PG Thesis
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Item Regulation of growth and flowering in Heliconia spp.(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2016) Kokila, K R; Satheeshan, K NItem Morphochemical evaluation of jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) collections(Department Of Pomology And Floriculture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2016) Deepika, V; Ajith Kumar, KJamun possesses commercial importance as a minor fruit in tropical and subtropical conditions. It is a versatile fruit tree of best food and medicinal value. India ranks second in production of jamun in the world. It is an important under-exploited indigenous fruit tree of India. As majority of jamun trees are of seedling origin, they show tremendous variation in their morphology and physicochemical attributes. Assessment of the existing variability is a prerequisite for taking up successful crop improvement. The study on “Morphochemical evaluation of jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) collections” was carried from August 2014 to December 2015 at the KAU main campus, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the morphochemical characters of jamun collections maintained in and around the KAU main campus for identifying the superior types. Fifty nine collections of jamun were maintained in the departmental orchard, in and around the KAU main campus were used for the study. All the collections were studied for morphological, physico-chemical and organoleptic properties. All the collections showed variability in tree characters, inflorescence characters, fruit characters, quality attributes and pest and disease incidence. At the similarity coefficient status of 6 per cent, grouping of collections were done which resulted in 12 non-overlapping clusters. Tree characters viz., age of the tree (20 to 35 years), tree height (12 m to 20 m), trunk girth (0.95 m to 4.1 m), crown shape (pyramidal, broadly pyramidal, spherical, semi-circular and irregular), Leaf length (9.1 cm to 17.5 cm), leaf width (2.3 cm to 6.5 cm), leaf shape (broadly ovate and lanceolate), shoot length (7 cm to 26 cm) and internodal length (7.7 cm to 12.2 cm) were observed. Only 17 trees were flowered during the period of study. Variation in flower characters such as position of inflorescence (axillary), flower composition in the inflorescence (solitary and cluster), flower colour (white), flowering season (December and January), duration of flowering (26 days to 42 days) were recorded. At the similarity coefficient status of 40 per cent, grouping of collections were done based on fruit characters, which resulted in 5 non-overlapping clusters. Variation was observed with respect to fruiting season (March-April and April-May), days from flowering to fruit maturity (62 days to 68 days), fruit set to maturity (58 days to 64 days), fruit clustering habit (solitary and cluster), fruit weight (5.91 g to 12.28 g), fruit volume (5.32 cc to 11.40 cc), number of fruits per cluster (3 to 12), specific gravity (0.91 to 1.23), fruit length (1.61 cm to 3.10 cm), fruit width (1.24 cm to 2.41 cm), fruit shape (oblong), fruit colour (blackish purple), firmness/softness (4.09 kg cm-2 to 9.94 kg cm-2), juice content (14 per cent to 44 per cent), pulp content (77.50 per cent to 90.39 per cent), seed weight (9.60 per cent to 22.49 per cent), pulp/seed ratio (3.24 to 9.41) and yield tree-1 (10 kg plant-1 to 54 kg plant-1). At the similarity coefficient status of 7 per cent, grouping of accessions was done based on quality attributes, which resulted in 12 non-overlapping clusters. The percentage of moisture (65 per cent to 82.50 per cent), acidity (0.18 per cent to 0.58 per cent), TSS (9.20⁰ Brix to 15.50⁰ Brix), anthocyanin (44.64 mg 100 g-1 to 63.35 mg 100 g-1), pH (1.80 to 3.17), reducing sugar (5.89 per cent to 20.16 per cent) and total sugar (12.82 per cent to 22.95 per cent) were estimated. Sensory evaluation viz., colour, sweetness, taste, appearance and texture were recorded based on 9 point hedonic scale. From the sensory evaluation KJ- 45 was found to be promising types with respect to appearance, colour and sweetness. With respect to taste and texture KJ- 39 and 47 were found promising when compared with all collections. Minor incidence of pest (gall midge) and disease (leaf spot and sooty mould) were observed during the study. Among the collection, KJ- 45 has higher yield (54 kg plant-1), TSS (15.6o Brix), fruits per cluster (12), fruit weight (12.28 g), pulp/seed ratio (9.41) and anthocyanin content (64.35 mg 100 g-1). Hence, KJ- 45 is considered as superior tree followed by KJ- 48, KJ- 47 and KJ- 7.Item Morpho- physiological characterization of litchi ( Litchi chinensis