PG Thesis

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    Biopriming and foliar apllication of biocontrol agents and endophytes for the management of major foliar fungal diseases of bush cowpea
    (Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2023-05-26) Aswathy ,V S.; Radhakrishnan, N V
    The study entitled “Biopriming and foliar application of biocontrol agents and endophytes for the management of major foliar fungal diseases of bush cowpea” was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani and Coconut Research Station, Balaramapuram during 2020-2022. The objective was to develop best ecofriendly management practice involving biopriming, foliar application of endophytes and biocontrol agents for the control of major foliar fungal diseases in bush cowpea with special emphasis on Cercospora leaf spot and anthracnose. Symptomatology and etiology of anthracnose and Cercospora leaf spot were studied under field condition from different locations in Trivandrum district viz., Vellayani, Pappanchani, Venganoor, Balaramapuram, Nedumangad and Parassala. The pathogens were isolated and studied their morphological characteristics. Bush cowpea seeds were collected from five agro-ecological zones of Kerala viz., Northern, High range, Central, Special problem and Southern zones and the seeds were assessed for both externally and internally seed borne microflora. Percentage of infection was calculated by blotter method. The lowest percentage of infection was found in seed samples collected from Wayanad (16.7%) and the highest in Thrissur (38.2%). The diseased leaf samples showing anthracnose were collected from five locations of Thiruvananthapuram district and isolated Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from each location. Pathogenecity of isolated pathogen was proved by detached leaf assay and seedling assay. Vellayani isolate (C1) was found to be the most virulent pathogen and recorded lesion size of 4.33cm and 1.82cm in detached leaf assay and seedling assay on seventh day respectively. The isolate C1 was used for further studies. In vitro evaluation of biocontrol agents like Trichoderma asperellum T6 (KAU), Trichoderma koningiopsis (TRKR2), Trichoderma harzianum (TRMW2), Piriformospora indica (No. INBA 3202001787), Bacillus amyloliquiefaciens VLY 24, Bacillus velezensis (CBRE5), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (CBSE5) and Pseudomonas fluorescens PN026 (KAU isolate) against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Cercospora sp. were carried out. Dual culture method of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides against biocontrol agent recorded highest percentage inhibition of mycelia by T. asperellum (64.76) followed by Trichoderma strain TRKR2 (52.63) which was on par with bacterial strain CBRE5 and least for Psuedomonas fluorescens. In vitro pathogen suppression by spore germination assay on Cercospora sp. by 145 biocontrol agents revealed that maximum inhibition of conidia germination was by T. asperellum (36.25 %) followed by Trichoderma strain TRKR2 and Trichoderma strain TRMW2 whereas least inhibition percentage was observed with Piriformospora indica (14.96). Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase assay on bush cowpea pods and seeds showed that fungus infected tissues had relatively higher activity of these oxidase enzymes in comparison to healthy pods. Enzyme activities were higher in pods and seeds treated with Bacillus strain CBRE5, T. asperellum and Trichoderma strain TRKR2. Standardization of priming techniques revealed that soaking of seeds for 2h was found effective for Trichoderma asperellum, Bacillus velezensis (CBRE5) and Bacillus amyloliquiefaciens VLY 24 and 4h for Trichoderma strain TRKR2. The soaking duration is followed for the treatments in in vivo studies. Based on the in vitro studies, the best three treatments viz., Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma strain TRKR2 and Bacillus strain CBRE5 were taken for in vivo studies. In vivo studies on the effect of seed biopriming and spraying of biocontrol agent suspension at 4 leaf, 50 per cent, flowering and pod set stages revealed lowest disease severity of anthracnose was recorded for Trichoderma asperellum treated plants with disease suppression over control 41.74 per cent followed by carbendazim, Trichoderma strain TRKR2 and Bacillus strain CBRE5. In the case of Cercospora leaf spot Trichoderma asperellum treated plants shown highest disease suppression (63.47%) over control followed by carbendazim, Trichoderma strain TRKR2 and Bacillus strain CBRE5. Bacillus strain CBRE5 recorded least disease suppression over control in anthracnose and Cercospora leaf spot while comparing other treatments. Highest number of pods per plant (34.75), seeds per pod (15.25), plant height (46.05 cm) and yield (232.47 g) were shown by bacterial strain CBRE5 treated plants. Thus, the present study indicated that the seed biopriming for 2 h along with foliar application of Trichoderma asperellum suspension at 4 leaf , 50 per cent flowering and pod set stages was most effective treatment for the management of major foliar fungal diseases like anthracnose and Cercospora leaf spot of bush cowpea whereas seed biopriming for 2 h along with foliar application of Bacillus velezensis suspension at 4 leaf stage, 50 per cent flowering stage and pod set was the best treatment in plant growth promotion in vivo which could be used as an eco-friendly measure to produce safe to eat crop.
