PG Thesis
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Item Etiology and ecofriendly management of fungal diseases of thippali ( Piper longum L)(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2007) Poornima, R; Santha Kumari, PA survey was carried out at the medicinal garden of College of Agriculture, Vellayani and medicinal garden of Ayurveda Research Institute, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram to study the diseases associated with Piper longum L. (Indian long pepper or thippali). The major disease observed was anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz and Sacc. Pathogenicity test proved that C. gloeosporioides was the pathogen associated with the disease. Cross inoculation studies conducted using C. gloeosporioides isolate of thippali, black pepper and betel vine - the sister plants – showed that the thippali isolate was highly host specific. The colony and conidial morphology of the three isolates also showed considerable difference. C. gloeosporioides of thippali had very small conidia and the culture was also found to be shy sporulating. Studies on the survival of C. gloeosporioides showed that the pathogen survived for 105 days in the infected leaves, under laboratory conditions. In the soil, it survived for 150 days. Of the eleven fungal and four bacterial isolates tested against C. gloeosporioides, T. viride and A.terreus were found to be most effective under in vitro condition. Among the different resistance inducers tested in vitro, SA (1 g/l) was selected for field evaluation, as it had no direct action on the pathogen. Of the two plant based chemicals tested, Ovis reported the highest suppression of the pathogen. These four eco friendly materials selected from the in vitro studies and neem cake were tested in the field to determine their effectiveness in controlling the disease. Their combinations were also studied. Among the different eco friendly materials tested in the field, treatment T12 (T2T5 - A. terreus + neem cake) was found to be best in disease suppression at 45 DAT. Estimation of DRE showed that PO and PPO activity was highest in T3 (Ovis) where as PAL activity was maximum in T1 (T. viride). Combination of treatments revealed that maximum PO activity was in treatment T14 (T3T5 - Ovis + neem cake).The PPO and PAL activity was maximum in T7 (T1T3 - T. viride + Ovis).Item Performance of long pepper (piper longum L.) on inoculation with fungal bacterial endophytes(Department of Agricultural Microbiology, college of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2020) Divya, M V; Anith, K NThe study entitled ‘Management of root-knot nematode, “Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood in vegetable cowpea” was conducted at Department of Nematology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2018-2020. The objectives were to screen varieties for resistance and to evaluate efficacy of biocontrol agents, organic amendment and new nematicide fluopyram for the management of root-knot nematode in vegetable cowpea. Seven varieties of vegetable cowpea (5 KAU released and 2 local) were screened for their resistance against Meloidogyne incognita in pot culture under glass house condition. The experiment was laid out in CRD with 7 treatments and 3 replications. The results revealed that local variety collected from Kadakkal was highly resistant to root-knot nematode with root-knot index 1. The local variety performed best in reducing the multiplication of nematodes. Lowest number of egg masses 5g root-1 (2.33), eggs egg mass-1 (63.33) and nematode population 200cc soil-1 (7.33) was observed in the local variety and it showed statistically significant variation compared to the KAU released varieties. Regarding the number of nodules 5g root-1 also the Kadakkal variety showed significant superiority (22.67 nodules 5g root-1). KAU variety VS 50 was highly susceptible to M. incognita infestation with root-knot index 5. Highest number of egg masses 5g root-1(224.33) and number eggs egg mass-1 (147.00) was recorded in VS 50. Pot culture experiment was laid out in completely randomized design to standardize the dosage of fluopyram for the management of M. incognita in cowpea. The treatments were fluopyram 400 SC @ 500g a.i ha-1 as basal application, fluopyram 400 SC @ 500g a.i ha-1 as basal application + 500g a.i ha-1 25 days after first treatment, fluopyram 400 SC @ 250g ai ha-1 as basal application + 250g a.i ha-1 25 days after first treatment, fluopyram 400SC @ 250g a.i ha-1 as basal application, Untreated. All the dosages of nematicide were applied as soil drenching to the root knot nematode infected soil. Basal application of fluopyram 400 SC @ 250g a.i ha-1 was the effective dosage for managing M. incognita in vegetable cowpea. Phytotoxicity symptoms were not observed in any of the treatments. Nematode penetration in roots and life cycle completion was observed in untreated control plants. M. incognita juveniles, adult female and male were not observed in roots of fluopyram treated cowpea plants. Galls and egg masses were observed in uprooted cowpea plant roots in untreated whereas in fluopyram applied treatments it was zero. Regarding final nematode population also, no nematodes were observed in soil samples were collected from fluopyram treated plants while in untreated control plants it was 761.5. Number of rhizobium nodules was significantly lower in untreated plants (17.75) while in fluopyram treated plants it ranged from 24.25 