Browsing by Author "Shalini Pillai, P"

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Bridging productivity loss in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) through land configuration and intercropping
(Department of Agronomy ,College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2023-03-10) Shahana Begum.; Shalini Pillai, P
Customized nutrient management for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the Southern Laterites (AEU8)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2019) Sheeba, S S; Shalini Pillai, P
Efficacy and economics of weed management strategies in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2014) Reshma, R S; Shalini Pillai, P
The experiment entitled “Efficacy and economics of weed management strategies in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was undertaken at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvanthapuram, during January, 2013 to May, 2014. The main objectives of the study were to assess the extent of yield loss due to weeds in aerobic rice, to assess the most suitable weed management strategy for aerobic rice and to study the economic feasibility.The field experiment, laid out in randomised block design, comprised seven weed management practices (variety – Aiswarya) compared against a control (variety – MAS 946-1), replicated thrice. The treatments were W1: hand weeding (HW) at 15, 30 and 45 DAS (days after sowing) ,W2 : mechanical weeding, W3 : mechanical weeding with power weeder, W4 : mulching with straw @ 4 t ha-1,W5 : oxyfluorfen @ 0.15 kg a.i ha-1 + HW at 20 DAS, W6 : pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg a.i ha-1 + HW at 20 DAS, W7 : weedy check and Control (C): MAS 946 – 1, maintained weed-free by HW at 15, 30 and 45 DAS. The results of the study were as follows:The treatment, W5 (oxyfluorfen @ 0.15 kg a.i ha-1 + hand weeding at 20 DAS) was superior or equally effective as W1 (hand weeding 15, 30, 45 DAS) with respect to growth attributes and dry matter production of rice.Yield attributes were significantly superior at W5 (oxyfluorfen @ 0.15 kg a.i ha-1 + hand weeding at 20 DAS). Grain yield was maximum (3889 kg ha-1) with W1 (hand weeding 15, 30, 45 DAS) and remained at par (3500 kg ha-1) with W5. Harvest index also was highest for W1 and remained at par with W5.In general, broad leaved weeds were more, compared to grasses and sedges. The total weed density, weed dry matter production and nutrient removal by weeds were lesser at W5, which recorded the highest weed control efficiency.The net income and benefit cost ratio of Aiswarya (1.62) was significantly higher at W5. The treatments when compared against control, revealed the superiority of the aerobic rice variety MAS 946-1 with significantly higher tiller count, grain yield and net income.Considering the growth, yield attributes, yield and economics, the pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 0.15 kg a.i ha-1 followed by hand weeding at 20 DAS was effective in managing the weed problem in rice (variety Aiswarya) raised under aerobic condition.
Flag leaf nutrition for enhancing resource use efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2015) Surya, M S; Shalini Pillai, P
Growth and productivity of aerobic rice (oryza sativa L.) as influenced by pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs(PPFM)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2020) Aswathy, J C; Shalini Pillai, P
Integrated nutrient management for basmati rice(oryza sativa L) production
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2007) Tulasi, T; Shalini Pillai, P
A study entitled “Integrated nutrient management for basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) production” was undertaken at the Cropping Systems Research Centre, Karmana, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, from September 2006 to January 2007, with the main objective of evaluating the relative efficiency of different integrated nutrient management practices on the yield and quality of basmati rice. The experiment was laid out in (4 x 2) + 2 Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatments comprised two organic sources (M1- FYM, M2- FYM + neem cake) and four levels of inorganic substitution with organics (L1- 25 percent substitution, L2- 50 percent substitution, L3 - 75 percent substitution, L4 -100 percent substitution.) compared against two controls (absolute control, standard practice). The test variety was Pusa Basmati-1. The response of the growth characters (plant height, tiller count and LAI) was more pronounced with respect to the levels of substitution than the organic sources. Substituting the entire quantity of the standard dose of fertilizers (SDF) and 50 percent substitution of SDF with organics were more or less equally effective in boosting the vegetative growth of basmati rice. Between the two organic sources tried, the application of FYM and among the levels of substitution, 25 percent substitution recorded higher shoot biomass. The combined application of FYM + neem cake (M2) and 50 percent substitution of SDF with organics (L2) resulted in higher panicle biomass. The higher number of productive tillers, spikelets per panicle and a lower sterility percentage supported by substituting 50 percent of SDF with FYM + neem cake, reflected upon the grain yield also. This treatment combination was at par with the standard practice. Though the cooking properties were not influenced by INM, in general, the optimum cooking time was lower and the volume expansion and grain elongation ratios were higher at 50 percent substitution of SDF with organics. Integration of chemical fertilizers and organics maintained a higher crude protein and intermediate amylose content. The organoleptic test rankings were higher for 75 percent and 50 percent substitution with FYM + neem cake. Integrated nutrient management was observed to produce grains, which were as good as or even better than the market sample, with the respect to grain quality attributes studied. Application of FYM to the substitute chemical fertilizers resulted in higher uptake of nitrogen and potassium. The phosphorus uptake was maximum with 100 percent organic nutrition. The agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency of basmati rice improved significantly when 50 percent of the chemical fertilizers were applied as FYM + neem cake. This treatment was at par with the standard practice. The organic carbon, available nitrogen and available phosphorus status of the soil remained unaffected after the experiment. Application of FYM in conjunction with neem cake as a substitute for chemical fertilizers, improved the available potassium status of the soil. Considering organic sources tested, application of FYM was more remunerative than the combined application of FYM + neem cake. The effect of substitution on net income and BCR was not significant. Between the various treatment combinations including controls, the standard practice, 25 percent substitution of chemical fertilizers with FYM and 50 percent substitution fertilizers with FYM + neem cake were at par. The study indicated that the response of basmati rice to INM was at par with the standard practice. However, considering the multifaceted benefits of organics, on crop yield, quality and soil health, integrated nutrient management needs to be emphasized. Thus it could be concluded that, the treatment combination where in 50 percent of the standard dose of fertilizers was substituted with a combination of FYM and neem cake, was a better option than the application of chemical fertilizers alone for achieving higher yields and quality in basmati rice. Substituting the entire dose of chemical fertilizers with organics (L4) was found to improve the growth, yield, nitrogen use efficiency and nutrient uptake in basmati rice. The volume expansion and crude protein content were better at 100 percent organic nutrition. Thus the present study also revealed the possibility of adopting organic nutrition in basmati rice without any appreciable reduction in yield and quality.
Integrated nutrient management for rice based cropping systems of Onattukara tract
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1998) Shalini Pillai, P; Muraleedharan Nair, V
An investigation was carried out at the Rice Research Station, Kayamkulam to identify the most suitable rice based cropping system for the Onattukkara tract and to evolve a suitable ecologically and economically viable integrated nutrient management practice for the system. The experiment was laid out in a 4x6 factorial strip plot design and was carried for two consecutive years extending from April, 1994 to May 1996. The treatments consisted of four cropping systems (rice-rice-sesamum, rice-rice-groundnut, rice-rice-cowpea and rice-rice-bhindi) and six nutrient management levels (N1 farmers' practice, N2 - Package of practices recommendations, N3 three-fourth recommended N as chemical + one-fourth as FYM, N4 - three-fourth recommended N as chemical + one-fourth as FYM + Azospirillum, N5 - three-fourth recommended N as chemical + one-eighth as FYM + one-eighth as vermicompost and N6 - three fourth recommended N as chemical + one - eighth as FYM + one - eighth as vermicompost + Azospirillum). During the third crop season the treatments N2 to N6 was package of practices recommendations (for the respective crops) while N1 was farmers' practice itself. Among the different nutrient management levels tested, the treatment wherein one-fourth recommended N was substituted with FYM and vermicompost along with Azospirillum recorded the maximum grain yield for first crop rice and second crop rice (irrespective of cropping system). The same treatment also supported a better straw yield by maintaining a favourable grain:straw ratio. In ricc-rice-'sesamum, the production efficiency was highp.st when one-fourth recommended nitrogen was supplied through farmyard manure and vermicompost along with Azospirillum. The BCR was maximum when the same treatment was applied without Azospirillum. In rice-rice-groundnut, rice- rice cowpea and rice-rice-bhindi, the same trend followed. Rice-rice-bhindi cropping system recorded the maximum production efficiency followed by rice-rice-groundnut during both the years, and rice-rice-sesamum recorded the minimum value. The overall mean returns was maximum with the cropping system,rice- rice-groundnut. It was followed closely by the rice-rice-bhindi cropping system. While rice-rice-cowpea recorded the meaning of economic returns during the first year, rice- rice sesamum recorded the same during the second year. Studies on the physico-chemical properties of the soil showed that the cropping system, rice-rice-sesamum resulted in a slight increase in bulk density, water holding capacity and water stable aggregates. The organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus content of the soil increased, while the soil pH, available nitrogen and available potassium contents decreased. The cropping system, rice-rice- groundnut resulted in an increase in bulk density, water holding capacity, water stable aggregates, organic carbon, soil pH, total nitrogen and available phosphorus and a decrease in the available nitrogen and available potassium contents. While there was an increase in the water holding capacity, water stable aggregates, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available phosphorus there was a slight decrease in bulk density and soil pH in the cropping system, rice-rice- cowpea. The rice-rice-bhindi cropping system resulted in a decrease in the bulk density and soil pH and available potassium and an increase in the water holding capacity, water stable aggregates, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available phosphorus. The balance sheet of nitrogen showed•a positive balance in the cropping systems rice-rice-groundnut and rice- rice-cowpea and a negative balance in the other two systems. All the cropping systems tested resulted in a negative balance for available phosphorus and a positive balance for available potassium. The cropping system, rice-rice-groundnut was observed to be the most efficient one. followed by rice-rice-bhindi based on the productive efficiency, benefit cost ratio and soil sustainability. The marginal benefit cost ratio for the different nutrient management practices showed that the treatment comprising three fourth recommended dose of N as chemical + one-eighth as FYM + one-eighth as vermicompost (for first and second crop rice) and package of practices 1ecommendations for groundnut (third crop) was the most economic. However, for the rice-rice-bhindi cropping system, the package of practices recommendations was observed to be more economical.