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    Growth, yield and essential oil production responses to microbial elicitation in Ocimum basilicum L.
    (Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2021) Rajeswari, E; Deepa S Nair
    The seeds of O. basilicum used for the study were sourced from Anand Agricultural University, Gujarat. The study was carried out in two phases: Phase 1- Seed priming using fungal derivatives for enhanced germination. Phase 2- Evaluation of the effect of foliar application of fungal derivatives for growth, yield and essential oil production. In the first phase of study, the seeds were subjected to various priming treatments using fungal derivatives viz., Trichoderma viride cell wall extract (1 %) (TCWE), Trichoderma viride culture filtrate (1 %) (TCF), Piriformospora indica cell wall extract (1 %) (PCWE), Piriformospora indica culture filtrate (1 %) (PCF) and hydro priming, maintained upto 30 days after sowing. The seeds without any priming were taken as the absolute control. In the second phase of study, the 30 days old seedlings of O. basilicum were transplanted to grow bags. The foliar spray of corresponding fungal derivatives (cell wall extract and culture filtrate) at 1 % concentration were given to plants at fortnightly intervals from transplanting to 90 days after sowing. The treatment without any foliar application was taken as the absolute control. The seeds bioprimed with PCF @ 1 per cent recorded the highest germination per cent (96%), survival per cent (96%) and had taken minimum number of days (3 days) to initial sprouting. While TCF @ 1 per cent exhibited the highest germination index (34.50) and lowest mean germination time (6.29 days). With regard to seedling development, PCF @ 1 per cent recorded a significantly higher shoot length (21.50 cm), root length (19.50 cm), seedling length (41.00 cm) and seedling vigour index (39.37). The highest (1.07) allometric index was observed in the treatment PCWE @ 1 per cent. At 110 DAS, the plants subjected to foliar application with PCF @ 1 per cent exhibited higher plant height (80.20 cm), collar girth (6.03 cm), leaf area (4010.82 cm2 ), number of branches (28.00) and number of flowering shoots (104.00). The same treatment induced early flowering (55 days) in O. basilicum. The foliar spray treatment with PCF @ 1 per cent exhibited significantly higher total chlorophyll content (1.20 mg g-1 ) and polyphenol content (84.31 mg PE g-1 ) at 110 DAS. The plants subjected to foliar application with PCF @ 1 per cent recorded maximum leaf biomass (210.00 g and 19.04 g), stem biomass (135.33 g and 12.21 g), herbage yield (345.33 g and 31.25 g), root biomass (52.00 g and 4.63 g) and total plant biomass (397.33 g and 35.88 g) respectively, on both fresh weight and dry weight basis. The same treatment recorded the highest leaf biomass (125.33 g and 12.44 g), stem biomass (76.00 g and 7.31 g), and herbage yield (201.33 g and 19.75 g), on fresh weight and dry weight basis respectively, in the ratoon crop harvested 60 days after the first cut. PCF @ 1 per cent was also observed to give the highest essential oil content (2.11 per cent and 1.00 per cent) and oil yield (443.10 g and 19.04 g, respectively) in terms of both fresh and dry leaf weight. This is followed by PCWE @ 1 per cent and TCF @ 1 per cent in terms of oil content and yield. In the first phase of study, PCF @ 1 per cent gave better performance in terms of seed germination, seedling growth and seedling vigour index. The transplanted seedlings from the same treatment when subjected to foliar application with PCF @ 1 per cent at fortnightly intervals gave the highest plant growth, biochemical and yield parameters in the second phase of study. Hence, it can be inferred that biopriming followed by foliar application of the fungal derivative PCF @ 1 per cent would give superior performance in terms of plant growth, yield and essential oil production in O. basilicum.
