Browsing by Author "Sudha, B"

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Bio recycling for nutrient management and yield enhancement of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2023-02-17) Anjali, S; Sudha, B
The research work entitled “Bio recycling for nutrient management and yield enhancement of rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2020-2022 with the objective to identify a suitable crop nutrition package integrating bio resources and inorganic fertilizers for yield enhancement in rice. The study was carried out as two experiments at the Integrated Farming System Research Station (IFSRS), Karamana. The first experiment included production of composts using different organic substrates viz., rice chaff, water hyacinth, salvinia and wild taro found associated with rice-based cropping systems. The experiment was carried out from September to December, 2021. The statistical design followed was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with eight treatments and three replications. From treatments T1 to T4, different substrates (rice chaff, water hyacinth, salvinia and wild taro) were co-composted using cow dung and poultry manure in the ratio 4:1:1 (v/v). The substrates were co-composted using cow dung and goat manure in T5 to T8. The time taken for compost maturation, percentage recovery of composts and quality parameters of different composts were found to vary significantly with different co-composting methods. Co-composting of wild taro with cow dung and goat manure (T8) recorded significant earliness in maturity of compost (64 days) and was comparable to T6 (water hyacinth + cow dung + goat manure). Rice chaff co-composted with cow dung and poultry manure (T1) recorded highest recovery of compost (29.85%). Treatment T8 recorded a narrow C:N ratio (12.33) and was comparable to T6 (12.58). The different composts varied in their nutrient contents also. Compost generated from T6 recorded higher N (2.28 %), P (1.08 %) and K (2.7 %) contents. T2 (co-composting water hyacinth with cow dung and poultry manure) recorded significantly higher micro nutrient contents and was comparable to T6. Co-composting of salvinia with cow dung and goat manure (T8) recorded the highest boron content. The content of silicon was significantly higher in T5 (rice chaff + cow dung + goat manure) and was comparable to T6. Content of plant nutrients was the lowest in T5. Different composts generated from Experiment I were used for crop nutrition of rice var. Uma. The field experiment was conducted from last week of January to first week of June, 2022 and was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 9 treatments and three replications. Following the recommended dose of nutrients (90:45:45 kg ha-1 ) for rice and based on soil test data, the NPK dose decided for the experimental field was 70.2: 16.6: 42.3 kg ha-1 . For treatment T1 (control), the KAU Package of Practices Recommendation for crop nutrition was followed on soil test data basis. From treatments T2 to T9, respective composts generated under Experiment I were provided as basal dose @ 2.5 t ha-1 . This was followed by 75 per cent of the recommended nutrients as chemical fertilizers and 25 per cent through respective composts, on N equivalent basis. Full phosphorus was given as basal; whereas N and K were provided in equal splits as basal and at PI stage. The results revealed that treatments had significant influence on the growth, yield and physiological parameters of rice. Basal application of compost 6 @ 2.5 t ha-1 followed by 25 per cent of the recommended nutrients through compost and the rest through chemical fertilizers (T7) recorded taller plants at PI and harvest, tiller count at all the growth stages and dry matter production at harvest. Physiological parameters like leaf area index and SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading were also the highest with T7. Application of different composts significantly influenced the weed dry weight at 20 and 40 DAT and significantly lower weed dry weights were recorded with T6. Grain yield (2933 kg ha-1 ) as well as yield attributes were significantly higher with T7. Soil nutrient status after crop harvest was significantly influenced by different treatments. The P and K status of soil was significantly higher in T7 (35 and 167 kg ha-1 ) and was comparable to T1. Different treatments could not significantly influence the soil pH, EC, soil organic carbon and available nitrogen after the experiment. Nutrient uptake by crop was significantly higher in T7 and remained comparable with T8 and T1. Regarding economics, T7 recorded the highest net income (₹ 67, 476 ha-1 ) and B:C ratio (1.59). This was followed by T1 with net returns ₹ 55, 837 ha-1 and B:C ratio 1.58. The present study revealed that bio resources like aquatic weeds and rice chaff associated with rice-based system could be value added through co-composting using locally available organic manures to generate quality composts. Application of water hyacinth compost (water hyacinth + cow dung + goat manure in 4:1:1 ratio v/v) @ 2.5 t ha-1 as basal dose followed by 75 per cent of RDN as inorganic and 25 per cent as water hyacinth compost on N equivalent basis could be recommended as a prospective bio recycling option for higher yield and economics of rice during the summer season.