Integrating nano and water - soluble fertilizers for rationalising nutrient management of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the southern laterites
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2024-11-30) Sakkeer Hussain, M; Shalini Pillai, P
The study entitled "Integrating nano and water-soluble fertilizers for rationalising nutrient management of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the Southern Laterites" was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2022-2024. The objectives were to assess the effect of nano-N, nano-P and water soluble fertilizers on the growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency of lowland rice and to work out the economics. The field experiment, laid out randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications, was undertaken at the Instructional Farm, Vellayani, from November 2023 to March 2024, with Uma (Mo 16) as the test variety. The treatments were T1: Nano-urea (0.4%) at active tillering (AT) + Nano-urea (0.4%) at panicle initiation (PI), T2: Nano-DAP (0.4%) at AT + Nano-DAP (0.4%) at PI, T3: Potassium nitrate (0.5%) at AT + Potassium nitrate (0.5%) at PI, T4: Nano-urea (0.4%) at AT + Nano-DAP (0.4%) at PI, T5: Nano-urea (0.4%) at AT + PSAP (0.4%) at PI , T6: Nano-urea (0.4%) at AT + Potassium nitrate (0.5%) at PI, T7: Urea (2.0 %) at AT + DAP (2.0%) at PI and T8: KAU POP. In all the treatments except T8, the recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus were reduced by 25 per cent and 50 per cent respectively. Foliar application of nano and water-soluble fertilizers significantly influenced the growth attributes of rice. Plants were taller (98.04 cm) at PI stage with nano urea (0. 4 %) at AT followed by Nano DAP (0. 4 %) at PI (T4). At flowering, plants were observed to be taller (111.10 cm) in T3 (0.5 % KNO3 at AT + PI). Comparatively taller plants (112.75 cm) were observed with T5 (0.4 % nano urea at AT + 0.4 % PSAP at PI) at harvest. Significantly more number of tillers per square metre at PI, flowering and harvest stages (556, 572 and 578 respectively) were noted in T5 (0.4 % Nano urea at AT + 0.4 % PSAP at PI). Similarly, T5 recorded a higher leaf area per hill at PI (977.13 cm2) and flowering stages (1148.80 cm2). Leaf area index at flowering and harvest stages were significantly higher (5.74 and 3.91 respectively) with nano urea (0.4 %) at AT followed by PSAP (0.4 %) at PI (T5). Flag leaf area per hill was also noted to be the highest (52.08 cm2) in T5. Further, leaf area duration from panicle initiation to flowering and flowering to harvest stages were found to be superior (154.16 days and 149.63 days respectively) in T5. Urea (2%) at AT followed by DAP (2%) at PI stages (T7), resulted in higher total dry matter production (11102 kg ha-1). Yield attributes including productive tillers per metre square (388), grains per panicle (202.33), and grain yield (5.44 t ha-1) were significantly higher with T5. Compared to KAU POP, T5 registered 8.15 per cent higher grain yield. Sterility percentage was less in T7 (2 % urea at AT + 2 % DAP at PI), which also recorded higher straw yield (7.39 t ha-1). Thousand grain weight and harvest index did not vary significantly in response to foliar nutrition. Chlorophyll content failed to vary significantly in response to foliar nutrition of nano and water-soluble fertilizers at flowering stage. Higher leaf nitrogen content (4.19 %) of rice plants at AT was observed in T5, whereas at flowering, T3 (0.4 % KNO3 at AT&PI) resulted in higher leaf nitrogen content (4.02 %). While N uptake was significantly higher (194.21 kg ha-1) in T6 (0.4 % nano-urea at AT + 0.5 % KNO3 at PI), P uptake (31.47 kg ha-1) and K uptake (317.01 kg ha-1) were observed to be superior in T7 (2 % urea at AT + 2 % DAP at PI) and T5 (0.4 % nano-urea at AT + 0.4 % PSAP at PI) respectively. Significant variation could not be observed in the crude protein content. Nutrient use efficiency in terms of partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE), physiological efficiency (PE) and apparent recovery efficiency (ARE) varied significantly with foliar nutrition. PFP and AE of N, P and K were noted to be significantly higher in T5. PFP in T5 was higher than KAU POP (8.12 per cent for N and 6.23 per cent each for P and K). However, T2 (0.4 % nano-DAP at AT + PI) resulted in significantly higher PEN and PEP, while PEK was higher in T3. AREN was the highest in T6, while AREP and AREK were higher in KAU POP (T8) and T5 respectively. Analysis of the post-experiment soil revealed higher soil reaction (5.93) with urea (2 %) at AT followed by DAP (2 %) at PI stage (T7), while significantly higher electrical conductivity (0.37 dS m-1) was observed with KAU POP (T8). The treatment, T5 (0.4 % nano-urea at AT + 0.4 % PSAP at PI) recorded higher (1.74 %) organic carbon content in the post-experiment soil. KAU POP (T8) was observed to leave the soil richer in available phosphorus (22.21 kg ha-1). However, available N and K of the post experiment soil did not show significant variation. Higher net income (₹ 76850 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.65) were obtained with foliar nutrition of urea (2 %) at AT followed by DAP (2 %) at PI (T7), which was at par with T5 (₹ 74303 ha-1, 1.61). From the experiment it was concluded that KAU POP recommendation for medium duration rice, with recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus reduced by 25 per cent and 50 per cent respectively, supplemented with foliar application of nano urea (0.4 %) at active tillering stage followed by PSAP (0.4 %) at panicle initiation stage could be recommended for better growth, yield, nutrient use efficiency and economics in lowland rice. However, the effects were comparable with supplementation of foliar nutrition with urea (2%) at active tillering stage followed by DAP (2%) at panicle initiation stage with respect to grain yield, net income and BC ratio.
