PG Thesis

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    Multivariate analysis for the classification of locations using soil parameters in central districts of Kerala
    (Department of Agricultural Statistics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Muhsina, A; Brigit Joseph
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    Evaluation of long pepper (Piper longum L) genotypes for growth flowering and yield
    (Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2015) Maheswari R S Nair; Suma, B
    Long pepper (Piper longum L.) belonging to the family Piperaceae is one among the 14 medicinal plants which has high demand in indigenous drug industry and is also prioritized for cultivation and development by National Medicinal Plant Board. Even though long pepper is well adapted for cultivation as an intercrop in coconut, arecanut and rubber plantations of Kerala, its cultivation is limited due to poor returns from the crop on account of high expenditure on harvesting due to staggered flowering and lack of high yielding varieties with high dry recovery. Germplasm collection of long pepper was initiated at the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices and was further strengthened by KSCSTE funded project and 60 types were assembled. After an initial evaluation, 42 types were selected including check variety ‘Viswam’ for the present study. The present investigations on “Evaluation of “long pepper” (Piper longum L.) genotypes for growth, flowering and yield” was carried out in Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during December 2012 to May 2014. The objectives of the study were to catalogue the germplasm accessions of long pepper, to study the flowering behavior fruit set and quality and to identify superior long pepper genotypes with high yield and quality. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design, comprised of 42 treatments and six replications. The accessions studied were collected from Western Ghat regions of Kerala and also entries from NBPGR which includes the collections from different regions of Karnataka and Tirunelveli. Characters studied include six qualitative and eighteen quantitative characters including biochemical attributes. Cataloguing of accessions for qualitative characters using IPGRI descriptor for Piper nigrum revealed wide variation among accessions in growth habit, runner shoot production, leaf shape (base, lamina, margin), spike shape and spike colour. Among the forty two accessions studied, it was noticed that thirty eight accessions were found to be female, three found to be male and one non-flowering type. Maximum inflorescence (more than 55 per cent) was produced during June, July and August and minimum (less than 5 per cent) during December and January. In PL 42, PL 53 and PL 57 flowering was extended during May to October. Coefficient of variation for year round flowering ranged from 7.34 per cent to 46.32 per cent. Among accessions, number of primary branches, spike bearing branches per primary branch and leaves per plant ranged from 1.00 to 8.00, 1.00 to 6.71 and 21.67 to 166.0, respectively. The plant height, petiole length, internodal length of spike bearing branches and leaf area ranged from 39.67 cm to 88.33cm, 1.11 cm to 7.56 cm, 1.86 cm to 7.38 cm and 25.98 cm2 to 63.87 cm 2, respectively. The days from planting to emergence and emergence to maturity of spike in female types ranged from 77 to 146 days and 60 to 80 days whereas, male accessions took 135-141 days and 61-64 days, respectively. Number of spikes/spike bearing branch ranged from 1.00 to 3.21 and coefficient of variation observed were 54.81%. Spike length and girth varied from 0.90 cm to 3.10 cm and 3.75 mm to 8.86 mm in female accessions and male accessions from 8.10 cm to 8.18 cm, and 4mm to 4.03 mm respectively. Coefficient of variation for spike length and girth were 7.87 per cent and 6.83 per cent , respectively. Fresh weight per spike recorded highest in PL8 (1.06 g) and dry weight per spike recorded maximum in PL 12(0.20 g). Fresh and dry yield per plant was recorded highest in PL8 which was on par with PL9 along with check variety Viswam. Coefficient of variation observed for fresh and dry yield per plant as 122.45 per cent and 120.44 per cent, respectively. Spike set percent was shown maximum by PL 8 (97.42 per cent) and driage by PL 49 (20.66 per cent). Based on yield parameters, PL 5, PL 8, PL 9, PL 15, PL 23, PL 24 and PL 25 along with check variety were selected as superior accessions. For volatile oil, oleoresin and piperine content, accessions PL 5, PL 8, PL 12 and PL 50 were promising. Cluster analysis among 42 accessions based on qualitative characters and 20 accessions based on quantitative characters were done by using Multivariate Hierrarchial Cluster Analysis using NTSYS software. The dendrogram derived through qualitative characteristics showed degree of similarity varying from 26 to 100 and at 81 per cent similarity long pepper accessions were grouped into seven clusters. Based on quantitative data, the accessions showed only 14 per cent similarity. Since the accessions showed wide variability it can be utilized in future breeding programmes.