Bio recycling of paddy straw for quality manure production
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Amala Mary George; Sudha, B
Crop residue recycling for organic production of fodder maize in a rice based integrated farming system
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture Vellayani, 2020) Athira, K V; Sudha, B
Foliar nutrition in nendran banana using multinutrient water soluble fertilizers
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Bashma, E K; Sudha, B
Nutrient management for yield improvement of transplanted rice in the southern region of Kerala
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1999) Sudha, B; Chandini, S
An experiment entitled "Nutrient management for yield improvement of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the southern region of Kerala" was conducted at Cropping Systems Research Centre (CSRC) Karamana, during the kharif season of 1998 to study the efficacy of organic manures in conjunction with varying levels of NPK nutrients and sulphur in enhancing rice yield using the variety Kanchana. The experiment was laid out in 33 partially confounded factorial RBD with two replications. Combinations of three levels each of organic manures (M), inorganic NPK fertilizers (F) and sulphur (S) constituted the treatments. FYM @ 5 and lOt ha-l as well as vermicompost @ 5 t ha-l included the different manure levels. The normal NPK rates of 70 : 35 : 35 kg ha-l and enhanced rates of 87.5 : 43.75 : 43.75 and 105 : 52.5 : 52.5 kg ha-l were the three fertilizer levels. The different S levels were no sulphur, S @ 12.5 and 25 kg ha-1 Higher order interactions of MFS and M2FS were confounded in Rep I and Rep 11 respectively. Results of the field experiment revealed that the main effects of organic manures, chemical fertilizers and sulphur as well as their combinations exerted significant positive influence on most of the growth and yield attributing characters of rice. The higher NPK levels upto 105 : 52.5 : 52.5 kg ha-l and S levels of 25 kg ha-l were found significantly superior to lower levels. Organic manuring with FYM @ 10 t ha-1 and vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 were found to be equally good in influencing growth and yield of rice. The available NPK status of soil after the experiment was maintained well above the initial status. The available sulphur status of soil was found to be considerably reduced in treatments which didn't receive sulphur addition. FYM levels recorded better benefit : cost ratio over verrnicompost addition. Increase in NPK levels upto 105 : 52.5 52.5 kg ha-l and sulphur addition @ 12.5 kg ha-l was found profitable. The combination of 5 t ha-l FYM along with the highest NPK level of 105 : 52.5 : 52.5 kg ha-I and S @ 25 kg ha-I recorded the highest B : C ratio, but this was comparable to that obtained with the combined effect of 5 t ha-l FYM, NPK @ 87.5 : 43.75 : 43.75 and S @ 12.5 kg ha-I.