Nitrogen use efficient varieties for enhanced productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2025-07-29) Merin Jose; Shalini Pillai, P
The research entitled “Nitrogen use efficient varieties for enhanced productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2021 to 2025. The objectives of the study were to screen selected rice varieties for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) based on germination and root characteristics, to evaluate the field performance of selected nitrogen-efficient rice varieties at graded doses of nitrogen (N), and to work out the economics. The study was conducted in three parts. The first part was a lab study wherein, 14 popular rice varieties released from Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) were screened for NUE based on germination characteristics. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with 14 varieties and 5 media, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised seven short duration varieties (SDVs) viz., v1- Makom (MO 9), v2- Prathyasa (MO 21), v3- KAU Manuratna, v4- Jyothi (PTB 39), v5- Harsha (PTB 55), v6- Varsha (PTB 56) and v7- Kanchana (PTB 50) and seven medium duration varieties (MDVs) viz., v8- Bhadra (MO 4), v9- Uma (MO 16), v10- Sreyas (MO 22), v11- Pournami (MO 23), v12- KAU Manuvarna, v13- Athira (PTB 51) and v14- Aiswarya (PTB 52), and Modified Arnon Hoagland (AH) media [(m1- AH media with urea (7.5 mM), m2 - AH media with ammonium chloride (15 mM), m3- AH media without N source, m4- AH media and m5 - distilled water]. In general, the presence of urea or any other additional source of N tends to inhibit germination. However, this inhibitory effect was not observed in the case of Harsha (v5) and Varsha (v6), as both varieties took 39 h each to reach 50 per cent germination in distilled water and in AH media with urea. In the case of MDVs, the germination of all the varieties were inhibited. The SDVs, viz., Varsha (v6), Harsha (v5) and Prathyasa (v2) had longer shoots (10.25 cm ± 1.27 cm, 7.95 cm ± 0.52 cm and 6.63 cm ± 0.79 cm respectively) in the presence of urea as compared to distilled water. In the case of MDVs, Aiswarya (v14), Athira (v13), Sreyas (v10) and Uma (v9) produced longer shoots (9.20 cm ± 0.36 cm, 8.20 cm ± 0.39 cm, 8.13cm ± 0.85 cm and 6.53 cm ± 0.75 cm respectively) in the presence of urea as compared to distilled water. In the presence of urea, Varsha (v6) and Harsha (v5) recorded longer roots (9.13 cm ± 1.91 cm and 9.03 cm ± 2.78 cm). With respect to MDVs, Sreyas (v10) recorded longer roots (12 cm ± 0.28 cm) and this was on par (11.73 cm) with that under distilled water. Higher seedling dry weight (23.15 mg ± 2.25 mg) was recorded in Varsha (v6) which was on par with Kanchana (v7), Harsha (v5) and Jyothi (v4). In the presence of urea, Uma (v9) recorded higher seedling dry weight (23 mg ± 1.83 mg) which was on par with Aiswarya (v14), Sreyas (v10) and KAU Manuvarna (v12). Urease enzyme activity was found to be the highest (0.59 ± 0.01) mM NH4+ min-1 g-1 in Varsha (v6) followed by Harsha (v5). A similar trend was observed in urea and NH₄Cl, where Varsha (v6) recorded higher urease enzyme activity than Harsha (v5). In case of MDVs, urease enzyme activity was the highest (0.47 ± 0.01) mM NH4+ min-1 g-1 in Aiswarya (v14) followed by Sreyas (v10). Seedling vigour index I (SVI I) was higher in Varsha (v6) followed by Harsha (v5) and higher seedling vigour index II (SVI II) was recorded by Kanchana (v7), followed by Varsha (v6) and Harsha (v5). In case of MDVs, Aiswarya (v14) recorded higher SVI I (885.15), followed by Sreyas(v10) (717.28). Whereas, Sreyas (v10) recorded higher SVI II (2288.25) which was followed by Aiswarya (v14) (2278.50). The second part of the study comprised screening the 14 rice varieties in field, under two contrasting N levels. It was carried out in the wetlands of the Integrated Farming System Research Station (IFSRS), Karamana, during June to October 2023. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design (RBD) with the 14 varieties at two levels of nitrogen (n0- 0 % RDN and n1- 100 % RDN), replicated thrice. Among the SDVs, Harsha (v5) and Varsha (v6) and among MDVs, Sreyas (v10) and Aiswarya (v14) proved superior in terms of growth attributes including plant height, tillers m-2, rooting depth and root volume. The same trend was observed in yield attributes and yield. The lower percentage in yield reduction observed in Harsha (23.89%), Varsha (22.50%), Sreyas (27.89%) and Aiswarya (20.61%) at zero per cent RDN compared to 100 per cent RDN pointed towards their higher NUE. These varieties also exhibited higher root dry weight efficiency index (RDWEI) which is also an indicator of NUE. The Partial factor productivity of N (PFPN) also exhibited a similar trend. Based on the cumulative ranking of germination traits (part I) and RDWEI, yield and PFPN (part II) the varieties Harsha, Varsha, Sreyas and Aiswarya were chosen as promising candidates for further field evaluation aimed at validating their production potential, NUE and profitability. The third part of the study entitled ‘Field evaluation of nitrogen- efficient rice varieties’ was also conducted at IFSRS, Karamana from November 2023 to February 2024 (second crop 2023-’24 referred to as season I) and July to November 2024 (first crop 2024 ’25 referred to as season II). The field performance of the four nitrogen-efficient rice varieties chosen from part I and part II were assessed at graded levels of recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four main plots (n1- 100 % RDN, n2 - 75 % RDN, n3 - 50 % RDN and n4- absolute control) and four sub plots [v1- Harsha (PTB 55), v2- Varsha (PTB 56), v3- Sreyas (MO 22) and v4- Aiswarya (PTB 52)], replicated four times. The results revealed that during seasons I and II, while Harsha at 100% RDN (n1v1) recorded the highest grain yield (4567 kg ha-1 ± 64 kg ha-1 and 4703 kg ha-1 ± 35 kg ha-1 respectively), the yield of Varsha at 100% RDN (n1v2) (4507 kg ha-1 ± 81 kg ha-1 and 4720 kg ha-1 ± 89 kg ha-1) and 75 per cent RDN (n2v2) (4440 kg ha-1 ± 82 kg ha-1 and 4603 kg ha-1 ± 68 kg ha-1) were statistically comparable. The MDVs, Sreyas and Aiswarya also behaved in a similar manner with comparable yields at 100 per cent RDN and 75 per cent RDN. Chlorophyll content was significantly the highest at 100 % RDN in Harsha, Varsha and Sreyas throughout the growth stages. Whereas in Aiswarya, the chlorophyll content at 100 per cent RDN was statistically comparable to that at 75 per cent RDN. In terms of NUE indices, all the four varieties exhibited significantly higher PFPN and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (AEN) at 50 per cent RDN. However, during season II AEN of both Varsha and Aiswarya at 50 per cent RDN and 75 per cent RDN were comparable. Harsha recorded the highest BCR (1.41± 0.02 and 1.45± 0.01) at 100% RDN (n1v1), while, Varsha recorded the same (1.42 ± 0.03 and 1.49 ± 0.02) at 75 per cent RDN (n2v2). Among the MDVs, Sreyas and Aiswarya recorded higher BCR at 75 per cent RDN. Screening of 14 popular rice varieties released from KAU based on germination characters, RDWEI and PFPN showed that the short duration varieties viz., Harsha (PTB 55) and Varsha (PTB 56) and the medium duration varieties viz., Sreyas (MO 22) and Aiswarya (PTB 55) could be considered as nitrogen efficient. Field evaluation of the nitrogen efficient varieties showed that while the productivity and profitability of Varsha could be sustained at 75 per cent RDN, the variety Harsha required 100 per cent RDN. The study also revealed that, the recommended dose of N (90 kg ha-1) for the nitrogen efficient MDVs, could be reduced by 25 per cent without compromising yield and profitability.
