCP and AAPs could be followed only to a limited extent in the Kottayam District due to certain built-in constraints like the absence of a District Development Plan. the lack of an effective co-ordination mechanism between banks and the development departments and the lack of synchronization between preparation of the Annual Plans by the Government and the AAP by the lead bank and the performance budgets of the commercial banks. Yet another problem was the added work load imposed on the development departments and the banks due to the implementation of the DCP. It was seen that no adequate number of staff to prepare and carry out the plan was made available to the development departments and the commercial banks. It was seen that no scientific criteria like the past performance of the banks or the credit potential of the area were effectively employed while fixing the targets for each bank as well as for the different sectors. The co-efficient of correlation between the previous year’s achievements and the succeeding year’s targets showed no significant relationship which invalidates the claim of the banks that targets have been fixed according to previous years achievements. It was noticed that in all the years the performance under the Secondary sector was much below the targets. This indicated that targets were not fixed scientifically. It was pointed out by the lead bank that the SSI targets were fixed based on the District Industries Centre (DIC) Action Plan which in turn were based on the units that sought provisional registration with it. So there was no viability or in-depth study undertaken of the potential for these schemes. High co-efficient of variation implying high degree of disparities were observed between the achievements of banks, sectors and blocks. Eventhough block-wise variations have registered a decline indicating a decline in disparities; no such trend was noticed in the sector-wise or bank-wise achievements. It was seen that the banks were more concerned with attaining the overall targets rather than achieving the individual sector targets. This was partly due to the inadequacy of the monitoring system which did not give proper attention to sectorial and block-wise targets. Thus the basic requirement that banks should deploy 40 per cent of the total advances to the priority sectors alone was considered seriously by the banks as well as by the RBI. This had lead to the banks reallocating their targets under the different sectors so as to suit their convenience. This hardly goes to justify the concept of District Credit planning exercise but is rather a negation of it.
Studies on the bacterial species associated with gastroenteritis in goats
(Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1979) Sebastian Joseph; Abdulla, P K
The information regarding the incidence, etiology and pathogenicity of enteric pathogens in goats is very meagre in our country. The present study is aimed at the isolation, identification and characterisation of Enterobacterial organisms from cases of enteritis in goats. The study also included, determination of sensitivity pattern of the isolates to various chemotherapeutic agents. A total of 190 specimens, which included rectal swabs (60), intestinal contents, portions of large and small intestines (92) and mesenteric lymph nodes (38) collected from live/dead animals were examined for enteric pathogens. From these specimens examined, 86 isolates of Escherichia coli (45.26 per cent), 39 Enterobacter cloacae (20.33 per cent) and two Salmonella (1.05 per cent) were obtained. Of all the E.coli isolates, only one (EC/11) was found to be haemolytic. In addition to the above specimens, eight samples of heart blood and 34 specimens of lung tissues collected from cases of gastroenteritis were also examined for the presence of bacterial organisms. Seven isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes (from lung tissues only), 15 isolates of Klebsiella Pneumoniae (from lung tissues only), and one isolate of Corynebacterium pyogenes (from lung tissues only) were obtained. The ability of haemolytic E.coli (EC/11) to produce necrotoxin on rabbit skin was tested and the lesions produced were of necrotic changes. The strain was also found to be pathogenic to mice when tested. One isolate of Salmonella (S/1) was also tested for its pathogenicity to mice, and found non – pathogenic. Enterotoxin production in rabbit ileal loop was studied with haemolytic (EC/11) and non – haemolytic (EC/15) E.coli. The test materials included peptone water culture, soft agar culture fluid and acetone precipitated culture fluid. The results of the experiment have shown that, non – haemolytic E.coli produced dilatation reaction, while the haemolytic E.coli did not. The lesions noticed in the ileal segments of positive reaction were typical of enteritis. Antibiotic sensitivity studies were conducted using 11 chemotherapeutic agents (Ampicillin, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nitrofuran, penicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline) on E.coli Salmonella and Enterobacter cloacae. The result showed that cent per cent isolates of E.coli were sensitive to gentamicin, 95.35 per cent to nitrofuran, 88.37 per cent to chloramphenicol, 60.47 per cent to kanamycin, 40.70 per cent to streptomycin, 8.14 per cent to tetracycline and 2.33 per cent to erythromycin. All the 39 isolates of Enterobacter closcae tested were sensitive to gentamicin and kanamycin, whereas 30 (76.92 per cent) were sensitive to chloramphenicol and nitrofuran and 15 (38.46 per cent) to streptomycin. The drugs of choice for Salmonella were found to be gentamicin, chloramphenicol, nitrofuran and streptomycin.