sonn. ) in Wayanad(Department Of Pomology And Floriculture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2016) Sanjay D Chavaradar; Ajith Kumar, KItem Evaluation of differential effects of coloured shade nets on selected ornamentals(Department Of Pomology And Floriculture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2016) Andrew L Myrthong; Sudhadevi, P KEvaluation of differential effect of coloured shade nets on selected ornamentals was undertaken in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara. Six plant species viz., Nephrolepis exaltata, Asparagus sp. (green leaf type); Spathiphyllum wallisii, Chrysothemis pulchella (flowering type); Tradescantia spathacea „Sitara‟ and Cordyline terminalis (coloured leaf type) were selected for the evaluation. The plants were grown under shade nets of five different colours viz., red, yellow, green, blue and black. Morphological data (both quantitative and qualitative), weather data including temperature, relative humidity, light intensity and PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) were recorded for a period of one year from March 2015 to February 2016. The total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were evaluated twice, at six and twelve months after planting. The plant growth in terms of height and spread was found to be greatly influenced by red and black coloured nets as the plants under these two nets were the tallest with more spread. Except for Cordyline terminalis, the growth of all plants was the least when grown under blue coloured net. Height and spread of Cordyline terminalis was the lowest under black colour net. Leaf characteristics like area, length and breadth were the highest when grown under black, followed by red coloured nets. The effect of yellow, green and blue coloured nets was not significant. Red net only significantly increased the number of leaves in all plants except Spathiphyllum wallisii, in which it was the highest under blue colour net. The internodal length was the longest in plants under red and shortest under blue coloured nets except in Cordyline terminalis which recorded shortest internodes under black net. Length and girth of petiole of all the plants were more when grown under black net except that of Cordyline terminalis in which it was the longest under red and blue nets.The floral characters of Chrysothemis pulchella were homogeneous under nets of all colours while Spathiphyllum wallisii had bigger flowers with longer stalks under black and red nets. The interval of flower production was the least in red and maximum in plants under blue nets for both the plants. Vase life was studied for those leaves that could be used as cut foliage. No detectable difference in vase life of Asparagus sp. and Spathiphyllum wallisii could be observed. But, leaves of Nephrolepis exaltata had maximum vase life under black and red; medium under yellow and green and minimum under blue nets. The vase life of Cordyline terminalis was minimum under blue net and maximum under all the other net colours which were on par with each other. A higher concentration of total chlorophyll as well as carotenoid were found under black coloured net in all plants except in Spathiphyllum wallisii, in which the maximum concentration was under blue net. The maximum and minimum temperatures and relative humidity were always higher inside the shade nets compared to the open condition. Both light intensity and PAR were reduced inside the shade nets and the reduction was in the ascending order of black, yellow, green, blue and red nets. Overall growth of all the plants was higher under red and black nets, while leaf characteristics were better under black net. Quality wise, the plants under black net overshadowed those under red, yellow, green and blue coloured nets. It was observed that all the plant parameters could not be improved by a single net colour. This study will form a base for future works through which we can draw a clear recommendation on the colour of shade net to be used for obtaining the desired plant architecture which will enhance the commercial value of ornamentals.Item Variability studies in seedlings of heliconia (Heliconia spp.)