Nutrient budgeting in rice based farming system
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2017) Reshma, M R; Shalini Pillai, P
Nutrient scheduling for baby corn (Zea mays L.) intercropped in coconut garden
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2016) Vinod Mavarkar; Shalini Pillai, P
The experiment entitled “Nutrient scheduling for baby corn (Zea mays L.) intercropped in coconut garden” was undertaken at the Coconut Research Station, Balaramapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, during the summer season (March to May), 2015. The main objectives of the study were to standardize the nutrient schedule for baby corn intercropped in coconut garden and to work out the economics. The field experiment was laid out in randomised block design with 10 treatments replicated thrice, using the baby corn hybrid, G 5414 as the test variety. The treatments comprised combinations of 3 nutrient doses, 3 split application schedules and a control. The treatments were T1 : 100:40:60 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ½ N and ½ K at 25 DAS); T2 : 100:40:60 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ½ N and ½ K at 45 DAS); T3 : 100:40:60 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal; ¼ N and ¼ K at 25 DAS; ¼ N and ¼ K at 45 DAS); T4 : 150:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal; ½ N and ½ K at 25 DAS); T5 : 150:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ½ N and ½ K at 45 DAS); T6 : 150:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ¼ N and ¼ K at 25 DAS; ¼ N and ¼ K at 45 DAS); T7 : 135:65:45 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ½ N and ½ K at 25 DAS); T8 : 135:65:45 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ½ N and ½ K at 45 DAS); T9 : 135:65:45 kg NPK ha-1 (Basal + ¼ N and ¼ K at 25 DAS; ¼ N and ¼ K at 45 DAS) and T10 : control. Farm yard manure @ 12.5 t ha-1 was applied uniformly to all the treatments, including control. The ½ N + ½ K were given as basal and entire dose of phosphorus was applied basally to the treatments T1 to T9. The results indicated that nutrient doses and spilt application (nutrient schedule) had significant effect on growth, growth attributes, yield attributes and yield of baby corn. The treatment T7 (135:65:45 kg NPK ha-1 ; ½ N + ½ K basal; ½ N + ½ K at 25 DAS) recorded significantly higher Plant height (125.16 cm) at 30 days after emergence (DAE), number of leaves per plant at 45 DAE (11.89), leaf area index at 15 (0.36), 30 (2.25) and 45 DAE (4.28) and dry matter production (24203.70 kg ha-1). Significant difference was not observed in the number of days taken by the crop to reach 50 per cent tasseling, 50 per cent silking, maturity and in the number of harvests. The yield attributes viz., cob length (11.60 cm), cob girth (5.30 cm) and cob weight with husk (84.22 g plant-1) recorded significantly higher values at T7. Similar results were recorded in cob yield with husk (17162 kg ha-1), marketable cob yield (6721 kg ha-1) and green stover yield (26204 kg ha-1). All the above yield attributes (except cob weight with husk) were on a par with T4 (150:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 ; ½ N + ½ K basal; ½ N + ½ K at 25 DAS). The number of cobs per plant and the cob – corn ratio remained unaffected by the treatments. Agronomic efficiency (AE) which is a reflection of all the other agronomic indices, showed significant variation with nutrient schedule. AE of nitrogen (30.95 kg kg-1), phosphorus (64.28 kg kg-1) and potassium (92.86 kg kg-1) were significantly higher at T7. AE of phosphorus and potassium remained at par with T4. The chlorophyll content in leaf tissue at 25 DAS (0.61 mg g-1) and 45 DAS (2.20 mg g-1) and the total soluble sugar (TSS) in cob (9.67oB) were also significantly higher in T7. The treatment, T6 recorded significantly higher crude protein content in cob (13.11 per cent) and was on a par with T4. The crude fibre content of cob was significantly superior (8.82 per cent) in T4 and T7. Nutrient uptake (N, P, K) was significantly superior in T7. The superior treatments, T7 and T4 recorded positive balance for N (5.34 kg ha-1; 17.30 kg ha-1) and P (12.34 kg ha-1; 12.54 kg ha-1) and a negative balance for K (-13.15 kg ha-1; -8.68 kg ha-1). Gross income ( 2,68,827 ha-1), net income ( 1,90,367 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (3.43) were significantly higher in T7. The study revealed that application of FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 + 135:65:45 kg NPK ha-1 (½ N + full P + ½ K as basal ; ½ N + ½ K at 25 DAS) resulted in significantly higher marketable cob yield, nutrient use efficiency and profitability in baby corn variety G 5414, intercropped in coconut garden.
Production potential of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in lowland ecosystem
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2012) Sneha S Mohan; Shalini Pillai, P
Production potential of sesamum -cowpea intercropping as influenced by row configuration and nutrient management
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2024-01-19) Sabitha, B; Shalini Pillai, P
The study entitled “Production potential of sesamum - cowpea intercropping as influenced by row configuration and nutrient management” was undertaken at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2021-2023. The objectives were to assess the productivity and biological efficiency of intercropping sesamum with cowpea at varying row ratios and nutrient management, to evaluate the effect of intercropping on nutrient balance sheet of the soil, and to work out the economics of the system. The field experiment was carried out at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, from February 2023 to May, 2023. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design with 3 x 2 x 2 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised combinations of three levels of N (n1-100 % RDN, n2-75 % RDN, n3-50 % RDN), two row ratios (r1-4:2, r2-6:3) and application of AMF (a1-without AMF, a2-with AMF). Sole crops of sesamum and cowpea raised for computing the intercropping indices. The varieties used for the study were Thilak (ACV-3) and PGCP-6 respectively for sesamum and cowpea. The fertilizer recommendation followed for sesamum was 30:15:30 kg NPK ha-1 and that for cowpea was 20:30:10 kg NPK ha-1 for cowpea. All other cultural practices were carried out as per the Kerala Agricultural University Package of Practices (KAU POP) recommendations. The treatment, n1 (100 % RDN) resulted in the highest dry matter production (7375 kg ha-1 ) of sesamum, and higher dry matter production (DMP) (7740 kg ha-1 ) of cowpea which was comparable with n2 (7150 kg ha-1 ). The treatment, n3 (50 % RDN) resulted in higher root depth (19.25 cm) of sesamum. The row ratio, 4:2 (r1) recorded the highest leaf area per plant (775.33 cm2 ) and LAI (2.10) in sesamum at 30 DAS. Sesamum planted at 6:3 row ratio (r2) recorded the highest root volume of (8.29 cm3 ). In cowpea, the highest leaf area per plant (849.01 cm2 ) and LAI (2.26) were recorded in the absence of AMF (a1), at 45 DAS. The treatment, a2 (with AMF), resulted in more primary branches (3.42) in sesamum at harvest. Among the N x R x A interactions, n1r1a2 resulted in higher DMP (9286 kg ha-1 ) in sesamum. The treatment, n1 resulted in significantly the higher stover yield (3053 kg ha-1 ) of sesamum. In cowpea, the treatment, n1 recorded significantly higher hundred seed weight (12.49g), haulm yield (5447 kg ha-1 ), and harvest index (HI) (0.23) and the highest number of pods per plant (34.4) and seed yield (1647 kg ha-1 ). The same treatment recorded more number of capsules per plant (77.7), the highest seed weight per plant (9.1 g) and HI (0.32) in sesamum. Sesamum exhibited more number of capsules per plant (66.42) and the highest seed weight per plant (8.36 g) at 6:3 row ratio (r2). The treatment without AMF (a1) resulted in the highest haulm yield (5369 kg ha-1 ) of cowpea, while and treatments with AMF (a2) resulted in the highest seed weight per plant (8.44 g) of sesamum, and test weight (12.22 g) and HI (0.24) of cowpea. Among the N x R x A interactions, n2r2a1 (75% RDN at 6:3 row ratio without AMF) resulted in higher seed weight per plant (10.7 g) and n2r2a2 resulted in more number of capsules per plant (87.5) in sesamum. The higher land equivalent ratio (2.40), relative crowding coefficient (66.18), sesamum equivalent yield (1801 kg ha-1 ) and percentage yield difference (1.48) were recorded with n1r2a1 (100 % RDN at 6:3 row ratio without AMF). Irrespective of the treatments cowpea showed higher aggressivity than sesamum. While the treatment combinations, n2r2a1 and n3r2a1 recorded the higher competition ratio for sesamum (0.61) and cowpea (3.27) respectively, n3r1a1 recorded the higher competition index (0.14). The treatment, n1 and the treatment combination, n1r1a2 resulted in the higher uptake of P (19.66 kg ha-1 , 24.85 kg ha-1 ) and K (44.84 kg ha-1 , 62 kg ha-1 ) in sesamum. Higher N uptake was noted with n2 and n2r2a1 (84.58 kg ha-1 , 102.3 kg ha-1 ). Among the levels of N, n1 (100% RDN) resulted in the higher N (242.35 kg ha-1 ), P (35.35 kg ha-1 ) and K (111.73 kg ha-1 ) uptake of cowpea. Potassium uptake of cowpea was the highest (114.60 kg ha-1 ) without AMF (a1). The NPK uptake of sesamum + cowpea were higher at 100 per cent RDN (324.51 kg N ha-1 , 54.98 kg P ha-1 , 156.59 kg K ha1 ). The higher K uptake of the intercropping system (153.94 kg ha-1 ) was noted in the absence of AMF (a1). The highest soil available P was recorded with the treatment n1 (70.53 kg ha-1 ) and the interaction n1a2 (72.55 kg ha-1 ). The treatments, r1 and a2 resulted in the highest available N (327.45 kg ha-1 , 329.57 kg ha-1 ) and P (67.08 kg ha-1 , 68.98 kg ha-1 ). Among N x R x A interactions, n2r1a2, n1r1a2 and n2r2a1 resulted in the higher net gain in available N (365.32 kg ha-1 ), P (40.92 kg ha-1 ), and K (212.37 kg ha-1 ) respectively. The highest partial factor productivity (PFP) of sesamum (37.28 kg kg-1 ) and cowpea (40.25 kg kg-1 ) and were observed with n2 and n1 respectively, whereas, the higher PFP (68.84 kg kg-1 ) of sesamum + cowpea was observed with n2. The treatment, n2 (50% RDN) resulted in the higher net income (₹29,7256 ha-1 ) and benefit cost ratio (3.14). Among the first order interactions, n1r2, r2a1 and n2a2 recorded the higher net income (₹29,4138 ha-1 , ₹26,0133 ha-1 and ₹29,5137 ha-1 ) and benefit cost ratio (3.28, 3.00 and 3.27). The monetary equivalent ratio of sesamum + cowpea was higher (133.08) with the treatment combination, n1r2a1. The results of the present study revealed the potential of sesamum + cowpea intercropping system to become productive and efficient. Irrespective of the treatments, the intercropping system resulted in positive nutrient balance sheet. Considering the sesamum equivalent yield, land equivalent ratio, percentage yield difference and economics, sesamum + cowpea at 6: 3 row ratio with recommended dose of nutrients as per the KAU POP (n1r2a1) could be a viable option for higher productivity and profitability.
