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    Productivity and nutritional quality of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) as influenced by integrated nutrient management
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2021-10-13) Rabeen Abdul Gafoor; Shalini Pillai, P
    The study entitled “Productivity and nutritional quality of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) as influenced by integrated nutrient management” was undertaken at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2019 – 2021. The main objectives were to assess the effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth, yield and nutritional quality of finger millet and to work out the economics. The field experiment carried out from January to April 2021, was laid out in randomised block design with 10 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised combinations of five levels of substitution (s1 : 100 % RDF (recommended dose of fertilizers) as inorganic; s2 : 75 % RDN (recommended dose of nitrogen) as inorganic + 25 % RDN as vermicompost; s3 : 50 % RDN as inorganic + 50 % RDN as vermicompost; s4 : 25 % RDN as inorganic + 75 % RDN as vermicompost; s5 : 100 % RDF as organic, half each as vermicompost and farmyard manure respectively on nitrogen equivalent basis) and two levels of biofertilizer (b0 : without PGPR Mix-I; b1 : with PGPR Mix-I). The finger millet variety used for the study was PPR 2700 (Vakula) and the fertilizer recommendation was 45: 22.5: 22.5 kg NPK ha-1 . The results of the study revealed that plant height and tiller count recorded with s1 and s2 were significantly higher and comparable, at 30 DAS and 60 DAS. The treatment s1 resulted in significantly higher leaf area index (LAI) at 30 DAS (0.542), 60 DAS (3.187) and at harvest (4.087), and was followed by s2. While the crop reached 50 per cent flowering stage earlier (56.33 days) in s1, it took longer to flower (60.33 days) in s5 (100% RDF as organic). The treatment s4 recorded significantly higher total dry matter production (DMP) (4270 kg ha-1 ) at harvest and remained at par with s2 (4048 kg ha-1 ). Application of PGPR Mix-I (b1) resulted in significantly taller plants with superior tiller production and LAI at 30 DAS (54.68 cm, 2.16 tillers per plant, 0.515), 60 DAS (86.03 cm, 3.31 tillers per plant, 3.039) and at harvest (93.25 cm, 4.49 tillers per plant, 3.986). Total DMP at harvest (3975 kg ha-1 ) was also superior with b1. Interaction effect was significant for LAI at harvest, with s1b1 (4.327) and s2b1 (4.237) remaining comparable. The number of productive tillers per plant, fingers per ear, grain yield per plant and grain yield ha-1 were significantly higher (2.22, 8.73, 6.18g, 1381 kg ha-1 ) in s2 (75% RDN as inorganic + 25% as vermicompost). The treatment s4, resulted in significantly higher straw yield (3693 kg ha-1 ) and was on a par with s2. Yield attributes and yield responded significantly (2.11, 8.47, 6.08 g, 1389 kg ha-1 ) to the application of PGPR Mix-I (b1). The treatment combination, s2b1 recorded significantly higher grain yield (1504 kg ha-1 ). Significantly higher harvest index was recorded with s1 (0.31) and b1 (0.30). Partial factor productivity (PFP) of nitrogen was found to be significantly higher (30.68 kg kg-1 ) in s2. While physiological efficiency of nitrogen was superior with s1 (38.01 kg kg-1 ), apparent recovery efficiency (ARE) was higher (0.66 kg kg-1 ) with s4. Application of PGPR Mix-I (b1) resulted in higher PFP (30.87 kg kg-1 ), agronomic efficiency (AE) (21.79 kg kg-1 ) and ARE (0.61 kg kg-1 ) for nitrogen. Among the interactions, PFP of nitrogen was significantly higher (33.42 kg kg-1 ) in s2b1. The treatment combination, s5b1 (100 % RDF as organic + PGPR Mix-I) recorded significantly higher AE for nitrogen (24.16 kg kg-1 ). Significantly higher uptake of nitrogen (46.23 kg ha-1 ), phosphorus (10.38 kg ha-1 ) and potassium (49.28 kg ha-1 ) were observed in s4. The treatments, s4 and s2 remained at par with respect to nitrogen uptake. Nitrogen uptake (46.38 kg ha-1 ) and phosphorus uptake (9.65 kg ha-1 ) were significantly higher with the application of PGPR Mix-I. The treatment combination, s4b1 (25% RDN as inorganic + 75% as vermicompost + PGPR Mix-I) recorded significantly higher phosphorus uptake (10.65 kg ha-1 ). It was comparable with s4b0 and followed by s2b1. Post-harvest analysis did not show any significant variation in the soil chemical properties. Energy content in grains was higher (257 Kcal 100g-1 ) in s1 and s2. Calcium content was significantly higher (331mg 100g-1 ) in s4. The content of phytate and polyphenols were superior in s1 (638.66mg 100g-1 ) and s2 (102.67mg 100g-1 ) respectively. Application of PGPR Mix-I had no significant effect on the nutritional quality of finger millet. The treatment combination s4b0 yielded significantly higher calcium in grains (331.34mg 100g-1 ) and was on a par with s4b1, s3b0, s5b1, s2b1 and s5b0. Significantly higher net returns and benefit cost ratio (BCR) were recorded with s1 (₹23079 ha-1 , 1.60) and b1 (₹12172 ha-1 , 1.27). The treatment combinations s1b1, s1b0 and s2b1 were comparable. Integrating organics with inorganics was observed to improve the nutritional quality of finger millet. Considering the yield and comparable economics, application of 75 per cent RDN as inorganic in conjunction with 25 per cent RDN as vermicompost on nitrogen equivalent basis, supplemented with PGPR Mix-I (talc based formulation at 30 kg ha-1 in three splits- basal, 15 DAS, 30 DAS) could be recommended for the cultivation of finger millet during the summer season in southern Kerala.