(Department of Pomology and Floriculture,College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2011) Kadam Darshan, Shashank; Sheela, V LItem Evaluation of monopodial orchids for cut flower(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2007) Kaveriamma, M M; Geetha, C KItem Bunch cultural practices to optimize yield and fruit characters in banana (Musa AAA Robusta)(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2006) Pijush Kanti Biswas; Vijayachandran Nair, C SThe present investigation was carried out to standardize bunch cultural practices for improving bunch size and finger qualities of banana variety Robusta. The experiment also aimed at obtaining maximum number of fingers from a bunch having export standards. The experiment was conducted in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, during 2005-2006. Fourteen different treatments (including control) were imposed in this experiment. The treatment comprised of various combinations of growth regulators (GA 50 ppm and NAA 25 ppm) and organic sprays (vermiwash, cow’s urine, coconut water) as well as cultural practices (dehanding one or two apical hands, bunch cover using polythene tube) along with a control (without any treatments). The growth regulators and organic sprays were applied one month after emergence of the bunch. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD). There were two replications. The salient findings of the investigation are mentioned below. The bunch weight, bunch length, weight of hands, weight of fingers, pulp weight and sugar content increased while bunch maturity period decreased by the application of the treatment T10 i.e., removing one apical hand and spraying 50 ppm GA, one month after bunch emergence. The results also showed that bunch shape index, finger girth, TSS content and shelf life increased whereas acidity decreased when the treatment T¬11 (removal of two apical hands and spraying of 50 ppm GA one month after bunch emergence) was imposed. The finger length and number of fingers falling in the acceptable range were also improved by application of GA 50 ppm clubbed with one or two apical hands. At last, it can be concluded that trimming of one or two apical hands and application of GA at the rate of 50 ppm one month after bunch emergence, improved bunch characters, finger characters and quality of fruits.Item Evaluation of tropical plant species for use as cut foliage(Department Of Pomology And Floriculture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2003) Sindhu M Eapen; Rajeevan, P KThe investigations on the evaluation of tropical foliage plant species for use as cut foliage was conducted in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, during 2001-2003, with the main objectives of evaluating the performance of the foliage species under field conditions together with their post harvest performance. Twenty-seven foliage plant species belonging to ten different families were selected for the present study. They were evaluated for their height, spread, leaf characters (length, breadth, area, longevity, interval of production, leaf yield per month) and petiole characters (length, girth) under field conditions. The post harvest performance of the cut foliage of these species was evaluated by various pulsing and holding treatments. The best of the treatments were combined and the selected species were evaluated in the combinations, also estimating the catalase activity at different stages of treatment. Cut foliages of the different species were also held at different temperatures to evaluate the influence of the temperature on the vaselife. They were packed in cartons using different lining materials (both dry and wet) and the effect of the lining materials were also evaluated. In the field conditions the species exhibited wide variation 111 their growth pattern and leaf characters. Maximu~ plant height was observed In Asparagus setaceus, a twiner, while the maximum spread was recorded 111 SchefJlera arboricola, a shrub and Nephrolepis cordifolia, a fern. Leaf length was maximum in Nephrolepis exaltata while the leaf breadth and petiole length were maximum in Cyperus alternifolius. Philodendron wendlandii recorded maximum petiole girth. Maximum leaf production was in Scirpus cernnus. Leaf area' recorded was maximum in Monstera deliciosa while SchejJl.era arboricola and Nephrolepis exaltata recorded the maximum longevity and maximum interval of leaf production, respectively. The qualitative characters of the species differed in all respects and a wide range of shape, texture, margin and pigmentation could be observed. In the post harvest evaluation for use as cut foliage, the pulsing treatments were on par and among the holding solutions, distilled water and acidified water proved to the best, thus eliminating the use of chemicals. Scoring of .foliage projected Asparagus setaceus to be the best in terms of all the characters of colour/pigmentation, shape/pattern, size and texture. The combinations indicated a significantly higher vase life of the different species in a combination of any pulsing treatment with a holding solution of either tap water or distilled water. Catalase activity reduced in the foliage when treated with hot water and increased when treated with tap water. Foliage