Productivity analysis of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its impact on green house gas emission
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2014) Jinsy, V S; Shalini Pillai, P
Productivity and biological efficiency of intercropping finger millet (eleusine coracana(l.) gaertn.) with pulses
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2020) Dhimmagudi Ramamohan Reddy; Shalini Pillai, P
The study entitled “Productivity and biological efficiency of intercropping finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) with pulses” was undertaken at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2018 – 2020. The main objectives were to assess the productivity of intercropping finger millet with pulses, to study the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the performance of finger millet under intercropping and to work out the biological efficiency and economics of the intercropping systems. The field experiment was carried out at the Integrated Farming System Research Station, Karamana, during February to May 2020. The study comprised intercropping finger millet (var. PPR 2700) with three pulses, viz., green gram (var. CO 8), black gram (var. DU 1) and cowpea (var. Kanakamony), in the ratio 4:1. Finger millet was raised with and without AMF. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design with 11 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments were T1 – finger millet as sole crop (without AMF), T2 – finger millet as sole crop (with AMF), T3 – finger millet (without AMF) + green gram; T4 – finger millet (with AMF) + green gram, T5 – finger millet (without AMF) + black gram, T6 – finger millet (with AMF) + black gram, T7 – finger millet (without AMF) + cowpea, T8 – finger millet (with AMF) + cowpea and T9, T10 and T11 were sole crops of green gram, black gram and cowpea respectively. The results of the study revealed that sole crop of finger millet inoculated with AMF (T2) resulted in significantly taller plants, higher tiller count, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter production, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, productive tiller count, ear length, finger length, grain yield per plant, grain yield (2.03 t ha-1) and straw yield (4.76 t ha-1). Among the intercropping systems tested, T8 (finger millet with AMF + cowpea) produced higher productive tiller count (2.90 per plant), longer ears (11.47 cm), finger length, grain yield per plant, grain yield (1.64 t ha-1) and straw yield (3.82 t ha-1). Growth, growth attributes, yield attributes and yield of pulses varied significantly with intercropping. Leaf area index was superior with sole cropping. Among the intercropping treatments, intercropping of finger millet (with AMF) + pulses resulted in significantly superior LAI and dry matter production. In general, among the three pulses tested, rooting depth and root volume were higher for cowpea than green gram and black gram. Number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod were significantly more in sole crop of green gram. In the case of cowpea, T8 produced significantly more number of seeds per pod. Seed yield, haulm yield and harvest index were observed to be significantly superior for the sole crop of pulses. . Sole crop of cowpea (T11) resulted in significantly lower weed density (98.62 m-2) and weed dry weight (22.97 g m-2). Finger millet inoculated with AMF recorded lower weed dry weight, irrespective of the pulse intercropped. Weed smothering efficiency was the highest for finger millet intercropped with cowpea. Land equivalent ratio (1.59) and relative crowding coefficient (16.01) were the highest for T7, followed by T8. While area time equivalent ratio and percentage yield difference were higher in T8, competition index was lower. All the three pulses exhibited dominance as indicated by positive (+) aggressivity, the highest being for cowpea (+ 0.54). Competition ratio also followed the same trend. Finger millet (with AMF) + cowpea (T8) had the highest (3388 kg ha-1) finger millet equivalent yield (FMEY) followed by T7. Irrespective of the pulse intercropped, inoculating finger millet with AMF enhanced the FMEY. The treatment, T8 (finger millet with AMF + cowpea) resulted in significantly higher uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Sole crop of cowpea registered significantly higher available nitrogen content in soil after the experiment. Among the intercropping systems, T8 and T6 resulted in considerably higher available nitrogen and available phosphorus respectively. Gross returns, net returns and monetary equivalent ratio were higher in T8 (finger millet with AMF + cowpea). Inoculating finger millet with AMF resulted in higher net returns and benefit cost ratio. The present study revealed that intercropping finger millet with pulses resulted in higher overall productivity. Inoculating finger millet with AMF at the rate of 10 kg ha-1 enhanced the growth and yield of the crop. Intercropping cowpea in finger millet (inoculated with AMF) in the ratio 4:1, resulted in higher crop equivalent yield and economics.
Productivity and biological efficiency of sorghum + cowpea in response to row configuration and biofertilizers
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2024-11-27) Kasapogu Rachel Madhurima; Shalini Pillai, P
The study entitled “Productivity and biological efficiency of sorghum + cowpea in response to row configuration and biofertilizers” was undertaken at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2022-2024. The objectives were to assess the performance of sorghum + cowpea intercropping system at varying row configuration, to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Rhizobium on the competitive behaviour of intercrops and to work out the economics of the system. The field experiment was carried out at the Instructional Farm, Vellayani, from December 2023 to April 2024. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design with 3 x 4 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised combinations of three row ratios (r1-1:1, r2-1:2, r3- 2:1) and four levels of biofertilizer (b0 – No biofertilizer, b1- AMF, b2 – Rhizobium, b3 – AMF + Rhizobium). The inoculation of AMF and Rhizobium was done for sorghum and cowpea respectively. Sole crops of sorghum and cowpea were raised for computing the intercropping indices. The varieties used for the study were CO-32 (sorghum) and Kanakamony (cowpea). Except nutrient recommendation for sorghum (50:25:75 kg NPK ha-1), all other management practices of both sorghum and cowpea were carried out as per the Kerala Agricultural University Package of Practices (KAU POP) recommendations. Sorghum intercropped with cowpea in 2:1 row ratio (r3) resulted in significantly higher leaf area per plant, dry matter production (DMP), grains per panicle (424.13 nos), grain yield (3122 kg ha-1), and green stover yield (11731 kg ha-1) of sorghum. The treatment b3 (AMF + Rhizobium) resulted in the highest DMP (6270 kg ha-1), grains per panicle (384.49 nos), grain yield (2909 kg ha-1) and green stover yield (11595 kg ha-1) of sorghum. The application of AMF + Rhizobium resulted in a 2.34 per cent higher yield of sorghum than its sole crop. The treatment combination r3b1 (2:1 + AMF) resulted in the highest DMP, grains per panicle and grain yield of sorghum. Rooting depth (13.33 cm) and DMP of cowpea (3254 kg ha-1) were observed to be higher in r3 (2:1 row ratio). Application of Rhizobium alone (b2) resulted in deeper roots in cowpea (11.93 cm). Cowpea raised as intercrop in sorghum in 1:2 ratio along with Rhizobium (r2b2) resulted in more number of nodules per plant (21.93), which was 51.24 per cent more than the sole crop. Significantly higher yield of cowpea (1498 kg ha-1) was observed in r2 (1:2 row ratio). Application of AMF (b1) resulted in higher seed yield (1571 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2334 kg ha-1) of cowpea. The treatment combination r1b1 (cowpea raised as intercrop in sorghum in 1:1 row ratio along with AMF) exhibited the highest number of pods per plant (9.73) and seeds per pod (10.60) and consequently the highest seed yield (1765 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2477 kg ha-1) of cowpea. The treatment combination r1b1 recorded 32.5 per cent and 16.56 per cent higher seed yield and haulm yield respectively, when compared to the sole crop of cowpea. At 15 DAS and 30 DAS, the weed density was observed to be lower (7.08 m-2, 14.33 m-2) in r2 (1:2 row ratio). Application of AMF + Rhizobium (b3) resulted in the least weed dry matter at 45 DAS (18.00 g m-2). Sorghum + cowpea at 1:1 row ratio with Rhizobium (r1b2) resulted in lower weed DMP at 15 DAS and 30 DAS. Higher LER (1.93) was observed in the treatment r3b1 (sorghum intercropped with cowpea in 2:1 ratio along with AMF). Aggressivity values of cowpea in combination with sorghum were positive irrespective of biofertilizer application. Competition index (-0.05), sorghum equivalent yield (6411 kg ha-1) and percentage yield difference (117.93 %) were higher in r1b1 (sorghum intercropped with cowpea in 1:1 row ratio along with AMF). The competition ratio was observed to be higher (0.91) in r2b3 (1:2 ratio along with AMF and rhizobium) for sorghum and r1b0 (1:1 ratio without biofertilizer) for cowpea (2.82). The NPK uptake of sorghum + cowpea system (133.33 kg ha-1, 24.88 kg ha-1 and 92.08 kg ha-1) were observed to be higher in r3 (2:1 row ratio). While AMF application (b1) resulted in significantly higher N and P uptake, AMF + Rhizobium showed higher K uptake. The crude protein in sorghum grains and cowpea seeds was higher (10.16 %, 23.33 %) in r2b1 and r3b2 respectively. Iron and copper content in sorghum grains were observed to be higher with the application of AMF (b1) (5.29 mg 100 g-1 and 0.33 mg 100 g-1) Application of Rhizobium (b2) resulted in higher manganese content in sorghum grains (1.77 mg 100 g-1).While the calcium content in sorghum grains was higher in r2b1 (1:2 + AMF), the content of manganese was noted to be higher in r1b2 (1:1 + Rhizobium). . Post-experiment soil analysis revealed higher organic carbon, electrical conductivity and available P in r1b2. The available N and K status were observed to be higher in r3b1 (246.33 kg ha-1) and r2b1 (275.20 kg ha-1) respectively. The soil pH was observed to be higher (5.77) in r2b0, which was 0.31 units higher than the initial pH (5.46). Sorghum + cowpea in 1:1 ratio along with AMF (r1b1) resulted in higher net income (₹126922 ha-1) and monetary equivalent ratio (MER) (2.06). However, benefit cost ratio was observed to be higher (2.00) in r3b0 (sorghum + cowpea in 2:1 row ratio without biofertilizer) and r3b1 (sorghum + cowpea in 2:1 row ratio along with AMF). From the experiment it was concluded that compared to the respective sole crops, sorghum + cowpea intercropping system excelled in terms of overall productivity and biological efficiency. In terms of land equivalent ratio, sorghum + cowpea (2:1) along with AMF (r3b1) was more productive. However, considering the sorghum equivalent yield, percentage yield difference, net income and monetary equivalent ratio, intercropping sorghum with cowpea in 1:1 row ratio along with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could be recommended as a viable combination for higher productivity and profitability.
