PG Thesis
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Item Molecular characterization of Ginger genotypes (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)(Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2021-12-22) Anaswara, P A; Sreekala, G SThe study entitled “Molecular characterization of ginger genotypes (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)” was carried out at the Department of Plant Biotechnology and Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2020 to 2021. The objective of the study was to assess the genetic diversity of ginger genotypes using simple sequence repeats (SSR) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Leaf samples of twenty ginger genotypes maintained in the germplasm of Department of Plantation Crops and Spices were collected and subjected for DNA isolation using CTAB method. Quality and quantity of the isolated DNA samples were determined using Agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometric analysis. Fifteen ISSR (ISSR 26, ISSR 14, ISSR 53, ISSR 54, ISSR 69, ISSR 79, ISSR 11, ISSR 12, ISSR 72, ISSR 04, UBC 835, UBC 809, UBC 829, UBC 818 and UBC 828) and 15 SSR (GES 440, GES 452, GES 454, GB-ZOM-033, GB-ZOM-040, GB-ZOM-055, GBZOM-064, GB-ZOM-103, GB-ZOM-107, GB-ZOM-111, GB-ZOM-140, RM 154, RM 171, RM 135, and RM 125) markers were selected from previous studies for molecular characterization of ginger genotypes. Out of these fifteen SSR primers four were rice SSR primers (RM 154, RM 171, RM 135, and RM 125) with high Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value. Isolated DNA samples showed good quality and their concentration ranged from 132 to 3162 μg/ml. Average polymorphism of ginger genotypes using ISSR and SSR primers were 56% and 67.6% respectively which revealed a moderate level of polymorphism within the twenty ginger genotypes. ISSR markers UBC 829, ISSR 53, ISSR 54, ISSR 72 and SSR markers GB-ZOM-055, GB-ZOM-103, GB-ZOM-064, RM 154, RM 171, RM 135 showed 100 percentage of polymorphic loci. PIC value of ISSR primers ranged from 0 (UBC 818, UBC 828, ISSR 69 and ISSR 12) to 0.49 (UBC 829) and SSR primers ranged from 0 (GES 452, GES 454, GES 440, GB-ZOM111, GB-ZOM-033, GB-ZOM-140) to 0.45 (RM 154). The Mantel’s statistic (r) value based on Spearman's rank correlation obtained as 0.01652 with a significance value (p) of 0.4457 indicated no significant correlation between SSR and ISSR marker information. In this study Jaccard’s similarity coefficients using ISSR and SSR marker data ranged from 0.69 to 0.98 and 0.54 to 0.98. Dendrogram generated using ISSR and SSR data separated twenty genotypes into three clusters and PCoA of twenty ginger genotypes using ISSR and SSR data revealed 11 and 9 clusters respectively. A low to moderate level of polymorphism between these twenty ginger genotypes were observed using ISSR and SSR marker analysis. Divergent lines identified from the Dendrogram of ISSR and SSR data are Mananthavady (T1), Murickassery (T14), Thalavur (T20), Mannarkkad (T9), Plamoodu (T21), Kazhakoottam 1 (T11) and Kazhakoottam 2 (T22). Compared to all other ginger genotypes Plamoodu (T21) and Mannarkkad (T9) showed high variation in ISSR and SSR marker analysis. The marker analysis revealed a higher similarity between ginger genotypes Kottarakkara (T5) and Kothamangalam (T7). The results of the study indicated the efficiency of SSR markers over ISSR markers in evaluating the genetic diversity of ginger genotypes. Polymorphic bands produced by the rice-SSR markers revealed that they are suitable for crossamplification studies in ginger. Among the twenty ginger genotypes characterized using molecular markers, higher variation was noticed in Plamoodu (T21) and Mannarkkad (T9) showing their suitability in future selection programs. The variation detected at genetic level among these ginger genotypes from this study will be useful for future genetic diversity studies.Item Ginger (Zingiber officinale) yield variability under different climate change scenarios(Department of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2021) Fathima Sona, N; Shajeesh Jan, PGinger (Zingiber Officinale) is an important commercial spice crop grown from very ancient times in India. Because of its valued aroma and lemon flavour, it has spread to tropical and subtropical regions from the Indo-China region and became one of the earliest oriental spices known to Europe (Nybe and Miniraj, 2005). Species diversity and yield of spices are threatened due to the ever increasing temperature and changes in precipitation pattern. Since spices are grownboth in plains and high altitudes, it is important to assess the long term climatic changes within a region and its influence on productivity (Sing, 2008). The present experiment was aimed to study the impact of climate change on growth and yield aspects of ginger crop under climate change scenarios of RCP 4.5 and 8.5. Ginger varieties, Maran and Varada were raised at Instructional Farm (IF) Vellanikkara, by adopting split plot design. The experiment was laid out with four dates of planting (15th May, 1st June, 15th June and1 st July) as main plot treatment and two varieties (Maran and Varada) as sub plot treatments. Fourreplications were given for the experiment. The crop weather relationship was analysed with correlation with the help of SPSS software. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a multivariate statistical technique was done in order to reduce the multicollinarity of large data sets of weather variables to substantially smaller sets of new variables. The developed principal components were utilized for model development using stepwise regression analysis. The future climate was estimated by climate change projections generated using CCSM4 models for 2030, 2050 and 2080based on scenarios RCP 4.5 and 8.5. The life cycle of ginger was characterized by four distinct stages, ie., sowing to 50% germination, 50% germination to active tillering, active tillering to bulking and bulking to physiological maturity. Duration taken for each phenophases found to vary for all the four date of planting in both Maran and Varada. The May 15th date of planting took more days to germinate compared to other date of plantings. The number of days taken for sowing to germination was positively correlated with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall and soil temperature in both varieties. The number of days taken to attain physiological maturity also foundto be more in May 15th planted crop. The weather experienced during various phenophases have significant influence on yield and other yield attributes of ginger crop. It was found that the yield of both varieties of ginger havepositive correlation with minimum temperature at all the four phenophases except bulking t o physiological maturity. Maximum temperature observed at sowing to germination was positively correlated with yield of both Maran and Varada. At active tillering to bulking stage, rainfall, rainy days and minimum temperature showed a significant positive correlation with yield, but maximum temperature, wind speed and solar radiation showed a significant negative correlation with yield. The Principal Component Analysis was carried out for ginger varieties Maran and Varadaby using the weather parameters experienced in four stages ie., sowing to 50% germination, 50% germination to active tillering, active tillering to bulking and bulking to physiological maturity. Weather parameters considered include maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), rainfall (RF), rainy days (RD), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS) and solar radiation (SRAD). The statistical model was developed with principal components as independentand yield as dependent variable. Projected climatic conditions of Vellanikkara, Thrissur under climate change scenarios of RCP 4.5 and 8.5 were downscaled from CCSM4 model. The projected climate of near century (2010-2039), midcentury (2040-2069) and end of century (2070-2099) were downscaled for the study. The projected yield of the ginger variety Maran was found to decrease at all planting datesexcept July 1 st under both the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Under RCP 4.5 scenario, more reductionwas reported at the end of the century on May 15th (38%), June 1st (29%) and June 15th (54.5%) dates of planting. July 1 st planted crop reported increase in projected yield under near, mid and end of centuries. More increase in yield was observed in midcentury (17.7%). Under RCP 8.5 scenario,May 15th (50.2%) and June 1st (20.3%) dates of planting reported the highest percentage of yield reduction during midcentury. June 15th date of planting, recorded the highest yield reduction of 52.6% at the end of the century. July 1st planting date recorded increase in yield and it was more in end of century (15.5%). In case of Varada, under RCP 4.5 scenario, more yield reduction was reported at the end of century during May 15th (24%) and June 1 st (7.2%) dates of planting. DuringJune 15th planting dates, near and end of century reported the same yield reduction of 24.9%. TheJuly 1 st planted crop reported an increase in yield, which was more (15.5%) during end of century. Under RCP 8.5 scenario, more yield reduction was observed in midcentury on May 15th (28.8%) date of planting. June 1st (6.6%) and June 15th (19.9%) dates of planting reported more reduction in end of century. July 1 st reported more increase of 24% in end of century.Item Commercial production of ginger (Zingiber officinale ROSC) microrhizomes using temporary immersion bioreactor system(Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2020) Rasha Fathima, A A; Shylaja, M RGinger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), is an important commercial spice crop grown in India from very ancient times. High seed rate of ginger (1500 kg/ha) and desiccation of seed rhizomes during storage are the problems faced by farmers in ginger cultivation. The tissue culture plants are not commercially distributed in ginger as they require an additional one more season for rhizome formation. Microrhizomes of ginger induced in vitro if used as planting materials, rhizomes can be harvested in the same season as conventional seed rhizomes and year round availability of seed material can be ensured. Hence, in vitro induced microrhizomes are included in the seed chain of ginger and there is high demand for microrhizomes for clean ginger production. The study entitled “Commercial production