PG Thesis
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Item Collection, characterization and evaluation of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. germplasm(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2007) Abhila, S R; Jessykutty, P CThe present study titles “Collection, characterization and evaluation of Aloe vera (L) Burm.f.germplasm” was conducted at the Department of Plantation crops and spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period April 2006 – March 2007. Thirty diverse accessions of aloe were collected from various locations of Kerala and Tamil Nadu> Preliminary evaluation of reference sample plants of each accession were done in terms of morphological and biochemical characters. A final evaluation of morphological, anatomical and biochemical characters were carried out one year after planting in the new environment and association between morphological, biochemical and yield contributing characters were worked out and the accessions were evaluated based on these results. The accessions recorded significant variation for morphological characters like plant height, plant spread, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf thickness, leaf weight, leaf shape, leaf colour, phyllocrone and suckering. Study of the anatomical characters of the accessions like number of stomata, cuticle thickness, epidermal thickness and mesophyll thickness revealed that there was no significant variation among the accessions with regard to number of stomata and epidermal thickness. Significant difference existed in mesophyll thickness and it was the highest for AV-2 and hence maximum gel yield. Wide variation in biochemical characters such as amino acids, total sugars, fattyacids, vitamin A and C, saponins, minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron content and activity of enzymes like peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were noticed among the thirty accessions. Yield analysis of the accessions revealed that AV-16, AV-12, AV-2, AV-6, AV-13, AV-30, AV-29, AV-15, AV-9 and AV-7 had superior yield contributing characters. The accessions having superior biochemical characters are AV-5, AV-25, AV-18, AV-23, AV-11, AV-21, AV-24, AV-27, AV-19 and AV-26, hence are superior in quality. By combining yield contributing and quality characters accessions AV-12, AV-16, AV-13, AV-6, AV-15, AV-2, AV-30, AV-19, AV-29 and AV-14 were found to be superior. The accessions AV-16, AV-12, AV-2 and AV-6 were found superior based on morphological characters and morphological and biochemical characters together. Association between morphological, biochemical and yield contributing characters revealed that morphological characters like plant height, plant spread, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf thickness and leaf weight showed positive association with leaf yield and latex yield. So these characters offer good scope for selection among the present collection of aloe accessions. A location specific evaluation had to be carried out with these aloe accessions in areas with diverse agro climatic situations for evolving a suitable variety.Item Nutrient requirement and postharvest studies on bush jasmine (Jasminum sambac Ait)(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2001) Nirmalatha, J D; Sheela, V LThe experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 1998-1999 with the objective to standardise the nutrient requirement in bush jasmine and its post harvest studies. The results of experiment I revealed that the growth characters like length of main shoot, number of primary branches, length of primary and secondary branches, spread of plant in East-West and North-South direction performed well at the highest dose of major nutrients applied viz., 600 kg N, 600 kg P20S and 600 kg K20 ha'. The maximum number of secondary branches was obtained at 450 kg ha! of K20 and P20S' The yield of flowers was highest at lower doses of major nutrients applied viz., 300 kg N, 300 kg P20S and 450 kg K20 ha ". Regarding monthly yield pattern lower levels of nutrients (N and P) gave better yield in general, potassium was effective at 450 kg K20 ha". During the growth period the effect of nutrients applied was significant initially then declined in between and finally the yield increased in tune with the season. The 100 bud weight of flower buds was maximum at 300 kg ha' and 300 kg P20S ha ": The time taken for flower opening delayed at 600 kg P20S ha". 2 Foliar nitrogen was maximum at highest levels of major nutrients applied. The leaf phosphorus content was maximum at 450 and 600 kg N ha:", 600 kg ha' of P205 and K20. Content of leaf potassium was highest at 450 kg ha! of Nand P205 and 600 kg K20 ha:". Foliar magnesium was high when nitrogen was applied at 600 kg N ha:", phosphorus at 300 kg ha ". Foliar zinc content was recorded the highest when 450 kg ha! of nitrogen and potassium was applied. Phosphorus applied at 450 and 600 kg P205 ha! increased the foliar zinc content. Lowest dose of nitrogen (300 kg ha') increased the carbohydrate content of flowering shoot. Uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus was found effective at 600 kg N : 600 kg P205 : 600 kg K20 ha'": But uptake of potassium was maximum at 600 kg N : 450 kg P205 : 450 kg K20 ha". The uptake of magnesium recorded highest value at 600 kg N : 300 kg P205 : 300 kg K20 ha! and 450 kg K20 ha". Zinc uptake was maximum with highest dose of nitrogen and phosphorus applied and 300 and 450 kg K20 ha! applied. The essential oil content was maximum at nl and ra. levels. The available soil N, P, K content was maximum at the highest dose of nutrient applied (600 kg N : 600 kg P205 : 600 kg K20 hal ). The experiment II on post harvest studies on bush jasmine proved significant effects between the treatments. For the treatment V oEoSo time taken for flower opening was delayed and the time taken for retention 3 of colour and turgidity was maximum at lowest dose of Nand K (300 kg ha:") and highest dose of P applied (600 kg P20S ha'). The buds given ethylene absorbant treatment (VoE I So) along