Productivity and nutritional quality of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) as influenced by integrated nutrient management
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2021-10-13) Rabeen Abdul Gafoor; Shalini Pillai, P
The study entitled “Productivity and nutritional quality of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) as influenced by integrated nutrient management” was undertaken at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2019 – 2021. The main objectives were to assess the effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth, yield and nutritional quality of finger millet and to work out the economics. The field experiment carried out from January to April 2021, was laid out in randomised block design with 10 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised combinations of five levels of substitution (s1 : 100 % RDF (recommended dose of fertilizers) as inorganic; s2 : 75 % RDN (recommended dose of nitrogen) as inorganic + 25 % RDN as vermicompost; s3 : 50 % RDN as inorganic + 50 % RDN as vermicompost; s4 : 25 % RDN as inorganic + 75 % RDN as vermicompost; s5 : 100 % RDF as organic, half each as vermicompost and farmyard manure respectively on nitrogen equivalent basis) and two levels of biofertilizer (b0 : without PGPR Mix-I; b1 : with PGPR Mix-I). The finger millet variety used for the study was PPR 2700 (Vakula) and the fertilizer recommendation was 45: 22.5: 22.5 kg NPK ha-1 . The results of the study revealed that plant height and tiller count recorded with s1 and s2 were significantly higher and comparable, at 30 DAS and 60 DAS. The treatment s1 resulted in significantly higher leaf area index (LAI) at 30 DAS (0.542), 60 DAS (3.187) and at harvest (4.087), and was followed by s2. While the crop reached 50 per cent flowering stage earlier (56.33 days) in s1, it took longer to flower (60.33 days) in s5 (100% RDF as organic). The treatment s4 recorded significantly higher total dry matter production (DMP) (4270 kg ha-1 ) at harvest and remained at par with s2 (4048 kg ha-1 ). Application of PGPR Mix-I (b1) resulted in significantly taller plants with superior tiller production and LAI at 30 DAS (54.68 cm, 2.16 tillers per plant, 0.515), 60 DAS (86.03 cm, 3.31 tillers per plant, 3.039) and at harvest (93.25 cm, 4.49 tillers per plant, 3.986). Total DMP at harvest (3975 kg ha-1 ) was also superior with b1. Interaction effect was significant for LAI at harvest, with s1b1 (4.327) and s2b1 (4.237) remaining comparable. The number of productive tillers per plant, fingers per ear, grain yield per plant and grain yield ha-1 were significantly higher (2.22, 8.73, 6.18g, 1381 kg ha-1 ) in s2 (75% RDN as inorganic + 25% as vermicompost). The treatment s4, resulted in significantly higher straw yield (3693 kg ha-1 ) and was on a par with s2. Yield attributes and yield responded significantly (2.11, 8.47, 6.08 g, 1389 kg ha-1 ) to the application of PGPR Mix-I (b1). The treatment combination, s2b1 recorded significantly higher grain yield (1504 kg ha-1 ). Significantly higher harvest index was recorded with s1 (0.31) and b1 (0.30). Partial factor productivity (PFP) of nitrogen was found to be significantly higher (30.68 kg kg-1 ) in s2. While physiological efficiency of nitrogen was superior with s1 (38.01 kg kg-1 ), apparent recovery efficiency (ARE) was higher (0.66 kg kg-1 ) with s4. Application of PGPR Mix-I (b1) resulted in higher PFP (30.87 kg kg-1 ), agronomic efficiency (AE) (21.79 kg kg-1 ) and ARE (0.61 kg kg-1 ) for nitrogen. Among the interactions, PFP of nitrogen was significantly higher (33.42 kg kg-1 ) in s2b1. The treatment combination, s5b1 (100 % RDF as organic + PGPR Mix-I) recorded significantly higher AE for nitrogen (24.16 kg kg-1 ). Significantly higher uptake of nitrogen (46.23 kg ha-1 ), phosphorus (10.38 kg ha-1 ) and potassium (49.28 kg ha-1 ) were observed in s4. The treatments, s4 and s2 remained at par with respect to nitrogen uptake. Nitrogen uptake (46.38 kg ha-1 ) and phosphorus uptake (9.65 kg ha-1 ) were significantly higher with the application of PGPR Mix-I. The treatment combination, s4b1 (25% RDN as inorganic + 75% as vermicompost + PGPR Mix-I) recorded significantly higher phosphorus uptake (10.65 kg ha-1 ). It was comparable with s4b0 and followed by s2b1. Post-harvest analysis did not show any significant variation in the soil chemical properties. Energy content in grains was higher (257 Kcal 100g-1 ) in s1 and s2. Calcium content was significantly higher (331mg 100g-1 ) in s4. The content of phytate and polyphenols were superior in s1 (638.66mg 100g-1 ) and s2 (102.67mg 100g-1 ) respectively. Application of PGPR Mix-I had no significant effect on the nutritional quality of finger millet. The treatment combination s4b0 yielded significantly higher calcium in grains (331.34mg 100g-1 ) and was on a par with s4b1, s3b0, s5b1, s2b1 and s5b0. Significantly higher net returns and benefit cost ratio (BCR) were recorded with s1 (₹23079 ha-1 , 1.60) and b1 (₹12172 ha-1 , 1.27). The treatment combinations s1b1, s1b0 and s2b1 were comparable. Integrating organics with inorganics was observed to improve the nutritional quality of finger millet. Considering the yield and comparable economics, application of 75 per cent RDN as inorganic in conjunction with 25 per cent RDN as vermicompost on nitrogen equivalent basis, supplemented with PGPR Mix-I (talc based formulation at 30 kg ha-1 in three splits- basal, 15 DAS, 30 DAS) could be recommended for the cultivation of finger millet during the summer season in southern Kerala.