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    Bio fortification of rice (Oryza sativa) with zinc under organic and integrated nutrient management practices
    (Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2019) Wayoolang Talang; Suresh, P R
    An investigation entitled “Biofortification of rice (Oryza sativa) with zinc under organic and integrated nutrient management practices” was carried out in Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Pilicode during June to October 2018. The study was conducted in rice variety Uma (MO 16). The main objective of this research was to check the zinc nutrient content under organic and integrated nutrient management practices (INM). The field experiment was laid out under Randomized Block Design (RBD) with nine treatments and one control each replicated three times. The treatments consisted of soil application of Zn and combined soil and foliar application of Zn under organic (Organic Package Of Practice) and INM practices (Package Of Practice Kerala Agricultural University). Zn was applied as zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) at the rate of 1 per cent and 20 kg ha-1 as foliar application and soil application respectively. Foliar application of ZnSO4 was done at three growth stages of rice viz tillering, panicle initiation and flowering stage. Single foliar application of Zn was done at only tillering stage. Double foliar application of Zn was done at tillering and panicle initiation stages and triple foliar application of Zn was done at all the three growth stages. The effect of different treatments significantly influenced plant growth attributes like plant height, number of tillers per hill and panicles per hill. At harvest stage, the highest plant height (99.9 cm) was recorded in T8 (POP KAU + soil application of Zn + triple foliar spray of Zn) which was on par with T7. The minimum plant height was recorded in control (92.3 cm). Similarly, the maximum number of tillers per hill (15.5) and maximum number of panicles per hill (15.5) was recorded in T8 at harvest stage. Soil and foliar application of Zn along with soil application of NPK fertilizers as per POP KAU significantly improved the grain yield and other crop yield attributes. The treatment that recorded the highest grain yield was T8 (6.7 t ha-1) which was superior as compared to other treatments. The treatments that recorded the highest straw yield (6.5 t ha-1) and highest 1000 grain weight (27.1g) was with treatment T7. 127 The nutrient content in the plant samples (shoot and straw) analyzed at different growth stages of paddy was studied. The results revealed that nutrient content of N, K and Zn was highly improved in treatments under INM practices. At the harvest stage, treatments T7 recorded the highest N (0.62 %) and K (1.9 %) whereas Zn (85.7 mg kg-1) content in straw was highest with treatment T8. However, the nutrient content of P in plant samples declined with the increase in the number of foliar application of Zn. The treatment that recorded the lowest P content (0.19 %) in the straw at harvest was T5 (Organic POP + soil application of Zn + triple foliar application of Zn). The effect of treatments on Zn and P content in rice grains were also studied. Grain analysis results revealed that the treatment that recorded the highest Zn content (55.8 mg kg-1) was in T8 and the lowest Zn content (18.2 mg kg-1) was recorded in T10 (control). Similarly, P content was also analyzed in rice grains to study the interaction between Zn and P. The treatment that recorded the highest P content (0.61 %) in the grain was T2 and lowest P content (0.44%) was recorded in T5.