kept in aoidified water after hot water dip showed an increase in the activity. pH in the best treatment showed a lesser increase whereas EC increased to a greater extent in the most inferior treatment. Storing at a lower temperature of 17°C proved to be better for prolonging the vase life of the foliage species, compared to ambient temperature. Packing with a wet cotton plug at the petiole end increased the vase life of the foliage although lining materials showed rio significant effect on the vase life.Item Standardization of in vitro pollination and fertilization technique for heliconia(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2006) Dhanya, A; Sheela, V LItem In vitro propogation in two commercial diploid bananas of Kerala(Department Of Pomology And Floriculture, College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2005) Sapheera, C P; Babylatha, A PThe studies on in vitro propagation in two commercial diploid bananas of Kerala, namely Musa (AB) ‘ Njalipoovan’ and Musa (AA) ‘ Nivedyakadali’, were carried out in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara. Sword sucker, peeper sucker and eye bud explants were used for the study. The results revealed that surface sterilization of explants with a combination treatment of absolute alcohol 70.0 per cent for 1 minute + mercuric chloride 0.1 per cent for 10 minutes + dipping in antibiotic cefotaxime 0.01 per cent solution for 15 minutes recorded cent per cent survival of explant. Physical injury of the apical dome of shoot tip explants with a longitudinal cut was found to be best in enhancing the release of axillary buds in the culture. Addition of ascorbic acid into the media at the rate of 50.0 mgl-1 reduced media and explant discolouration. For the better and faster explant establishment and growth of sword sucker and peeper sucker explants, MS medium containing BA 3.0 mgl-1 and NAA 0.5 mgl-1 was found to be best for Njalipoovan and Nivedyakadali. In shoot tip culture of Njalipoovan, maximum number of multiple shoots was recorded in the medium containing NAA 0.5 mgl-1 and BA 8.0 mgl-1 or BA 5.0 mgl-1 alone in full MS. In the case of Nivedyakadali also BA 5.0 mg l-1 in the full MS recorded the maximum number of multiple shoots. Out of the two cytokinins tried (BA and Kinetin), BA was found to be more efficient for the induction of axillary shoots in the culture. Sword sucker, peeper sucker and eye bud explants were found to be equally effective with respect to the number of axillary shoots from a single explant, in both cultivars. Sucrose 3.0 per cent and table sugar 2.0 per cent produced maximum number of multiple shoots in Njalipoovan. In the case of Nivedyakadali too table sugar at 2.0 per cent recorded maximum number of multiple shoots. Half strength of vitamins in full MS observed more number of multiple shoots in cv. Njalipoovan. In the case of cv. Nivedyakadali, half tablet of vitamin B complex (2.0 mgl-1) in the medium resulted in more number of shoots. For Njalipoovan the treatment involving full MS + NAA 2.0 mgl-1 took significantly least number of days for root initiation with cent per cent rooting. The number of roots per shoot was maximum in half MS + 10.0 mgl-1. In the case of Nivedyakadali, full MS medium containing NAA 1.0 mgl-1 took least number of days for root initiation with cent per cent rooting. Of the various carbon sources tried with Njalipoovan, number of roots produced was significantly higher in the medium containing table sugar 3.0 per cent and table sugar 2.0 per cent. In the case of Nivedyakadali number of roots produced was higher in the medium containing table sugar 3.0 per cent. Full strength of vitamins in full MS medium resulted in maximum number of roots and maximum length of roots. Nivedyakadli recorded maximum number of roots in full MS media containing half strength of vitamins whereas length of root was maximum in full strength vitamin concentration. Number of roots and length of root were higher in the media containing triademefon 1.0 mg l-1. The most suitable rooting medium for ex vitro establishment of Njalipoovan and Nivedyakadali plantlets was 1:1(v/v) mixture of vermiculite + coir pith compost. Sand + cow dung + goat manure (1: 1: 1) mixture was the best potting mixture for subsequent growth and vigour of in vitro derived diploid banana. Plantlets kept under mist chamber recorded the highest survival percentage. Mud pot, black polythene bag and white polythene bag were found to be equally effective containers for hardening of plantlets. Weekly spraying of full MS solution recorded maximum number of leaves, length of leaves, breadth of leaves and height of plantlets in both the diploid cultivars.
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