Productivity And Nutritional Quality Of Finger Millet (Eleusine Coracana (L.) Gaertn.) as Influenced By Integrated Nutrient Management
(Department Of Agronomy, College Of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2021-09-20) Rabeen Abdul Gafoor; Shalini Pillai, P
Abstract The study entitled “Productivity and nutritional quality of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) as influenced by integrated nutrient management” was undertaken at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2019 – 2021. The main objectives were to assess the effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth, yield and nutritional quality of finger millet and to work out the economics. The field experiment carried out from January to April 2021, was laid out in randomised block design with 10 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised combinations of five levels of substitution (s1 : 100 % RDF (recommended dose of fertilizers) as inorganic; s2 : 75 % RDN (recommended dose of nitrogen) as inorganic + 25 % RDN as vermicompost; s3 : 50 % RDN as inorganic + 50 % RDN as vermicompost; s4 : 25 % RDN as inorganic + 75 % RDN as vermicompost; s5 : 100 % RDF as organic, half each as vermicompost and farmyard manure respectively on nitrogen equivalent basis) and two levels of biofertilizer (b0 : without PGPR Mix-I; b1 : with PGPR Mix-I). The finger millet variety used for the study was PPR 2700 (Vakula) and the fertilizer recommendation was 45: 22.5: 22.5 kg NPK ha-1. The results of the study revealed that plant height and tiller count recorded with s1 and s2 were significantly higher and comparable, at 30 DAS and 60 DAS. The treatment s1 resulted in significantly higher leaf area index (LAI) at 30 DAS (0.542), 60 DAS (3.187) and at harvest (4.087), and was followed by s2. While the crop reached 50 per cent flowering stage earlier (56.33 days) in s1, it took longer to flower (60.33 days) in s5 (100% RDF as organic). The treatment s4 recorded significantly higher total dry matter production (DMP) (4270 kg ha-1) at harvest and remained at par with s2 (4048 kg ha-1). Application of PGPR Mix-I (b1) resulted in significantly taller plants with superior tiller production and LAI at 30 DAS (54.68 cm, 2.16 tillers per plant, 0.515), 60 DAS (86.03 cm, 3.31 tillers per plant, 3.039) and at harvest (93.25 cm, 4.49 tillers per plant, 3.986). Total DMP at harvest (3975 kg ha-1) was also superior with b1. Interaction effect was significant for LAI at harvest, with s1b1 (4.327) and s2b1 (4.237) remaining comparable. The number of productive tillers per plant, fingers per ear, grain yield per plant and grain yield ha-1 were significantly higher (2.22, 8.73, 6.18g, 1381 kg ha-1) in s2 (75% RDN as inorganic + 25% as vermicompost). The treatment s4, resulted in significantly higher straw yield (3693 kg ha-1) and was on a par with s2. Yield attributes and yield responded significantly (2.11, 8.47, 6.08 g, 1389 kg ha-1) to the application of PGPR Mix-I (b1). The treatment combination, s2b1 recorded significantly higher grain yield (1504 kg ha-1). Significantly higher harvest index was recorded with s1 (0.31) and b1 (0.30). Partial factor productivity (PFP) of nitrogen was found to be significantly higher (30.68 kg kg-1) in s2. While physiological efficiency of nitrogen was superior with s1 (38.01 kg kg-1), apparent recovery efficiency (ARE) was higher (0.66 kg kg-1) with s4. Application of PGPR Mix-I (b1) resulted in higher PFP (30.87 kg kg-1), agronomic efficiency (AE) (21.79 kg kg-1) and ARE (0.61 kg kg-1) for nitrogen. Among the interactions, PFP of nitrogen was significantly higher (33.42 kg kg-1) in s2b1. The treatment combination, s5b1 (100 % RDF as organic + PGPR Mix-I) recorded significantly higher AE for nitrogen (24.16 kg kg-1). Significantly higher uptake of nitrogen (46.23 kg ha-1), phosphorus (10.38 kg ha-1) and potassium (49.28 kg ha-1) were observed in s4. The treatments, s4 and s2 remained at par with respect to nitrogen uptake. Nitrogen uptake (46.38 kg ha-1) and phosphorus uptake (9.65 kg ha-1) were significantly higher with the application of PGPR Mix-I. The treatment combination, s4b1 (25% RDN as inorganic + 75% as vermicompost + PGPR Mix-I) recorded significantly higher phosphorus uptake (10.65 kg ha-1). It was comparable with s4b0 and followed by s2b1. Post-harvest analysis did not show any significant variation in the soil chemical properties. Energy content in grains was higher (257 Kcal 100g-1) in s1 and s2. Calcium content was significantly higher (331mg 100g-1) in s4. The content of phytate and polyphenols were superior in s1 (638.66mg 100g-1) and s2 (102.67mg 100g-1) respectively. Application of PGPR Mix-I had no significant effect on the nutritional quality of finger millet. The treatment combination s4b0 yielded significantly higher calcium in grains (331.34mg 100g-1) and was on a par with s4b1, s3b0, s5b1, s2b1 and s5b0. Significantly higher net returns and benefit cost ratio (BCR) were recorded with s1 (₹23079 ha-1, 1.60) and b1 (₹12172 ha-1, 1.27). The treatment combinations s1b1, s1b0 and s2b1 were comparable. Integrating organics with inorganics was observed to improve the nutritional quality of finger millet. Considering the yield and comparable economics, application of 75 per cent RDN as inorganic in conjunction with 25 per cent RDN as vermicompost on nitrogen equivalent basis, supplemented with PGPR Mix-I (talc based formulation at 30 kg ha-1 in three splits- basal, 15 DAS, 30 DAS) could be recommended for the cultivation of finger millet during the summer season in southern Kerala.
Rationalisation of phosphorus and potassium nutrition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) in the southern laterites
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani xvi,170p., 2023-12-16) Sruthy, H.; Shalini Pillai, P
: The study entitled “Rationalisation of phosphorus and potassium nutrition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in the Southern Laterites” was undertaken at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2021-2023. The key objectives were to assess the productivity and quality of cowpea in response to varied doses of phosphorus and potassium supplemented with foliar nutrition, and to compute the economics. The field experiment was carried out at the Integrated Farming System Research Station, Karamana, from December 2022 to February 2023. It was laid out in randomised block design with (2 x 3 x 2) + 1 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised combinations of two levels of P (p1-100 % RDP, p2-50 % RDP), three levels of K (k1 - 100 % RDK, k2 - 150 % RDK, k3 - 200 % RDK) and foliar application at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (f1 - nano DAP @ 0.4%, f2 - PSAP @ 0.4 %), compared against a control (KAU POP). The variety used for the study was PGCP-6 and the fertilizer recommendation followed was 20:30:10 kg NPK ha-1 . All other cultural operations were carried out as per the KAU POP. The treatment, p1 (100 % RDP) resulted in significantly taller plants at 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS) with more number of primary branches (45 DAS and 60 DAS), the highest CGR, RGR and NAR at 15-30 DAS, more number of nodules and the highest total dry matter production (DMP). The treatment, p2 (50 % RDP) resulted in the highest CGR and NAR at 30-45 DAS, and RGR at 45-60 DAS. Among the levels of K, 200 per cent RDK (k3) recorded significantly taller plants (45 DAS and 60 DAS) with more number of primary branches (45 DAS), RGR, CGR and NAR (15-30 DAS) and total DMP (4917 kg ha-1 ). Foliar application of nano DAP (0.4 %) at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (f1) resulted in more number of primary branches, LAI and RGR at 60 DAS, and total DMP (4925 kg ha-1 ). Foliar application of PSAP (0.4 %) at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (f2) resulted in more number of nodules per plant, and CGR and NAR at 30-45 DAS. Among the P x K x F interactions, p1k1f1 (100 % RDP + 100 % RDK + nano DAP @ 0.4 %) resulted in higher total DMP, and was on par with p1k3f1. The treatment combination, p2k2f2 resulted in higher NAR and remained comparable with p2k1f1, p1k1f2 and p1k2f2, at 45-60 DAS. The treatment combination, p2k1f1 resulted in significantly higher LAI (2.94) at 60 DAS and CGR at 30- 45 DAS. The treatments were superior to control with respect to growth attributes and total DMP. The treatments, p2, k1 and f2 resulted in the highest number of pods per plant (23.42, 23.17, 22.57), seeds per pod (16.51, 15.81, 15.88), pod yield (1700 kg ha-1 , 1669 kg ha-1 , 1619 kg ha-1 ) and seed yield (1484 kg ha-1 , 1433 kg ha-1 , 1395 kg ha-1 ). However, the highest haulm yields (4451 kg ha-1 , 4235 kg ha-1 ) were observed with 100% RDP (p1) and 200% RDK (k3). Among the