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    Response of Ascocenda orchid to growth regulator and micronutrients
    (Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Jesabel George; Shobhana, A
    A study entitled ‘Response of Ascocenda orchid to growth regulator and micronutrients’ was carried out at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture Vellanikkara, from May 2018 to May 2019. Ascocenda is a monopodial, epiphytic, bigeneric hybrid, which is mainly grown as pot plant in hanging baskets using bricks, charcoal, coconut husk pieces etc. as growing media. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of foliar application of different micronutrient treatments on growth and yield of Ascocenda orchid. The experiment was conducted with eleven treatments viz., 0.01% zinc + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T1), 0.025% zinc + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T2), 0.01% manganese + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T3), 0.025% manganese + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T4), 0.01% boron + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T5), 0.025% boron + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T6), 0.01% iron + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T7), 0.025% iron + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T8), 0.01% molybdenum + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T9), 0.025% molybdenum + 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T10), 150 ppm benzyl adenine + PoP (T11 – control). Three month old tissue cultured plants of Ascocenda var. Big Suksamran were used for the study. The micronutrients were applied at fortnightly intervals and benzyl adenine was applied at monthly intervals. Application of NPK (3:1:1) weekly twice @ 0.2% and cow dung slurry (1:5) at monthly intervals was given to all treatments as per PoP recommendation of KAU. Observations were taken at monthly intervals. The results indicated that foliar application of 0.025% manganese along with 150 ppm BA and recommended dose of NPK (T4) was best for improving plant height. The maximum plant height obtained at 12MAP was 8.86 cm. This was followed by T5 (8.81 cm) and T3 (8.63 cm) which were statistically on par with T4. The maximum shoot diameter was observed in T5 (10.20 mm) at 12 MAP which was on par with T4 and T3 (9.96 mm and 9.84 mm respectively). The treatment T3 was superior in terms of leaf characters like leaf length and leaf area up to 7 MAP and thereafter these parameters were highest in treatment T5. However, there was no significant difference between T5 and T3 in terms of leaf length at 12 MAP (16.70 cm and 16.48 cm respectively). The highest leaf area at 12 MAP was observed in T5 (23.17 cm2) followed by T3 (22.73 cm2). Number of leaves and leaf breadth were found highest with the application of 0.01% boron along with 150 ppm BA and recommended dose of NPK. A maximum of 13.69 leaves were observed in T5 at 12MAP. The maximum leaf breadth observed in T5 after 12 months of planting was 1.52 cm, which was closely followed by T3 and T4 (1.51 cm each), and no significant difference between these three treatments could be noticed. Regarding interval of leaf production, only 4 treatments (T3, T4, T5, and T11) could produce the highest number of eight leaves, within a period of 386 days. Among these, T4 took the shortest period of 337.45 days to produce the 8th leaf. T10 produced only five leaves within a period of 386 days. Among the root parameters, highest root length was observed in T3 (0.01% manganese + POP + 150 ppm BA) at 12 MAP (26.59 cm) whereas the treatment T4 (0.025% Mn + PoP + 150 ppm BA) was superior in terms of number of roots and root diameter. The best treatment with respect to number of roots varied during initial months, even though, from 6 MAP onwards, highest number of roots was observed in T4 with a value of 10.28 at 12 MAP. In the case of root diameter, a highest of 2.91 mm was recorded in T4 at 12 MAP, which was on par with T8 (2.86 mm), T3 (2.84 mm) and T5 (2.82 mm). Among the eleven treatments, T3 (Mn 0.01% + PoP + 150ppm BA), T4 (Mn 0.025% + PoP + 150ppm BA), and T5 (B 0.01% + PoP + 150ppm BA)were found to be best for improving the vegetative characters of Ascocenda orchid, while application of Mo @ 0.025% (T10) at fortnightly intervals was inhibitory to the plants in terms of all the vegetative characters studied. The objective of studying the floral and postharvest characters could not be achieved since the plant did not bloom within the period of study.
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    Influence of the method of application of N and P on the growth, yield and quality of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1983) Elizabeth K Syriac; Chandrasekharan, P
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    Magnesium sulphate fertilization for yield enhancement in direct seeded rice
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Daly George; Girija Devi, L
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    Micronutrient management for okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench ] under diffrent irrigation methods
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Arya, P; Anitha, S
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    Calcium, magnesium and boron nutrition for grow bag cultivation of cabbage (brassica oleracea L. var. capitata)
    (Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Parvathy, P J; Gladis, R
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    Impact of foliar application of nutrients and growth promoters on seed yield and quality of okra
    (Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Nishidha, C T; Rose Mary Francies
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    Nutrient scheduling for upland rice intercropped in coconut
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Suman, B M; Sheeja K Raj