PG Thesis
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Item Adoption of organic farming by vegetable farmers in Ezhikkara panchayat(College of Co-operation, Banking & Management, Vellanikkara, 2022-06-18) Jesna Mathew; Sreelakshmi, C CItem Multinutrient pellets for organic farming in rice (Oryza sativa L.) for acid sulphate soils of Kuttanad(Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2023-04-04) Rohith A K.; Biju JosephThe current work entitled “Multinutrient pellets for organic farming in rice (Oryza sativa) for acid sulphate soils of Kuttanad” was conducted at the Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani and Rice Research Station, Moncompu, during the year 2022. In this study, organic multinutrient pellets were prepared and investigated for its nutrient release characteristics through laboratory incubation study. Simultaneously a field experiment was conducted during puncha season in a randomized block design with Pournami rice variety to evaluate the effect of organic multinutrient pellets on organic rice cultivation in acid sulphate soil. Pellets were prepared using N, P and K organic nutrient sources permitted in NPOP, taking into account the nutritional requirement of rice and the fertility status of the experimental soil. The pellets were P1 (blood meal +rock phosphate +potassium sulphate), P2 (blood meal +rock phosphate +langbeinite), P3 (blood meal +steamed bone meal +potassium sulphate), P4 (blood meal +steamed bone meal +langbeinite), P5 (groundnut cake +rock phosphate +potassium sulphate), P6 (groundnut cake +rock phosphate +langbeinite), P7 (groundnut cake +steamed bone meal +potassium sulphate), and P8 (groundnut cake +steamed bone meal +langbeinite).Bentonite clay and humic acid were used as binding agents. On the characterization of pellets, all the pellets were found physically stable with high water holding capacity and bulk density. N content (8.47) was highest in pellet 3 (blood meal +steamed bone meal +potassium sulphate) while pH (5.98), organic carbon (23.13%), P (4.24%), K (4.21%) and Ca (5.08%) content were highest in pellet 1 (blood meal +rock phosphate +potassium sulphate). A laboratory incubation experiment was carried out to investigate the nutrient release pattern of the pellets after addition to soil. The organic multinutrient pellets were added into pots containing 5kg of acid sulphate soil, depending on the weight of soil taken and the nutritional requirement of rice. The pots were maintained at saturated condition. Samples were drawn at 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th day of incubation, and analyzed for chemical parameters such as pH, EC, organic carbon, available N, P, 177 K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, dehydrogenase activity, humic acid and fulvic acid using standard procedures. Soil pH and EC increased with days of incubation while organic carbon decreased. The availability of all nutrients increased from 15th day to 60th day and the maximum value was observed on 60th day of incubation. The dehydrogenase activity of soil and humic acid content increased with days of incubation while fulvic acid content decreased. In the field experiment 11 treatments were included such as, T1- Organic nutrient management as per KAU POP recommendation (organic crops), T2- Nutrient management as per KAU POP recommendations, crops 2016. T3- Organic nutrient management using pellet I, T4- Organic nutrient management using pellet II, T5- Organic nutrient management using pellet III, T6- Organic nutrient management using pellet IV, T7- Organic nutrient management using Pellet V, T8- Organic nutrient management using pellet VI, T9- Organic nutrient management using pellet VII, T10- Organic nutrient management using pellet VIII, T11- Absolute control. Analysis of post-harvest soil for chemical properties showed that, highest quantity of available Ca (410 mg kg-1), Mg (116 mg kg-1), S (19.83 mg kg-1) and P (24.59kg ha 1 ) were reported in T4. While the highest quantity of available N (291.68 kg ha-1), K (174.47 kg ha-1), Mn (2.54 mg kg-1) and Cu (1.25 mg kg-1) were observed in T2 followed by T3. T10 reported highest values in B (0.40 mg kg-1) and Zn (2.00mg kg-1). pH (5.21) and EC (0.120 dS m-1) of soil were the highest in T4 and T3 respectively. Regarding the nutrient content and uptake in plants, the treatment T2 (nutrient management as per KAU POP recommendations, crops 2016) registered the highest content and uptake of the most nutrients, which was followed by T3 (organic nutrient management using blood meal, rockphosphate and potassium sulphate) and T4 (organic nutrient management using blood meal, rock phosphate and langbeinite). The content and uptake of N and P and the uptake of K were highest in the T2. T3 recorded the highest content of N in grain, uptake of N in straw and the content and uptake of K in grain and straw. 178 Organic multinutrient pellet prepared using blood meal, rock phosphate and potassium sulphate on application in T3 significantly influenced the number of tillers (296.52), number of panicles meter-2 (280.27), spikelets panicle-1(111.67) and height of plants (100.53 cm) and provided highest value for them. Length of panicle (17.33 cm), filled grain percentage (90.07%) and 1000 grain weight (27.30g) were highest in T2 (nutrient management as per KAU POP recommendations, crops 2016). Chlorophyll content (1.23 mg g-1) was found highest in T6 due to the application of pellets prepared with langbeninte which contained magnesium. Nutrient management using organic multinutrient pellets had considerable impact on grain yield and straw yield. Highest grain yield (6167 kg ha-1) and straw yield (9012 kg ha-1) were recorded in T2 (nutrient management as per KAU POP recommendations, crops 2016) which was followed by T3 (organic nutrient management using blood meal, rock phosphate and potassium sulphate). The nutrient use efficiency of major nutrients were found to be highest in T2 receiving inorganic fertilizers, which was on par with