interaction effects, p2k1f2 resulted in the highest number of pods per plant (26.17), pod yield (1892 kg ha-1 ) and seed yield (1642 kg ha -1 ) and significantly higher number of seeds per pod (20.17), which was at par with p2k3f2. The treatments were superior to control with respect to yield attributes and yield, except haulm yield. While, p1 (100% RDP) recorded the highest uptake of N and P, and apparent recovery efficiency of P (AREp), the treatments, p2 (50% RDP) and k1 (100% RDK) resulted in the highest partial factor productivity (PFPp), agronomic efficiency (AEp) and physiological efficiency (PEp). While f1 (nano DAP @ 0.4% at 20 DAS and 40 DAS) resulted in the highest N uptake (247.35 kg ha-1 ), f2 (PSAP @ 0.4% at 20 DAS and 40 DAS) resulted in the highest chlorophyll content at 45 DAS (1.92 mg g-1 ) and P uptake (21.55 kg ha-1 ), AEp (24.75 kg kg-1 ) and AREp (53.12 %) of P. Among the P x K x F interactions, p1k3f1 (100 % RDP + 200 % RDK + nano DAP @ 0.4 % at 20 DAS and 40 DAS) resulted in the highest N uptake (265.11 kg ha-1 ) and p1k3f2 resulted in the highest P uptake (28.53 kg ha-1 ). The highest PFPp (98.93 kg kg-1 ) and AEp (44.84 kg kg-1 ) were recorded with p2k1f2. The treatments were superior to control with respect to NPK uptake, PFPp and AEp. The seed quality in terms of zinc content was observed to be superior with 50% RDP (p2) and f1 (nano DAP @ 0.4% at 20 DAS and 40 DAS). The seed crude protein content responded significantly to K and remained comparable among the three levels of K. The treatment, k3 resulted in the highest organic carbon content (1.17 %), available P (65.27 kg ha-1 ) and available K (236.74 kg ha-1 ). The treatment, f2 resulted in the highest soil available P (62.77 kg ha-1 ). Among the P x K x F interactions, the highest net gain in available N (205.10 kg ha-1 ), available P (7.67 kg ha-1 ) and available K (68.24 kg ha-1 ) were observed with the treatment combinations, p2k3f2, p1k3f2 and p1k3f1 respectively. The treatments were superior to control with respect to pH, organic carbon, and available NPK status of the post-harvest soil. Significantly higher net income and benefit cost ratio were recorded with p2 (₹62,879 ha-1 ,1.99), k1 (₹58,307 ha-1 , 1.92), f2 (₹54,256 ha-1 , 1.85) and p2k1f2 (₹76,120 ha-1 , 2.20). Considering the yield, economics and phosphorus use efficiency, application of full dose of N (20 kg ha-1 ) along with 50 per cent recommended dose of P (15 kg ha-1 ) + 100 per cent recommended dose of K (10 kg ha-1 ), supplemented with foliar application of potassium salt of active phosphorus (0.4%) at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (p2k1f2), could be adjudged as the best treatment for higher productivity and profitability of grain cowpea in the Southern Laterites of Kerala (AEU 8)
Resource management for optimising tuberisation in Tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium(L.) Schott)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2024-04-08) Sreena, K S; Shalini Pillai, P
The research entitled ‘Resource management for optimising tuberisation in tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott)’ was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, during 2019-2023. The objectives of the study were to characterise the tannia growing soils of three agro-ecological units (AEUs), to study the tuberisation pattern of tannia, to assess the effect of soil amendments and nutrient management in tannia, and to work out the economics. The study was undertaken as three experiments. In the first experiment entitled “Characterisation of tannia growing soils” four physical properties, viz., soil texture, bulk density (BD), particle density (PD) and water holding capacity (WHC), 17 chemical properties viz., pH, exchangeable acidity, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon (OC), N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B and Al, and three biological properties, viz., soil respiratory activity (SRA), total microbial biomass carbon (TMBC) and dehydrogenase activity (DA) of tannia growing soils of three selected AEUs were analysed. The selected AEUs were AEU 8 (Southern Laterites), AEU 9 (South Central Laterites), and AEU 12 (Southern and Central Foothills). The experiment II (Tuberization pattern of tannia) and experiment III (Effect of soil amendments and nutrient management in tannia) were conducted in AEU 9, in a farmer’s field located at Kollam district, Kerala, during the period from February to December 2021. The second experiment was a pot study laid out in CRD with three treatments (t1: Kerala Agricultural University Package of Practices recommendation (KAU POP), t2: Farmer’s practice, t3: Absolute control) and six replications. The nutrient management followed in farmer’s practice was application of lime (350 kg ha-1) as soil amendment along with 25: 25: 50 kg NPK ha-1. The third experiment was laid out in RCBD with (4 x 3) + 1 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised combinations of soil amendments (a1: dolomite, a2: phosphogypsum, a3: compost + dolomite, and a4: compost + phosphogypsum) and nutrient management [n1: recommended dose of nutrients (RDN) + borax (10 kg ha-1) at 4 MAP + solubor (0.1%) at 5, 6 and 7 MAP, n2: RDN + ZnSO4 (20 kg ha-1) at 4 MAP + ZnSO4 (1%) at 5, 6 and 7 MAP and n3: RDN + borax (10 kg ha-1) + ZnSO4 (20 kg ha-1) at 4 MAP + solubor (0.1%) + ZnSO4 (1%) at 5,6 and 7 MAP], compared against a control (KAU POP). The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture and strongly acidic in reaction (surface soil pH - 5.45; sub soil pH - 5.05). Cormel pieces (100 g) of a local variety were planted at a spacing of 90 cm x 90 cm. Compost, dolomite and phosphogypsum were applied at the rate of 1kg per plant, 80 g per plant and 50 g per plant respectively. Cluster analysis of the three selected AEUs was carried out to group similar panchayats based on their physical, chemical, and biological variation. In the case of physical properties, three clusters were identified. The cluster 1 was heterogenous, including panchayats with high influence of WHC, PD and BD and lesser influence of PD and BD and classified as “moderately suitable for tannia”. The cluster 2 comprised panchayats which had high influence of WHC and lesser influence of PD and BD This cluster was classified as “suitable for tannia”. Majority of panchayats in AEU 8 fell in cluster 3 which was named as “less suitable for tannia” with lesser influence of WHC and higher impact of PD and BD. Cluster analysis of the soil chemical properties revealed three optimum number of clusters. Cluster 1 was influenced with high values of EC, CEC, OC, K, Ca, Mg and S and lower values of pH, exchangeable acidity, Fe, Zn, B, and Al. It was categorised “suitable for tannia”. It was mostly found in AEU 8. The variable P was quite prevalent in the panchayats of AEU 8. Four panchayats of AEU 12 were also included in cluster 1. Regarding cluster 2, categorised as “moderately suitable for tannia” a significant proportion of panchayats within AEU 8 and AEU 9 were found to have elevated levels of exchangeable acidity, P, B, Fe, and K. High presence of exchangeable acidity, and P content were observed in Pallichal, Karumkulam and Venganoor of AEU 8, and Pooyappally of AEU 9. The variables, B and Fe were found to be high in AEU 8 and AEU 9. This cluster also comprised two panchayats of AEU 12, with high influence of available K. Cluster 3 included panchayats with higher influence of pH, Fe, Zn, B, and Al. It was categorised in “less suitable for tannia.” The panchayats covered in AEU 9 exhibited elevated pH, Fe, and B levels. Four panchayats of AEU 12 and one panchayat of AEU 9 had high influence Al and Zn. The study revealed that the tannia growing soils of the selected AEUs could be grouped into three categories (suitable, moderately suitable, and less suitable for tannia) based on the physico-chemical and biological properties of the soil. The Southern and Central Foothills (AEU 12) could be categorised as suitable for tannia, with the panchayat Amboori exhibiting soil properties favourable for cultivating tannia. The rate of tuber bulking in tannia was observed to reach its peak at 4 MAP to 5 MAP. Compared to farmer’s practice, KAU POP showed lesser reduction in the number of roots, root weight and root volume per plant from 6 MAP to harvest, resulting in higher yield. Supplementing KAU POP with basal application of compost (1 kg per plant) and phosphogypsum (50 g per plant), and top dressing with borax (10 kg ha-1) and ZnSO4 (20 kg ha-1) at 4 MAP followed by foliar application of solubor (0.1%), and ZnSO4 (1%) at 5 MAP, 6 MAP and 7 MAP could be recommended for realizing higher yield, starch content, longer shelf-life, and higher net returns of tannia in the South Central Laterites of Kerala.