of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) microrhizomes using Temporary Immersion Bioreactor (TIB) system” was conducted at Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (CPBMB), College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2018 to 2020. The objective of the study was to develop an efficient commercial production protocol for ginger microrhizomes using a TIB system. The study was conducted in the ginger variety Athira using Plantform TIB purchased from Sweden. The multiple shoot cultures in the 5th subculture stage received from the commercial micropropagation unit, of CPBMB were used for the study. The protocol for in vitro induction of microrhizomes reported by Shylaja et al. (2016) was optimised for bioreactor production and at each stage it was compared with the conventional microrhizome production. The number of clumps/ 500ml of medium to initiate multiple shoot production, media for shoot multiplication and microrhizome induction were optimised for TIB and compared with conventional microrhizome production system. The microrhizome, root and shoot characters in microrhizome plantlets and growth of microrhizome plants after hardening were evaluated in the two culture systems. The clonal fidelity analyses of microrhizome plants derived from 8th subculture cycle were done using the specific ISSR marker as reported by Gavande, (2013). The clump size of 15 clumps/ 500 ml of medium showed higher shoot multiplication in both TIB and conventional system. The shoot proliferation in bioreactor (7.71 shoots/clump) was significantly higher than the conventional microrhizome production system (5.24 shoots/clump). Early induction of microrhizomes was observed in TIB system. In both the culture systems, microrhizome induction was faster in MS medium with 90 gL-1 sucrose. The number of microrhizomes produced in the medium in TIB varied from 87.75 to 96.75/ 500ml medium and in conventional system it varied from 84 to 88/ 500 ml medium. The microrhizome plantlets produced in TIB recorded significantly higher weight of microrhizomes, better shoot and root growth and more number of leaves compared to the microrhizome plantlets produced in the conventional system. The weight of microrhizomes, number of roots and root length were higher in microrhizome plantlets in MS medium with 90 gL-1 sucrose. The mean weight of microrhizome in the medium was 0.29 g in bioreactor and 0.18 g in conventional system. The survival of microrhizome plants after primary hardening was 94.34 per cent and after secondary hardening was 99.29 per cent in TIB. Microrhizome plants from bioreactor recorded significantly higher plant height (18.60 cm) compared to conventional system (14.80 cm). The number of leaves recorded in microrhizome plants of both the culture systems were on par and ranged from 6.97 to 7.18. Clonal fidelity analyses using specific ISSR marker revealed that there were no polymorphism in the ISSR amplification profiles in microrhizome plants produced after the 8th subculture cycle with the source mother plant and hence plants produced from both the culture systems are true to type. The protocol developed in the present study can be further modified by early bulking of the clumps, employing TIB for multiple shoot production in early culture phase and reducing the number of culture cycles so that the entire protocol period can be reduced. Evaluation of TIB microrhizome plants in high tech poly house or field and comparison of yield and quality with microrhizome plants from conventional production system also can be focused for further research.Item Study on the effect of foliar application of urea and planofix on the growth, yield and quality of ginger varieties (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, 1975) Sreekandan Nair, G; Das, R CItem Induction of autotetraploid in ginger(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1996) Sheeba, P T; Alice KurianItem Ginger direct procurement programme of synthite industries limited: A study on direct sourcing(College of co-operation, banking and management, Vellanikkara, 2016) Amalraj, K R; Binoo P BonnyItem Yield improvement in tranplanted ginger by seed priming and biostimulant spray(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2020) Ann Sneha Baby; Jalaja S MenonItem Biochemical changes due to root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognite (kofoid and white) chitwood in ginger (zingiber officinale roscoe).(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2016) Sunilkumar, B C; Narayana, RAn experiment entitled “Biochemical changes due to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)” was undertaken at Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, during 2014-16. The main objective of the study was to assess the biochemical changes in ginger due to the infestation of M. incognita and to screen five important ginger varieties viz., IISR Mahima, IISR Rejatha, IISR Varada, Athira and Karthika against M. incognita. The study involved two pot culture experiments, both laid out in completely randomized design. First pot culture experiment was carried out in 30 cm diameter earthen pots by introducing four inoculum levels of M. incognita J2 (each replicated five times) ten days after planting. Six months after inoculation (MAI), biochemical analysis of rhizome and leaf samples were done. The result of the first pot culture experiment revealed that there was a progressive decrease in plant growth and yield parameters were observed with increase in inoculum levels of M. incognita at six MAI. The maximum reduction in plant height (38.38 per cent), fresh weight of shoot (43.03 per cent), dry weight of shoot (44.78 per cent), number of tillers (41.10 per cent) and rhizome yield (40.6 per cent) were observed in plants inoculated with 10,000 J2. The plant height, dry weight of shoot, number of tillers and the yield parameters decreased significantly in plants inoculated with 10,000 J2 compared to other levels and uninoculated plants. The plants inoculated with 10,000 J2 showed low pH (6.37) and EC (0.27 d S m-1) compared to the uninoculated plants and was significantly different from all other treatments. Defense enzymes viz., peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) of rhizome increased with increase in inoculum levels of M. incognita at six MAI. The plants inoculated with 10,000 J2 158 showed high phenol content (3.932 mg g-1 tissue), PO (8.82 changes in absorbance min-1 g-1 tissue), PPO (0.74 changes in absorbance min-1 g-1 tissue) and PAL (16.70 changes in cinnamic acid min-1 g-1 tissue) in rhizome compared to other treatments. Similar results were noticed in leaf samples as well. After harvest, the starch, protein, crude fibre, total ash and oleoresin content of rhizome decreased in plants inoculated with 500 J2 pot-1 onwards. The plants inoculated with 10,000 J2 showed low starch (12.78 per cent), protein (2.52 per cent), crude fibre (4.69 per cent), total ash (1.24 per cent), oleoresin content (3.518 per cent) compared to the uninoculated plants. The second pot culture experiment was carried out to screen five important ginger varieties against M. incognita. Minimum number of galls (28.6 plant-1) and gall index (3) was observed in the variety IISR Mahima and it was significantly different from other varieties. The variety Karthika was highly susceptible with a gall index 5 and varieties IISR Varada, IISR Rejatha and Athira were found to be susceptible (gall index 4) to M. incognita. However, variety IISR Mahima was found to be moderately resistant to M. incognita on the basis of gall index (3). The nematode population in soil, rhizome and root were minimum in IISR Mahima and maximum in case of variety Karthika. The lowest PO, PPO and PAL activity was observed in the case of variety Karthika. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that there was a progressive increase in phenol content and defense enzymes viz. PO, PPO, PAL in both leaf and rhizome with increase in inoculum levels of M. incognita. Starch, protein, crude fibre, total ash, oleoresin content, pH and EC of rhizome decreased with increase in inoculum levels of M. incognita. The variety IISR Mahima showed more defense against M. incognita compared to other varieties due to higher PO, PPO, and PAL activity.Item Evaluation of native rhizosphere microflora for plant growth promotion and management of fusarium yellows in ginger(Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2016) Rekha, K G; Surendra Gopal, KItem Optimization of process parameters for cryogenic grinding of dried ginger(Department of Food and Agricultural Process Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2016) Bhavya Francis; Santhi Mary MathewThe processing of spices requires additional care because they are sensitive to atmospheric parameters like temperature and light. The exposure to temperature during any of the processing stage may lead to their quality deterioration in terms of colour, volatile oil, volatile oil constituents, oleoresin content etc. The grinding of spices at cryogenic temperatures helps in retaining the heat sensitive components in the spices. This study envisages on the cryogenic grinding of dried ginger in order to optimize the grinding conditions, considering the important quality characteristics and compared the cryoground powder with the conventionally ground ginger. The physical properties which affect the grinding process directly or indirectly were also determined. The experiments on cryogenic grinding have been carried out for different feed rates and grinding temperature and the best combination was determined in terms of product quality as well as grinding characteristics. The optimized feed rate and temperature were 35 kg/h and -130±5°C. The lower temperature in the grinding zone solidifies the moisture and oil components in the raw material and makes it brittle, which facilitates the grinding easy and faster thus leads to less energy consumption. The extreme cold condition prevents the volatile oil loss and lead to their higher retention. The comparison of cryoground powder with the powder obtained by conventional method has shown that cryogenic grinding prevented the essential oil and oleoresin loss of ginger considerably and retained its constituents. The colour of cryoground ginger powder was superior and the particle size was finer. The time of grinding and specific energy consumption was found lower in cryogenic grinding. The packaging studies on ginger powder showed that laminated aluminum foil is suitable for long term storage.