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    DNA fingerprinting of promising cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) varities of KAU
    (Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2016) Sujith, S S; Minimol, J S
    Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) also known as ‘chocolate tree’ is a major cash crop of tropical countries and belongs to the family Malvaceae. The plant is a native of Andes, South America and was introduced to India during 1970s. In India, cocoa is cultivated as an important intercrop with in coconut, arecanut, rubber, oil palm etc. The statistics shows that, 80 per cent of cocoa plantations in India is established with planting materials distributed from Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). In India, the genetic base of cocoa is widened by the systematic introduction of germplasm from University of Reading, UK. Cocoa Research Centre (CRC), KAU holds Asia’s largest germplasm with 640 accessions. Exploitation of these germplasm has resulted in the release of 15 cocoa varieties from KAU. Central sub-committee on crop standards, notification and release of varieties for agricultural crops has made it mandatory to provide DNA finger printing data along with the varieties where ever the proposal for national release/ notification is submitted. DNA markers, that are not subjected to environmental influences act as an efficient tool to identify and differentiate accessions and cultivars which are similar in morphological characteristics and with indistinct traits. DNA finger printing is successfully applied for cultivar identification, controlling seed purity of hybrids and checking the genetic similarity between cultivars. Hence, the technique act as a powerful tool to protect Plant Breeder’s Right (PBR). In the present investigation, eight promising cocoa varieties CCRP 1, CCRP 2, CCRP 4, CCRP 5, CCRP 6, CCRP 7 (selections), and CCRP 8 and CCRP 9 (hybrids) released from KAU were characterized using morphological and molecular markers. For morphological characterization, six qualitative and nine quantitative characters were recorded. And it was observed that, CCRP 6 and CCRP 8 were superior based on the performance of their yield contributing characters. Molecular characterization was performed with genomic DNA isolated using modified Chandrakant’s (2014) protocol. Based on the polymorphism, ten ISSR (inter simple sequence repeats) and eleven SSR (simple sequence repeats) primers were selected. These selected primers were used for developing DNA fingerprints of varieties under study. In the further analysis, amplicon generation pattern were carefully scored to locate polymorphism. IndividualISSR and SSR amplification pattern further converted into variety wise fingerprints and thus consolidated DNA fingerprints on each marker system were developed. ISSR primers UBC 810 and UBC 826 were found to differentiate CCRP 6 from other genotypes. Primers UBC 827, UBC 846 and UBC 866 were generated unique amplicons in CCRP 9. UBC 841 and UBC 846 were capable of distinguishing CCRP 5 from other genotypes. Primers UBC 835 and UBC 866 were generated amplicons in hybrids CCRP 8 and CCRP 9 alone and the markers can be used for differentiating these hybrids. SSR marker analysis was performed using selected eleven primers. Selected primers generated polymorphic amplicons and were capable of distinguishing between varieties. Primer mTcCIR 8 generated unique amplicon at 220 and 420 base pairs (bp) in CCRP 1 and CCRP 4 respectively which was a fingerprint for those varieties. The unique amplicon generated by mTcCIR 33 at 320 bp was a fingerprint of CCRP 2. Polymorphic amplicons generated by mTcCIR 42 at 200 bp (CCRP 4) and at 220 bp (CCRP 9) were fingerprints of respective varieties. In future, more morphological characters have to be screened and correlated with the markers shared by two or three varieties. This will help to know whether the shared bands are responsible for expression of some distinct traits. DNA fingerprints for remaining seven released cocoa varieties also have to be designed.