the treatment T3 receiving blood meal, rock phosphate and potassium sulphate. Organic multinutrient pellets significantly influenced harvest index of rice. T2 and T3 registered the highest index value (0.41), while T4, T6 and T10 reported harvest index of 0.40. T2 with KAU POP recommendation of inorganic fertilizers reported the highest BC ratio of 3.79. However, T3 (Organic nutrient management using blood meal, rockphosphate and potassium sulphate) was on par with T2 with BC ratio of 3.02. Organic nutrient management in rice can be easily done by using multinutrient pellets prepared using nutrient sources permitted under NPOP. Pellets prepared using bloodmeal, rock phosphate and sulphate of potash (T3) produced on par yield to the treatment receiving inorganic fertilizers (T2). It was able to significantly improve the uptake of most of the nutrients in plant and could also maintain significantly higher levels of nutrients in the post-harvest soil. T2 was superior with respect to economics of cultivation with a BC ratio of 3.79 compared to a BC ratio of 3.02 in T3. It can be concluded that T3 (organic nutrient management using blood meal, rock phosphate 179 and potassium sulphate) is a viable option for nutrient management in organically grown paddy in acid sulphate soils of Kuttanad. 180Item Exploratory study on organic farming among smallholder farmers(Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2021) Visakha, T; Jayasree Krishnankutty, MOrganic agriculture is a holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. It emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the use of off-farm inputs, taking into account that regional conditions require locally adapted systems. The study was formulated with objectives to identify the components of organic farming in the selected organic homesteads, identify the marketing channels utilized by farmers and work out their marketing efficiency, analyze the biodiversity in the selected organic homesteads, explore the constraints experienced by farmer and formulate suggestions for promoting organic farming in the state. The study was conducted in Malappuram district of Kerala state. comprising of Nilambur and Wandoor blocks with a sample size of 30 organic homesteads picked out using random sampling techniques. Data were collected by using structured interview schedules and direct observation. The results revealed that components of organic farming in the selected homesteads were use of bulky organic manure, concentrated organic manure, green leaf manure, green manure crops, bio fertilizer, liquid organic manure, traps, bio control agents and organic pesticides. The study assessed the diversity of plants in organic homesteads. Nilambur block recorded the higher diversity (0.84) followed by Wandoor block (0.73). Nilambur block recorded the higher species richness (1.96) followed by Wandoor block (1.80). The major crops marketed in the study area vegetables and banana. Vegetables studied were chilli, bitter gourd, cowpea and Amaranthus. In the case of cowpea highest marketing efficiency was recorded in channel I (Producer –consumer) and lowest in channel II (Producer-retailer-consumer) ,whereas bitter gourd highest marketing efficiency was recorded in channel I (Producer – consumer) and lowest in channel II (Producer-retailer- consumer), in the case of chilli highest marketing efficiency was recorded in channel I (Producer – consumer) and lowest in channel III (Producer- Govt agency (horticorp) – consumer), In amaranthus highest marketing efficiency of was recorded in channel I (Producer – consumer) and lowest in channel II (Producer-retailer-consumer ) . In thecase of banana highest marketing efficiency was in recorded in channel I (Producer – consumer) and lowest in channel II ( Producer-retailer-consumer) . Source of income, annual income had showed higher positive correlation with biodiversity index of organic homesteads. A comparative study between the farmers from two blocks revealed that education and annual income were significantly different of these two blocks of farmers. The major constraints faced by farmers were lack of premium price for organic produce, less market price, lack of crop insurance, wild animal attack, low yield, high wages, and labour shortage and pest and disease problems. Suggestions brought forth by the study for promoting organic farming are designing implementing awareness programs for the consumers, development of model organic farms with institutional support, providing financial incentives for promoting organic farming, ensuring availability of quality organic manure at reasonable price, enhancing the supportive role in government marketing of organic produce and encouraging setting up of organic kitchen garden in homesteads, organic certification More studies on organic farming especially on the marketing aspects are needed to develop viable solutions for the challenges faced by the promoting system.Item Transition to organic agriculture in Kasaragod district: A multi dimensional analysis(Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2016) Seenu Joseph; Jiju P AlexItem Technology utilisation of organic plant protection practices of KAU(Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2017) Aparna, K V; Allan ThomasItem Adoption of organic farming technologies in banana and vegetable crops in kasaragod district(Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2015) Akshay Sasidharan; Sheiref, A KItem Proteome analysis of organically grown yardlong bean (VignaaunguicuIata sub sp. sesquipedalis (L.) verdcourt(Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2016) Deepthi K Kumar; Deepu MathewItem Farmer and consumer behaviour towards organic vegetables(Department of rural marketing management, College of cooperation, banking and management, Vellanikkara, 2015) Divya Vijayan; Ushadevi, K NItem Impact of organic farming practices on soil health,yield and quality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2005) Devi Krishna; Usha, P B