PG Thesis
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Item Documentation and management of pests of jasmine, Jasminum spp.(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2022) Swathy, I M; Malini NilamudeenIn Kerala, jasmine is mostly grown as an ornamental crop in homesteads. Recently, there is an increase in jasmine cultivation due to its high export potential. In this scenario, knowledge about the pests and defenders of jasmine and their eco-friendly management under Kerala condition is highly essential. With this backdrop, the study entitled “Documentation and management of pests of jasmine, Jasminum spp.” was carried out at Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period of 2019 to 2021. The objectives of the study were to document the pests infesting Jasminum spp., their damage and symptoms, natural enemies associated with the pest and to develop suitable pest management measures. The documentation conducted at three districts viz., Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam and Alappuzha recorded sixteen pests. Jasmine budworm (Hendecasis duplifascialis Hampson), jasmine leaf webworm (Nausinoe geometralis (Guenee), Nausinoe perspectata (Fabricius)), shoot webworm (Margaronia unionalis Hubner), jasmine gallery worm (Elasmopalpus jasminophagus (Hampson)), blossom midge (Contarina maculipennis Felt), lacewing bug (Corythauma ayyari Drake), flower thrips (Thrips orientalis (Bagnall)), flea beetle (Hyphasis sita (Maulik)), grasshoppers (Diabolocatantops pinguis (Stal), Neorthacris acuticeps (Bolivar)), tortoise beetle (Cassida sp.), leafhopper (Kolla ceylonica (Melichar)), jasmine bug (Antestiopsis cruciata (Fabricus), moth bug (Ricania sp.), whitefly (Dialeurodes sp.), mealy bug (unidentified) and red spider mite (Tetranychus sp.). The grasshoppers (D. pinguis, N. acuticeps) tortoise beetle (Cassida sp.) and leafhopper (K. ceylonica) were reported for the first time from Kerala as pest of jasmine. Natural enemies associated with pests of jasmine were also documented in which the spiders were prominent predators followed by praying mantis. The spiders documented were white lynx spider (Oxyopes shweta Tikader), crab spider (Camaricus sp.), pantropical jumping spider (Plexippus paykulli (Audouin)), heavy bodied jumper (Hyllus semicupreus (Simon)), two striped jumper (Telamonia dimidiata (Simon)), flower crab spider (Thomisus lobosus Tikader), grass cross spider (Argiope catenulata (Doleschall)), long jawed orb-weaver (Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell) and banded phintella (Phintella vittata (C. L Koch)). Apart from spiders, Asian mantis (Hierodula membranacea Burmeister) and praying mantis (Odontomantis pulchra Olivier) were also documented. Spiders Camaricus sp., A. catenulate and T. maxillosa were reported for the first time from Kerala on jasmine. A consolidated documentation of spider and mantid predators from jasmine ecosystem is first of its kind from Kerala. Pupal parasitoid Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan and larval parasitoid Apanteles sp. were found parasitizing on the jasmine leaf webworm, N. geometralis and larval parasitoid Phanerotoma hendecasiella (Cameron) was found parasitizing on jasmine budworm H. duplifascialis and jasmine gallery worm E. jasminophagus. Studies on the biology of H. duplifascialis and N. geometralis were carried out under laboratory condition. H. duplifascialis had an average of 3.35 + 0.11, 11.15 + 0.08 and 5.25 + 0.10 days of egg, larval and pupal period respectively whereas N. geometralis recorded an egg, larval and pupal period of 3.35 + 0.11, 10.65 + 0.20 and 6.65 + 0.11 days respectively. The prophylactic and curative field experiments were conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani for evolving efficient pest management practices. It was found that the prophylactic treatments with biopesticides, oil based formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae NBAIR Ma 4 @ 10 mL L-1 and Beauveria bassiana NBAIR Bb 5 @ 10 mL L-1 caused cent per cent reduction in the population of C. ayyari at 60 days after planting. The population of H. duplifacsialis was also nil in these plots. A three and two fold increase in flower yield was recorded for M.anisopliae and B.bassiana, respectively in comparison to untreated plots. The treatments were found safe to spider predators also. Among the curative treatments, chlorantraniliprole 8.8% w/w+Thiamethoxam 17.5 % w/w SC @150g a.i ha-1 was the best with no pest incidence and also had three-fold increase in mean flower yield (8.10 g plant -1 ) compared to the untreated plots. However, it was not safe to spiders. Among the biopesticides, oil based formulation of M. anisopliae NBAIR Ma 4 @ 10 mL L-1 and B. bassiana NBAIR Bb 5 @ 10 mL L-1 caused 73 and 67 per cent reduction in the population of H. duplifascialis and 90 and 89 per cent respectively for C.ayyari. The mean flower yield in M. anisopliae NBAIR Ma 4 @ 10 mL L-1 and B. bassiana NBAIR Bb 5 @ 10 mL L-1 treated plots was 2.7 and 2.2 times higher than that