Comparative study of Ketamine Hydrochloride and Thiopentone Sodium anaesthesia in birds
By: Devanand,C B.
Contributor(s): Abraham Varkey C (Guide).
Material type: BookPublisher: Mannuthy Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 1991Description: 113p.DDC classification: 636.089 7 Online resources: Click here to access online Dissertation note: MVSc Abstract: The present study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of (i) ketamine hydrochloride, (ii) thiopentone sodium, and (iii) ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium, for anaesthetising domestic chicken and ducks. Th~rty apparently healthy White Leghorn cocks, aged 18 - 20 weeks and weighing 1.120 - 1.920 kg (Group I) and thirty apparently heal thy White Pekin .dz-ake s , aged 20 - 22 weeks and weighing 1.700 - 2.100 kg (Group II) were used. Group I and II were further divided into three sub-groups, viz.,A, Band C consisting of ten birds each. Ketamine hydrochloride at the rate of 100 mg per kg bodyweight was administered in sub-group A, thiopentone sodium (2.5 per cent solution) at the rate of 15 mg per kg in sub-group B, and ketamine hydrochloride at the rate of 50 mg per kg followed by thiopentone sodium (2.5 per cent solution) at the rate of 7.5 mg per kg in sub-group C, in both the trials. The drugs were administered intraperi- toneally. During the onset of anaesthesia, when ketamine hydrochloride was administered, loss of balance, unsteadiness of head, cyanosis of comb and wattles, defaecation and vocalisation were noticed in chicken, but in ducks defaecation was not present. Ruffled feathers, dropping of wings, fluttering and wagging of tail were noticed as additional symptoms in ducks. When thiopentone sodium was administered, loss of balance, unsteadiness of head, cyanosis of comb and wattles, ruffled feathers and dropping of' wings were noticed in chicken, but in ducks vocalisation and fluttering were noticed in addition. When ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium was administered, loss of balance, unsteadiness of head, cyanosis of comb and wattles, dropping of neck and wings, and closing of eyelids were noticed in chicken and ducks. In ducks the onset was very quick. All the birds assumed sternal recumbency followed by lateral recumbency after the onset of anaesthesia. 2 As the effect of anaesthesia deepened, pedal reflexes were abolished in both the groups. However, other reflexes such as corneal, pupillary, palpebral and reflexes of the third eyelid, comb and wattles were persisting in chicken and ducks. During ketamine hydrochloride anaesthesia eyes were kept open, and when thiopentone sodium or ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium were administered, eyes were kept closed. In ducks, abolished when the reflexes of the third eyelid were ketamine hydrochloride followed by 3 thiopentone sodium was administered. The induction was smooth and uneventful in chicken and ducks. The time for induction was 7.30+0.53 min.,. 9.30+0.38 min. and 8.00+0.58 min. in sub-groups A, Band C respectively in chicken, and 9.20±.0.58 min., 10.20+0.87 min. and 4.60+0.70 min. in sub-groups A, Band C respecti vely in ducks. The time for induction was the least in chicken when ketamine hydrochloride was used, and ln ducks when ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium was used. The duration of anaesthesia was 63.40+2.16 min., 31.40+1.82 min. and 40.20+3.99 min. in sub-groups A, Band C respectively in chicken, and 35.90±2.43 min., 18.90+0.99 min. and 20.20+0.89 min. in sub-groups A, Band C respectively in .du ck s , The duration of anaesthesia was maximum when ketamine hydrochloride was administered and minimum when thiopentone sodium was administered in both the groups. 4 The duration of recovery was 135.50+9.24 min. in sub-group A, 149.60+8.32 mln. in sub~group B and 131.20+5.10 min. in . sub-group C, in chicken, and 84.50+7.31 min. in sub-group A, . 64.40+8.33 min. in sub-group Band 113.10+6.15 min. in sub-group C, in ducks. The duration of recovery was the least when ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium was used in chicken, and when thiopentone sodium was used in ducks. The recovery from anaesthesia was smooth and uneventful in both the groups. Vigorous shaking of the head was seen when ketamine hydrochloride was administered in ducks. There was reduction in cloacal temperature during anaesthesia. Respiration rate showed an initial rise followed by gradual reduction. The total erythrocyte count was decreased during anaesthesia. The total leukocyte count was decreased in sub-groups A and B, and increased in sub-group C, in chicken. There was an increase in total leukocyte count in ducks. Lymphocyte count was decreased, but heterophil count and eosinophil count were increased. There was no response to pain on incising and suturing the skin, muscles and peritoneum except for slight movement while incising the skin during ketamine hydrochloride anaesthesia. Focal congestion of liver and kidney were noticed on the 5th day. Mild degree of inflammatory reaction on the parietal peritoneum was noticed at the point of entry of the needle wherein thiopentone sodium was administered. From the results of present study, it could be found that intraperitoneal administration of ketamine hydrochloride, thiopentone sodium, and ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium resulted in satisfactory surgical plane of anaesthesia in chicken and ducks. For chicken, ketamine hydrochloride is preferred because of the comparatively least time for induction, prolonged duration of anaesthesia and recovery. Post anaesthetic complications were not found. In ducks the duration of anaesthesia was more, when ketamine hydrochloride was administered, but vigorous shaking of the head was seen during the period ofr~v.ay. Hence, for ducks, ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium is preferred because of the comparatively least time for induction and satisfactory duration of anaesthesia and recovery.Item type | Current location | Collection | Call number | Status | Date due | Barcode |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theses | KAU Central Library, Thrissur Theses | Reference Book | 636.089 7 DEV/CO (Browse shelf) | Not For Loan | 170295 | |
Theses | KAU Central Library, Thrissur Theses | 636.089 7 DEV/CO (Browse shelf) | Available | 171531 |
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MVSc
The present study was undertaken to assess the
efficacy of (i) ketamine hydrochloride, (ii) thiopentone
sodium, and (iii) ketamine hydrochloride followed by
thiopentone sodium, for anaesthetising domestic chicken and
ducks. Th~rty apparently healthy White Leghorn cocks,
aged 18 - 20 weeks and weighing 1.120 - 1.920 kg (Group I)
and thirty apparently heal thy White Pekin .dz-ake s , aged
20 - 22 weeks and weighing 1.700 - 2.100 kg (Group II)
were used. Group I and II were further divided into three
sub-groups, viz.,A, Band C consisting of ten birds each.