Nutrient management in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, 2002) Sudha, B; Chandini, S
Nutrient management in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, 2002) Sudha, B; Chandini, S
Performance evaluation of Rakthasali rice under different seed rates and nutrient management
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2022-02-23) Jessim Sha, S K; Sudha, B
An experiment entitled “Performance evaluation of Rakthasali rice under different seed rates and nutrient management” was carried out at the Integrated Farming System Research Station, Karamana from October 2020 to January 2021 with the objectives to standardize the seed rate and to evaluate different nutrient management techniques for better yield and quality in Rakthasali rice. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD with 12 treatment combinations replicated thrice. There were two factors ie., seed rate (S) and nutrient management (N) in three and four levels respectively. The three levels of seed rate were 60 kg ha-1 (s1), 80 kg ha-1 (s2) and 100 kg ha-1 (s3). The four levels of nutrient management were KAU POP recommendation for short duration rice ie., 5 t ha-1 FYM + 70:35:35 kg ha-1 N, P and K (n1), KAU Adhoc organic recommendation for short duration rice ie., 5 t ha-1 FYM + 750 kg ha-1 neem cake half as basal and half as top dressing at active tillering (AT) stage (n2), basal dose of organics (5 t ha-1 FYM) and PGPR Mix I (@ 2.5 kg mixed with 500 kg dried and powdered FYM for one ha applied at AT and panicle initiation (PI) stages (n3) and basal dose of organics (5 t ha-1 FYM + 375 kg ha-1 neem cake at AT) + foliar spray of panchagavya (3%) at flowering and PI stages (n4). The results of the study indicated that seed rate and nutrient management could significantly influence growth parameters, physiological characters, nutrient uptake, yield attributes, yield and economics of cultivation. Seed rate of 80 kg ha-1 (s2) registered significantly taller plants at maximum tillering (MT) (67.81 cm), panicle initiation (72.52 cm) and harvest stages (89.99cm). Tiller number m-2 was also influenced by seed rate with s2 resulting in significantly higher tiller number of 240.25, 231.83 and 214.67 at MT, PI and harvest stages respectively. Shoot weight was also found influenced by seed rates with s2 resulting in significantly the highest shoot weight of 24.56 g plant-1. The combined effect of taller plants with more tillers and higher shoot weight resulted in significantly highest drymatter production (4797 kg ha-1) under s2. Nutrient management with KAU POP recommendation (n1) could result in significantly taller plants at MT (66.99 cm), PI (73.15 cm) and harvest stages (90.44 cm) of crop. Tiller number m-2 were also found significantly influenced with n1 resulting in 233.67, 226.66 and 207.33 tillers respectively at MT, PI and harvest stages of crop. Significantly highest shoot weight of 25.22 g plant -1 was recorded with n1. The combined effect of taller plants with more number of tillers and shoot weight resulted in significantly the highest dry 104 matter productionof 4790.22 kg ha-1 under n1. KAU Adhoc organic package (n2) also recorded a performance on par to n1. Physiological parameters like LAI, SCMR and nutrient uptake were also significantly influenced by seed rate and nutrient management. Seed of 80 kg ha-1 (s2) resulted in significantly the highest LAI of 2.77 and SCMR of 29.10 and 35.07 respectively at PI and flowering stages. Significantly the highest nutrient uptake ie., 49.30 kg ha-1of N, 14.18 kg ha 1 of P and 46.25 kg ha-1 of K were obtained with s2. KAU POP recommendation of nutrients (n1) resulted in significantly the highest LAI of 2.75 and SCMR of 29.52 and 35.01 respectively at PI and flowering stages of crop. Significantly highest nutrient uptake ie., 49.22 kg ha-1 of N, 14.11 kg ha-1 of P and 46.58 kg ha-1 K were also obtained with n1. KAU Adhoc organic package (n2) also recorded comparable performance as that with n1 Yield attributes viz., number of panicles m-2, length of panicle, total grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle and thousand grain weight were significantly influenced by seed rate and nutrient management. Seed rate of 80 kg ha-1(s2) resulted in significantly the highest number of panicles per unit area (174.92 m-2), the longest panicles (18.07 cm), the highest number of grains per panicle (84.75), higher number of filled grains per panicle (67.25) and thousand grain weight (11.349 g). KAU recommended nutrient management (n1) resulted in significantly the highest number of panicles (169.22 m-2), longest panicles (18.32 cm), highest number of grains per panicle (84.78), highest number of filled grains per panicle (69.89) and thousand grain weight (11.380 g). Performance of KAU Adhoc organic package (n2) was on par with n1 Grain yield, straw yield and harvest index (HI) were also significantly influenced by seed rate and nutrient management with s2 recording the significantly the highest grain (1.59 t ha-1) and straw (3.41 t ha-1) yields and HI of 0.323. Significantly highest grain (1.61 t ha-1) and straw (3.43 t ha-1) yields and HI (0.322) were recorded with n1 (integrated nutrient management as per KAU POP). With regard to the organic nutrition practices experimented for the crop, KAU Adhoc organic package (n2) was on par with n1. Nutrient management with KAU Adhoc organic package (n2) resulted in significantly highest grain protein content of 11.33 g 100g-1. Post harvest soil analysis revealed that N, P and K availability were significantly influenced with KAU POP recommendation for short duration rice (n1) recording 105 significantly highest soil N (330 kg ha-1), P (53 kg ha-1) and K (52 kg ha-1). KAU recommended Adhoc organic package (n2) was on par with n1. Net returns and B:C ratio also varied significantly with seed rate and nutrient management with s2 recording significantly highest net income of ₹55507/- and B:C ratio of 1.46. Among different nutrient management practices KAU POP recommendation (n1) resulted in significantly highest net returns of ₹62175/- and B:C ratio of 1.53. The interaction effect of seed rate and nutrient management could also make a significant influence on growth parameters, physiological characters, nutrient uptake, yield attributes, yield and economics of cultivation. Seed rate @ 80 kg ha-1 + KAU recommended integrated nutrient management (s2n1) resulted in significant growth improvement which was reflected in plant height at maximum tillering (71.93 cm), panicle initiation (76.57 cm) and harvest (93.73 cm) stages. The same treatment also recorded highest tiller count of 245 nos, 236 nos and 219 nos at MT, PI and harvest stages respectively and the highest shoot weight of 26.89 g per plant. The treatment combination s2n1 also resulted in significant improvement in physiological characters like LAI (3.02) and SCMR of 32.13 and 38.03 at panicle initiation and flowering stages respectively. Treatment combination s2n1 also resulted in significant improvement in yield attributes with higher number of panicles (180.67 m-2), longest panicle (19.16 cm), highest number of grains per panicle (87), higher number of filled grains per panicle (72.67), grain yield (1.69 t ha-1), straw yield (3.50 t ha-1) and H.I of 0.327. The treatment combination s2n1 also resulted in significantly the highest net returns of ₹70501/- and B:C ratio of 1.60. The results of the study revealed that growth, physiological characters, nutrient uptake, yield and economics of Rakthasali rice cultivation were significantly influenced by varying seed rates and nutrient management. Seed rate of 80 kg ha-1 and crop nourishment through the integrated nutrient management as recommended by KAU could be adjudged as the best treatment. Considering the productivity and economics, broadcasting at a seed rate of 80 kg ha-1 along with integrated nutrient management as per KAU POP for short duration rice ie., 5 tha-1 FYM + 70:35:35 kg N P K per ha could be recommended for Rakthasali, the medicinal rice of Kerala
Phosphorus management for grain cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in summer rice fallows
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2023-04-11) Elizabeth Mathew; Sudha, B
A study titled “Phosphorus management for grain cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in summer rice fallows” was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2019-2022 with the objectives of identifying grain cowpea varieties suited for summer rice fallows and to study the influence of beneficial phosphorus inoculants in enhancing phosphorus availability for the crop. The field experiment was carried out at the Integrated Farming System Research Station (IFSRS), Karamana from March to June, 2021. The design of experiment was Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The two factors studied were grain cowpea varieties (v) and phosphorus management (p). The grain cowpea varieties were v1- Kanakamony, v2- PGCP-6 and v3- DC-15. The five levels of P management were p1- Recommended dose of phosphorus (RDP) as per the KAU POP (30 kg P2O5 ha-1), p2- 75% RDP + AMF, p3- 75% RDP + PSB, p4- 75% RDP + AMF + PSB and p5- 50% RDP + AMF + PSB. All the treatments were applied with FYM @ 20 t ha-1, lime @ 250 kg ha-1, N @ 20 kg ha-1, K2O @ 10 kg ha-1 as per KAU POP. Rhizobium was