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    Integrated nutrient management of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) in red sandy loam soil
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2023-05-15) Nookala Sai Aparna; Gayathri Karthikeyan, P
    An experiment entitled ‘Integrated nutrient management of finger millet (Eleusine corocana L.) in red sandy loam soil’ was conducted at Instructional Farm Ⅱ, Karuvacheri during rabi season (2021-22) with the objective of standardisation of integrated nutrient management practices for finger millet in red sandy loam soils. The design of experiment was factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments replicated thrice. Factor A consisted of two levels of farmyard manure (FYM) applied @ 5 t ha-1 (A1) and 10 t ha-1 (A2). Factor B consisted of five different levels of nutrients i.e., B1- KAU POP (NPK @ 45:22.5:22.5 kg ha-1 ), B2- NPK @ 60:30:30 kg ha-1 , B3- NPK @ 75:37.5:37.5 kg ha-1 , B4- Soil test based fertilizer recommendation (SBFR) applied @ 41:6:19 kg ha-1 NPK and B5- Control (No NPK). Statistical analysis of the results revealed that the treatments had significant effect on growth parameters, yield attributes and yield, quality parameters, available soil nutrients and nutrient uptake. Among the different nutrient levels, significantly higher values of growth parameters such as plant height (30.57, 75.60 and 96.29 cm), number of tillers hill-1 (2.39, 4.84 and 5.47) and leaf area hill-1 (303.81, 754.04 and 1503.56 cm2 ) at 25, 50 and 75 DAS respectively were recorded by the highest NPK level of 75:37.5:37.5 kg ha-1 (B3). Interaction effect was also found to be significant with respect to the above parameters with the application of higher dose of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + NPK @ 75:37.5:37.5 kg ha-1 (A2B3) followed by the FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + NPK applied @ 60:30:30 kg ha-1 (A2B2) except for dry matter production (DMP) where these treatments were on par. Higher values with respect to number of fingers panicle-1 (7.06), grain weight panicle-1 (6.30 g) and panicle length (10.35 cm) were recorded with NPK applied at 75:37.5:37.5 kg ha-1 (B3). Application of different nutrient levels resulted in significant difference with respect to grain and straw yield. Grain yield (2.1 t ha-1 ) was significantly higher with NPK applied @ 75:37.5:37.5 kg ha-1 which was on par with the application of SBFR + NPK applied @ 60:30:30 kg ha-1 (1.98 and 2.01 t ha-1 respectively). Significantly higher straw yield (4.0 t ha-1 ) was recorded with the high dose of NPK @ 75:37.5:37.5 kg ha-1 and in case of interaction effect, the higher straw yield was noticed in A2B3 (4.0 t ha-1 ) which 114 was on par with A1B4 (3.99 t ha-1 ), A1B3 (3.99 t ha-1 ) and A2B2 (3.96 t ha-1 ). Among the quality parameters, higher value or protein content was recorded with the application of higher levels of nutrients at 75:37.5:37.5 kg ha-1 and the lowest value was observed in the control plot. Ash content was significantly high with SBFR which was on par with NPK applied @ 75:37.5:37.5 kg ha-1 . Interaction of higher dose of FYM along with highest nutrient dose hasresulted in higher protein content (9.48 %) which was on par with A2B2 (FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + NPK @ 60:30:30 kg ha-1 ) i.e., 9.23%. Among the different nutrient levels, highest value of organic carbon (0.71%) and available NPK (303, 84 and 289 kg ha-1 respectively) was recorded with B3 treatment. High valuesfor available N and P was recorded with higher dose of FYM (10 t ha-1 ) also. Higher values of nitrogen uptake (60 kg ha-1 ) was recorded with NPK applied @ 75:37.5:37.5 kg ha-1 (B3). Higher values of relative growth rate, crop growth rate and leaf area index were recorded with the higher dose of nutrient levels (B3) and also with integrated use of higher levels of both FYM and NPK (A2B3) during different growth stages. The highest value for grain yield and B : C ratio (2.02) was recorded with the application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 along with fertilizers applied @ 41:6:19 kg NPK ha-1 . The results obtained from the experiment revealed that different levels of FYM, nutrients and their interaction could influence the growth, yield attributes, OC and available nutrients in finger millet. The effect was reflected in grain yield and B: C ratio. Soil test based fertilizer application has reduced the fertilizer use by 8.88%, 73.34%, 15.55% (Urea, Rock phosphate and MOP) respectively over the KAU POP recommendation. The results can be used as a guide for developing soil test based integrated nutrient management practice under different soil conditions.
