PG Thesis
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Item Mass trapping of cowpea pod borer maruca vitrata (F.) (lepidoptera; pyralidae) using sex pheromones(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2018) Eurekha Savadatti; Sreekumar, K MItem Survey, characterization and evaluation of clove (Syzigium aromaticum (L) Merr. and Perry) accessions(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Avinash, M; Sreekala, G SThe present study entitled “Survey, characterization and evaluation of clove (Syzigium aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry) accessions” was taken up with the specific objective to characterize and evaluate clove accessions based on morphological and biochemical parameters. The Survey was carried out in the major clove growing plantations of Trivandrum, Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala and Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, as these districts harboured the major clove population. Twenty varied accessions were tagged as BRC-1, BRC-2, BRC-3, BRC-4, MRC- 5, MRC-6, MRC-7, MRC-8, AMC-9, AMC-10, AMC-11, AMC-12, AMC-13, MMC-14, MMC-15, BLC-16, BLC-17, BLC-18, MGC-19 and ANC-20 based on the name of the estates/location from where the trees were identified. Twenty one qualitative and thirty four quantitative characters were recorded. Qualitative characters included tree, leaf, bud, flower, fruit and seed characters. Considerable variation was noticed among the accessions for the qualitative characters namely canopy shape, branching pattern, colour of young leaf, colour of mature leaf, leaf lamina shape, leaf apex shape, bud forming season, bud clustering habit, bud size, colour of hypanthium, petal colour, sepal colour, colour of stigma, fruit shape and seed shape. Few characters like leaf arrangement, position of flower, colour of peduncle, mature fruit colour, ripe fruit colour and seed colour were non variable characters among the accessions evaluated. Bivariate analysis of major qualitative characters revealed major association between canopy shape and branching pattern; colour of young leaf and petal colour, sepal colour and colour of stigma; colour of mature leaf and bud size; and fruit shape and seed shape. The multivariate qualitative clustering using UPGMA method resulted in 13 clusters, at default 80% similarity. Quantitative characterisation of bud, flower, fruit, seed and quality parameters summarised based on the descriptive statistics revealed wider range of variability in number of inflorescence per m2 and single bud weight fresh and dry. The quality parameters assessed among the accessions revealed eugenol as the main constituent with a content range of 54.29 to 70.77%. GC MS analysis of the bud oils of the elite clove accessions exhibited 25 constituents, the major being p-eugenol, eugenyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, β-cubebene and α-humulene. The principal component analysis undertaken reduced the thirty two quantitative characteristics to two principal components accounting for 88.8% of total variation. Stem girth at 45 cm height, and single bud weight, fresh and dry; displayed high correlation with the first axis while number of inflorescence per m2 highly influenced the second axis indicating that these characters have an important role in clustering of clove accessions. A score plot generated based on the first two principal components using Minitab version 18 identified fourteen clusters. The parallelism between qualitative and quantitative clusters resulted in intuitive perceived quantitative characterisation, which tells the extent to which one can conceive the quantitative characters of clove based on easily identifiable qualitative characters. The linkage of characters analysed based on the biplot of component loadings revealed strong positive association between all the quantitative characters measured except girth at 45 cm height, number of branches, number of inflorescence per m2, single bud weight (fresh), single bud weight (dry) and fresh bud yield per tree. A near zero correlation was observed between number of inflorescence per m2 and single bud weight (fresh) and single bud weight (dry) as indicated by the perpendicular of the vectors. The results of the study indicated that by observing the qualitative characters and the minimum data set characters in the bearing season, one can optimally sort out the ideotype clove accessions. Identification of an ideotype using existing data revealed accessions BRC-1, MRC-5, MRC-6 and BRC-3 as ideotypes and thus can be suggested as elite accessions for further study and breeding work.Item Studies on microwave steam distillation process for extraction of lemongrass essential oil(Department of Food and Agricultural Process Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agriculural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2017) Claudia, K L; Prince, M VEssential oils are concentrated aromatic oily liquids distilled from different parts of aromatic plants. Conventionally steam distillation has been widely used for extraction. Modern technologies have been continuously developed to conquer the inadequacies of conventional methods. Microwave steam distillation is based on the interaction between water in the plant material and microwaves generated by the energy source. In this process, the steam generated outside accelerates evaporating and carrying of the essential oil, from the plant material, towards the condenser. In this study a microwave steam distillation system for extracting lemongrass essential oil was developed which composed of a microwave reactor, steam generator, cartridge, extraction unit, supporting stand, energy meter and temperature sensor and controller. In order to evaluate the developed system towards extraction of lemongrass essential oil, the effect of process parameters which would influence the essential oil yield, energy consumption and temperature of extraction such as bulk densities of 0.375, 0.675 and 0.875 g cm-3, microwave powers of 280, 420 and 560 W and soaking times of 30, 40 and 50 min were studied. The physical quality characteristics such as specific gravity, refractive index, solubility and colour of essential oil were analysed. The optimised operating conditions of bulk density, microwave power and time of extraction for lemongrass essential oil in microwave steam distillation were found to be of 0.375 g cm-3, 420 W and 30 min respectively. Scanning Electron Micrographs of lemongrass provided evidences to sudden rupture of essential oil glands with microwave steam distillation process. Gas Chromatographs of essential oil extracted through microwave steam distillation process showed higher percentage of Citral than that of steam distillation process. From the study it was concluded that microwave steam distillation could be considered as an extraction technique that results in the rapid production of high quality essential oil at shorter extraction period with minimum energy consumption.