applied @ 100 g per kg of seed as seed treatment. AMF at 5 g per pit and PSB mixed with FYM (20 g PSB per kg of FYM) @ 10 g per pit were applied to the treatment plots at sowing. Crop growth characters such as plant height and number of effective nodules were higher in PGCP-6 and was comparable with DC-15. PGCP-6 also recorded significantly the highest number of branches per plant, root mass and root volume per plant at 30 and 45 DAS. At 60 DAS, all the root parameters of PGCP-6 were comparable with DC-15. Higher number of leaves per plant was recorded in DC-15. Growth characters such as plant height, number of branches, leaves and effective nodules, root depth, mass and volume per plant were higher in p4 and were comparable with p5 and p2. AMF root colonization was higher in p4 and comparable to p5. The LAI of PGCP-6 was higher and comparable to DC-15 at 45 and 60 DAS. However, at 30 DAS, PGCP-6 recorded significantly the highest LAI (1.13). Among different levels of P management, higher LAI was observed in p4 at 45 and 60 DAS. 123 The variety PGCP-6 recorded significantly the highest number of pods per plant (16.29) and average pod weight (2.43 g). However, average pod length, number of seeds per pod and pod yield per plant were higher in DC-15 and were comparable with PGCP 6. Grain yield per plant, grain yield and harvest index were higher in PGCP-6 (13.65 g, 1111 kg ha-1 and 0.269 respectively) and was comparable to DC-15 (13.43 g, 1097 kg ha-1 and 0.264 respectively). The variety PGCP-6 exhibited an yield increase of 1.3 and 21.4 per cent over the varieties DC-15 and Kanakamony. The treatment p4 produced higher number of pods per plant (15.72) and it was on par with p5 (15.76) and p2 (14.32). The average pod weight was higher in treatment p4 (2.61 g) and was comparable with p2 (2.36 g). Other yield attributes including pod yield per plant, grain yield per plant and grain yield were found higher in treatment p4 (19.72 g, 13.71 g and 1174 kg ha-1 respectively) and was on par with p5 (19.49 g, 13.39 g and 1164 kg ha-1 respectively). Treatment p5 recorded higher harvest index (0.285) and was comparable to p4 (0.277). The treatment p4 ensued an yield increase of 8.8, 31.03 and 31.8 per cent over p2, p1 and p3 respectively. 1 Among different levels of P application, p1 recorded significantly higher soil available P (65.02 kg ha-1) at vegetative stage. However, at flowering stage higher soil available P was recorded in p4 (64.38 kg ha-1) and it was on par with p5 (62.20 kg ha-1) and p2 (62.59 kg ha-1). The highest uptake of N (99.17 kg ha-1) and P (13.69 kg ha-1) were noticed with PGCP-6 while the highest K uptake (61.46 kg ha-1) was recorded by DC-15. Among different P levels, the treatment p5 resulted in higher N (100.16 kg ha ) and K (63.67 kg ha-1) uptake and was comparable with p4 and p2. Higher and comparable P uptake was recorded with p4 (14.90 kg ha-1) and p5 (14.63 kg ha-1). Among interactions, the treatment combination v2p4 recorded higher number of branches per plant at 45 DAS (6.21) and was comparable with v2p5 (6.17). Higher grain yield per plant (14.50 g) and grain yield (1254 kg ha-1) were recorded in v2p4 and was comparable to v2p5, v3p4 and v3p5. The variety PGCP-6 recorded higher net returns (₹ 30402 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.423). Among P management, p1 recorded higher net returns (₹ 31347 ha-1) and B:C 124 ratio (1.548). The highest net returns (₹ 40647 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.72) were recorded by treatment combination v2p1. The study revealed that grain cowpea variety PGCP-6 performed better with respect to growth, yield and economics compared to varieties DC-15 and Kanakamony. Application of 75 per cent RDP + AMF + PSB recorded higher phosphorus uptake and availability and was comparable with the application of 50 per cent RDP + AMF + PSB. Better crop performance in terms of growth, nutrient uptake and yield and yield attributes along with a reduction in 50 per cent recommended dose of P has been achieved through the application of 50 per cent RDP + AMF @ 5 g per plant + PSB @ 20 g per kg of FYM @ 10 g per plant. Variety PGCP-6 managed with the application of 50 per cent RDP supplied with AMF @ 5 g per plant and PSB @ 20 g per kg of FYM @ 10 g per plant had the most favourable effects considering growth, nutrient uptake and yield. Considering the economics of cultivation, PGCP-6 cowpea managed with the RDP as per KAU POP was the best treatment compared to other treatments.
Soil and crop management for organic carbon sequestration in a coconut based cropping system
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2007) Sudha, B; Annamma George