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    Integrated nutrient management in a rice-rice cropping system
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1998) Deepa, S; Balachandran Nair, G K
    An experiment entitled "Integrated nutrient management in a rice- rice cropping system" was condcuted at Cropping Systems Research Centre, Karamana during the second crop season of 1995-96, to study the effect of long term application of manures and fertilizers on the availability and uptake of nutrients and changes in the physico-chemical properties of the soil for sustained productivity. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve sets of treatments and four replications. The twelve sets of treatments incldued four treatments of different levels of recommended fertilizers, treatments of integration of chemical fertilizers with organic sources like farm yard manure, crop residues (rice straw) and green manure, along with one each of unfertilized control and farmers practice of manuring. Organic manure addition in different forms was found to have pronounced effect on various growth and yield attributing characters of rice when applied in combination with chemical fertilizers. When compared to other treatments, application of 25 or 50 per cent of recommended N through farm yard manure in kharif followed by 75 or 100 per cent of recommended NPK through chemical fertilizers in rabi, gave higher tiller number, root production, productive tiller number, thousand grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield. Integration of organic manures with inorganic fertilizers improved the N, P and K uptake by the plant at all growth stages and at harvest. Highest Nand K uptake were recorded when 50 per cent N, supplied through farm yard manure in kharif season. Highest P uptake was recorded when 25 per cent of N supplied through crop residue in kharif. In general the available N,P,K and organic carbon contents of the soil were slightly improved due to combined application of organic and inorganic sources of fertilizers. Application of farm yard manure to meet 50 per cent of N along with 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers recorded maximum available NPK and organic carbon Bulk density was lowest under treatment receiving 50 per cent recommended N through farm yard manure in kharif. Incorporation of paddy straw, to meet 25 per cent N along with chemical fertilizers enhanced water holding capacity and cation exchange capacity of the soil.
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    Productivity of semi-dry rice under simultaneous in situ green manuring
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1995) Musthafa Kunnathadi; Neelekantan Potty, N
    An investigation aimed to study the influence of simultaneous in situ green manuring on the growth, yield and nutritional characteristics of rice was conducted during the first crop season of 1993 – 94 in the sandy clay loam soils of the Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of four levels of nitrogen (0,35,70 and 105 kg N ha-1), two levels of phosphorus ( 0 and 35 kg P2O5 ha-1) and two seed rates of cowpea (15 and 30 kg ha-1) for in situ green manuring and a control without green manure. Cowpea was raised in alternate rows of rice. The experiment was laid out in RBD with three replications. Results of the study showed that simultaneous in situ raising of cowpea for green manure can be successfully practiced in semi-dry rice for improving the productivity. At the recommended level of fertilizers (70:35:35 kg N, P2O5, K2 O ha-1) a lower seed rate of cowpea was found to be the best which gave 24 and 64 per cent more yield of grain and straw, respectively than the recommended practice. However, a higher seed rate of cowpea was required if the level of N was limited to 35 kg ha-1. The system added 58 and 76 q of green matter ha-1 at the lower and higher seed rates, respectively. The system effectively minimised the production and decline of non productive tillers in the post flowering phase and contributed to the increased yield. The increased efficiency of plant N achieved in the system appeared to arise from a widening of N/Fe ratio as well as a regulatory influence on elements in the plant system. Intercropping of cowpea for green manure increased the incidence of leaf roller and sheath blight marginally. The system also suppressed the weed growth in the cropped field and the weed biomass production declined by 45 per cent by 20 DAS. Weeds removed larger quantities of K and Mg than rice and deplete the soil of these nutrients. Intercropping effectively checked this. The suppression effect was not uniform on all types of weeds. Sedges showed a tendency to increase when broad leaved weeds declined. Grassy weeds remained unaffected. Thus simultaneous in situ green manuring appears to change the weed spectrum in rice fields. A comparative analysis of the weather pattern during the season with that of the normal showed that the system can be successfully adopted in similar areas.
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    Organics and biofertilizers in improving the yield and quality of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
    (Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2002) Filitte Stephen; Nybe, E V