Ketamine hydrochloride at the rate of 100 mg per kg
bodyweight was administered in sub-group A, thiopentone
sodium (2.5 per cent solution) at the rate of 15 mg per kg
in sub-group B, and ketamine hydrochloride at the rate of
50 mg per kg followed by thiopentone sodium (2.5 per cent
solution) at the rate of 7.5 mg per kg in sub-group C, in
both the trials. The drugs were administered intraperi-
toneally.
During the onset of anaesthesia, when ketamine
hydrochloride was administered, loss of balance,
unsteadiness of head, cyanosis of comb and wattles,
defaecation and vocalisation were noticed in chicken, but
in ducks defaecation was not present. Ruffled feathers,
dropping of wings, fluttering and wagging of tail were
noticed as additional symptoms in ducks. When thiopentone
sodium was administered, loss of balance, unsteadiness of
head, cyanosis of comb and wattles, ruffled feathers and
dropping of' wings were noticed in chicken, but in ducks
vocalisation and fluttering were noticed in addition.
When ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium
was administered, loss of balance, unsteadiness of head,
cyanosis of comb and wattles, dropping of neck and wings,
and closing of eyelids were noticed in chicken and ducks.
In ducks the onset was very quick. All the birds assumed
sternal recumbency followed by lateral recumbency after
the onset of anaesthesia.
2
As the effect of anaesthesia deepened, pedal reflexes
were abolished in both the groups. However, other
reflexes such as corneal, pupillary, palpebral and
reflexes of the third eyelid, comb and wattles were
persisting in chicken and ducks. During ketamine
hydrochloride anaesthesia eyes were kept open, and when
thiopentone sodium or ketamine hydrochloride followed by
thiopentone sodium were administered, eyes were kept
closed. In ducks,
abolished
when
the reflexes of the third eyelid were
ketamine hydrochloride followed by
3
thiopentone sodium was administered.
The induction was smooth and uneventful in chicken
and ducks. The time for induction was 7.30+0.53 min.,.
9.30+0.38 min. and 8.00+0.58 min. in sub-groups A, Band C
respectively in chicken, and 9.20±.0.58 min., 10.20+0.87
min. and 4.60+0.70 min. in sub-groups A, Band C
respecti vely in ducks. The time for induction was the
least in chicken when ketamine hydrochloride was used, and
ln ducks when ketamine hydrochloride followed by
thiopentone sodium was used.
The duration of anaesthesia was 63.40+2.16 min.,
31.40+1.82 min. and 40.20+3.99 min. in sub-groups A, Band
C respectively in chicken, and 35.90±2.43 min., 18.90+0.99
min. and 20.20+0.89 min. in sub-groups A, Band C
respectively in .du ck s , The duration of anaesthesia was
maximum when ketamine hydrochloride was administered and
minimum when thiopentone sodium was administered in both
the groups.
4
The duration of recovery was 135.50+9.24 min. in
sub-group A, 149.60+8.32 mln. in sub~group B and
131.20+5.10 min. in . sub-group C, in chicken, and
84.50+7.31 min. in sub-group A, . 64.40+8.33 min. in
sub-group Band 113.10+6.15 min. in sub-group C, in ducks.
The duration of recovery was the least when ketamine
hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium was used in
chicken, and when thiopentone sodium was used in ducks.
The recovery from anaesthesia was smooth and uneventful in
both the groups.
Vigorous shaking of the head was seen
when ketamine hydrochloride was administered in ducks.
There was reduction in cloacal temperature during
anaesthesia.
Respiration rate showed an initial rise
followed by gradual reduction.
The total erythrocyte count was decreased during
anaesthesia.
The total leukocyte count was decreased in
sub-groups A and B, and increased in sub-group C, in
chicken. There was an increase in total leukocyte count
in ducks. Lymphocyte count was decreased, but heterophil
count and eosinophil count were increased.
There was no response to pain on incising and
suturing the skin, muscles and peritoneum except for
slight movement while incising the skin during ketamine
hydrochloride anaesthesia.
Focal congestion of liver and kidney were noticed on
the 5th day.
Mild degree of inflammatory reaction on the
parietal peritoneum was noticed at the point of entry of
the needle wherein thiopentone sodium was administered.
From the results of present study, it could be found
that
intraperitoneal
administration
of
ketamine
hydrochloride,
thiopentone
sodium,
and
ketamine
hydrochloride followed by thiopentone sodium resulted in
satisfactory surgical plane of anaesthesia in chicken and
ducks.
For chicken, ketamine hydrochloride is preferred
because of the comparatively least time for induction,
prolonged duration of anaesthesia and recovery.
Post
anaesthetic complications were not found. In ducks the
duration
of
anaesthesia
was
more,
when
ketamine
hydrochloride was administered, but vigorous shaking of
the head was seen during the period ofr~v.ay. Hence, for
ducks, ketamine hydrochloride followed by thiopentone
sodium is preferred because of the comparatively least
time
for
induction
and
satisfactory
duration
of
anaesthesia and recovery.
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