in untreated plots. Both treatments were found safe to spiders. From the present study, it can be concluded that, of the sixteen pests infesting jasmine, H. duplifascialis, C. ayyari and C. maculipennis attained the status of major pests. However, considering the presence of different pests belonging to various orders on jasmine, pest surveillance is highly recommended in the scenario of area expansion. The study recorded an extensive spectrum of spiders and parasitoids which played a key role in preventing the population build-up of pests. Prophylactic sprayings of oil based formulation of M. anisopliae NBAIR Ma 4 @ 10 mL L-1 or B. bassiana NBAIR Bb 5 @ 10 mL L-1 can be recommended during the initial appearance of pests on jasmine and the same can be recommended for curative management. However, for managing severe incidence of pest, single spray of Chlorantraniliprole 8.8% w/w+ Thiamethoxam 17.5 % w/w SC @150 g a.i ha-1 can be recommended.Item Nutrient requirement and postharvest studies on bush jasmine (Jasminum sambac Ait)(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2001) Nirmalatha, J D; Sheela, V LThe experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 1998-1999 with the objective to standardise the nutrient requirement in bush jasmine and its post harvest studies. The results of experiment I revealed that the growth characters like length of main shoot, number of primary branches, length of primary and secondary branches, spread of plant in East-West and North-South direction performed well at the highest dose of major nutrients applied viz., 600 kg N, 600 kg P20S and 600 kg K20 ha'. The maximum number of secondary branches was obtained at 450 kg ha! of K20 and P20S' The yield of flowers was highest at lower doses of major nutrients applied viz., 300 kg N, 300 kg P20S and 450 kg K20 ha ". Regarding monthly yield pattern lower levels of nutrients (N and P) gave better yield in general, potassium was effective at 450 kg K20 ha". During the growth period the effect of nutrients applied was significant initially then declined in between and finally the yield increased in tune with the season. The 100 bud weight of flower buds was maximum at 300 kg ha' and 300 kg P20S ha ": The time taken for flower opening delayed at 600 kg P20S ha". 2 Foliar nitrogen was maximum at highest levels of major nutrients applied. The leaf phosphorus content was maximum at 450 and 600 kg N ha:", 600 kg ha' of P205 and K20. Content of leaf potassium was highest at 450 kg ha! of Nand P205 and 600 kg K20 ha:". Foliar magnesium was high when nitrogen was applied at 600 kg N ha:", phosphorus at 300 kg ha ". Foliar zinc content was recorded the highest when 450 kg ha! of nitrogen and potassium was applied. Phosphorus applied at 450 and 600 kg P205 ha! increased the foliar zinc content. Lowest dose of nitrogen (300 kg ha') increased the carbohydrate content of flowering shoot. Uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus was found effective at 600 kg N : 600 kg P205 : 600 kg K20 ha'": But uptake of potassium was maximum at 600 kg N : 450 kg P205 : 450 kg K20 ha". The uptake of magnesium recorded highest value at 600 kg N : 300 kg P205 : 300 kg K20 ha! and 450 kg K20 ha". Zinc uptake was maximum with highest dose of nitrogen and phosphorus applied and 300 and 450 kg K20 ha! applied. The essential oil content was maximum at nl and ra. levels. The available soil N, P, K content was maximum at the highest dose of nutrient applied (600 kg N : 600 kg P205 : 600 kg K20 hal ). The experiment II on post harvest studies on bush jasmine proved significant effects between the treatments. For the treatment V oEoSo time taken for flower opening was delayed and the time taken for retention 3 of colour and turgidity was maximum at lowest dose of Nand K (300 kg ha:") and highest dose of P applied (600 kg P20S ha'). The buds given ethylene absorbant treatment (VoE I So) along with major nutrients applied delayed the time taken for flower opening, retained colour at 450 kg ha! Nand 600 kg P20S ha". Time taken to retain turgidity was influenced by nitrogen at n2, phosphorus at P3 and potassium at k2 and k3 levels. Post harvest treatment of buds with ethylene absorbants and newspaper lining (V 1 EISa) along with major nutrients applied increased shelf life. The time taken for flower opening (n'), p-., k,,) and the colour _ .J .J of flowers was retained longer at n2 and P3 levels. In general the shelf life of flowers was extended by the vanous post harvest treatments compared to control. The time taken for flower opening was delayed maximum by ethylene absorbant treated buds. Low temperature treatment was best to increase the longevity of buds by retaining colour and turgidity,. The present study revealed that lowest dose of fertilizer application (300 kg N : 300 kg P20S : 450 kg K20 ha") favoured the floral characters, whereas highest dosage increased vegetative growth. The shelf life of flowers can be enhanced by post harvest treatmens (ethylene absorbants and low temperature) along with fertilizer application.