with major nutrients applied delayed the time taken for flower opening, retained colour at 450 kg ha! Nand 600 kg P20S ha". Time taken to retain turgidity was influenced by nitrogen at n2, phosphorus at P3 and potassium at k2 and k3 levels. Post harvest treatment of buds with ethylene absorbants and newspaper lining (V 1 EISa) along with major nutrients applied increased shelf life. The time taken for flower opening (n'), p-., k,,) and the colour _ .J .J of flowers was retained longer at n2 and P3 levels. In general the shelf life of flowers was extended by the vanous post harvest treatments compared to control. The time taken for flower opening was delayed maximum by ethylene absorbant treated buds. Low temperature treatment was best to increase the longevity of buds by retaining colour and turgidity,. The present study revealed that lowest dose of fertilizer application (300 kg N : 300 kg P20S : 450 kg K20 ha") favoured the floral characters, whereas highest dosage increased vegetative growth. The shelf life of flowers can be enhanced by post harvest treatmens (ethylene absorbants and low temperature) along with fertilizer application.Item Variability analysis of allogamous traits in rice(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2000) Deepa, K P; Radhakrishnan, V VThe research project entitled "Variability analysis of allogamous traits In rice (Oryza saliva L.)" was carried out in the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur and the Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy, Thrissur during the period 1998-99. The major objective of the study was to estimate the amount of variability for floral traits influencing out-crossing in high yielding, local and wild genotypes and CMS lines. It also evaluated the association of these floral traits to out-crossing and identified the genotypes with good morphological traits favouring out-crossing, which can be utilized for restructuring rice flower to suit hybrid seed production. Statistical analysis revealed significant variation in all the 18 characters studied viz, plant height, flag leaf angle, panicle exsertion at flowering and maturity, per cent out-crossing, anther length, filament length, pollen fertility, pollen viability, residual pollen, stigma length, stigma diameter, stigma hair length, angle between stigmatic lobes, stigma exsertion per cent, glume angle, duration of spikelet opening and flowering period in thirty three genotypes of rice. Highest genotypic coefficient and phcnotypic coefficients of variations were observed for STigma exsertion followed by per cent out-crossing and residual pollen. Correlation studies revealed significant positive correlation between out- crossing and the floral traits flag leaf angle and spikelet opening-closing duration. All the traits except residual pollen showed high heritability coupled with genetic gain. Statistical studies showed V20A and V20B, Jaya, Kanchana, Bharathi, Neeraja, Kairali, Nandyar, Chennellu, Oryza longistamina, Oryza oJjicinalis and Oryza spontanea with good floral traits favouring out-crossing.Item Optimising in vitro somatic embryogenesis in polyembryonic mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1995) Bindu, C P; Rajmohan, KStudies were conducted to optimise the in vitro propagation techniques via somatic embryogenesis in polyembryonic mango varieties (Vellari, Kalluvarikka, Thalimanga, Kilichundan, Pulichi and Varikka) of Kerala, during 1993-1994 at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. Culture media and conditions could be standardised for the first two stages of somatic embryogenesis, namely induction and initiation. However, attempts for inducing normal maturation and germination of the embryoids were not so successfu I . Five out of the six varieties of mango (except Ki I ichundan) responded to the induct ion treatments for somatic embryogenesis. Kalluvarikka recorded the highest per cent cultures (87.50) initiating somatic embryoids from the nucellar tissue. Puliehi was observed to initiate the highest per cent eultures (91.66) initiating somatic embryoids from embryo mass cultured. Somatic embryoids were induced and initiated from nucellus as well as embryo mass. From the nucellus, the embryoids were produced directly, without any intervening callus. The embryo mass gave rise to emb r y og e n i c ca I I us, multiple embryos or zygotic embryos. The somatic embryoids from nucellar tissue were best induced when cultured in darkness on half strength Murashige and Skooge basal medium supplemented with 2,4-D 5.0 mg/l, GA3 5.0 mg/l, glutamine 400.0 mgll, sucrose 60.0 g/l, coconut water 200.0 mIll, agar 6.0 g/l and activated charcoal 2.5 g/l. Somatic embryoids from nucellar tissue were found to be initiated in 55.50 per cent cultures on half strength Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 2,4-D 5.0 mg/l, BA 0.05 mg/l, glutamine 400.0 mg/l, casein hydrolysate 500.0 mg/l, sucrose 60.0 g/l, coconut water 200.0 mill, agar 6.0 g/l and activated charcoal 2.5 g/l. Darkness was essential for the initiation. Ambient temperature and in the culture room temperature (26°C) were equally effective for the initiation. Abscisic acid was tried, among other treatments, for inducing proper maturation of the somatic embryoids initiated from nucellar tissue. The maximum size of the embryoids was observed on half strength Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with ABA 16.0 uM, casein hydrolysate 100.0 mgll, sucrose 40.0 gll, coconut water 200.0 mIll, agar 6.0 g/l and activated charcoal 2.5 g/l. the embryoids was not influenced by light. Size of Attempts for inducing normal germination of the somatic embryoids from the maturation medium were made using treatments involving plant growth substances (BA, 2iP, GA 3 and NAA), factors known to impart osmotic stress (Polyethelene glycol and high concentrations of sucrose and a g a r) , sodium butyrate, known to influence histone deacetylation, and activated charcoal, capable of absorbing inhibitors. However, the treatments were not very useful in inducing normal germination of the embryoids.