to 27.5 in 5g roots of cowpea plants. Field experiment was conducted by using the susceptible variety (VS 50) to study the comparative effect of bio agents (Purpureocillium lilacinum) and organic amendment (neem cake) in comparison with chemicals fluopyram and carbosulfan. The experiment was laid out in RBD with 8 treatments and 3 replications. All the treatments significantly reduced nematode population in soil and root compared to untreated control. Effect of soil application of P. lilacinum (cfu 2x106 g-1) @ 10 g m-2 + neem cake @ 50 g m-2 found equally effective to basal application fluopyram 400 SC @ 250g a.i ha-1 in reducing the nematode population in soil (93.03 per cent reduction over untreated) and root (86.94 per cent reduction over untreated). Regarding yield also effect of these two treatments was statistically on par giving 53.70 to 54.63 per cent increase over untreated. Plants treated with P. lilacinum (cfu 2x106 g-1) @ 10 g m-2 + neem cake @ 50 g m-2 showed significant superiority in number of nodules (29.33) in root (5g). Results on reisolation of bioagents at the time of harvest revealed that addition of organic substrate neemcake increased the persistence of bioagent (8.33x103 cfu g soil-1) in soil. Residue of fluopyram and carbosulfan was found to be less than limit of quantification (LOQ) in cowpea pods, which were safe for consumption. From this study, it is concluded that vegetable cowpea variety Kadakkal local is resistant to M. incognita. Soil application of P. lilacinum (cfu 2x106 g-1) @ 10 g m-2 + neem cake @ 50 g m-2 can be recommended for management of M. incognita in organic cultivation of cowpea.Item Salicylic acid mediated metabolite elicitation and growth responses in long pepper (Piper longum L.)(Department of plantation crops and spices, college of agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Krishna Veni Harish; Deepa S NairItem Evaluation and characterisation of promising hybrids of long pepper (Piper longum L.)(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2017) Sruthy, K; Sujatha, V SPiper longum L., commonly known as long pepper, belongs to family Piperaceae. The species has originated in South Asia. Piper longum is an important medicinal plant used in more than 300 ayurvedic preparations. Inspite of the importance of the species, „Viswam‟ is the only variety released so far. As a part of a KSCSTE funded project, hybridization studies were carried out at the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara to develop high yielding types in Piper longum. In the preliminary evaluation trials, four hybrids were found promising. The present study entitled „evaluation and characterisation of promising hybrids of long pepper (Piper longum L.)‟ was conducted with the objective of evaluating these promising hybrids at different shade levels for growth, yield and quality and also to characterise them using molecular markers. The research was conducted in three experiments viz., evaluation of hybrids in pots at different shade levels, field evaluation of selected hybrids and molecular characterisation of promising hybrids and parents. Morphological characterisation of the accessions was done using IPGRI descriptor for Piper nigrum with necessary modifications. Variations were observed among accessions in shape of leaf, immature and mature spike color as well as shape of spike. Characters like plant height, number of primary branches per plant and time taken for production of first lateral were significantly different among hybrids. Flowering and fruit set were higher at zero per cent and 25 per cent shade compared to 50 per cent shade level. Field planted genotypes of P. longum showed significant difference in number of primary branches, internodal length of orthotropic as well as plagiotropic shoots and leaf area. Characters like pedicel length, spike length, spike girth and yield in terms of number of spikes per plant, fresh weight of spikes per plant and dry spike yield per plant also differed significantly. Among the hybrids evaluated in the field, Pl 9 followed by Pl 63 were found to be promising. They were significantly higher yielders compared to other hybrids, female parent and Viswam. Essential oil content was found to be uniform (0.8 per cent) in all the accessions except Pl 141 (0.83 per cent). Pl 9 showed maximum oleoresin (15.2 per cent) and piperine (3.47 per cent) content than other genotypes. For molecular characterisation using RAPD, 30 decamer primers were screened. From these ten best primers were selected. Six primers showed polymorphism between the male and female parents. The hybrids Pl 9 and Pl 63 were closely related with 92 per cent similarity. Pl 140 was found different from the rest of the three hybrids and it was grouped along with the parents. Among the accessions studied, Viswam showed highest variability from others. Among the hybrids evaluated, Pl 9 and Pl 63 were found to be promising in terms of yield. Pl 9 was superior in quality. These hybrids could be further evaluated in multi-location trials to explore the possibility of releasing as high yielding hybrids in future.Item Evaluation of “long pepper” {Piper longum L.) genotypes for growth, flowering and yield(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2015) Maheswari R S Nair; Suma, BItem Nutrient management for coconut based multi-storeyed cropping system in a typical coastal sandy zone(Department of agronomy, College of agriculture, Padannakkad, 2015) Farsanashamin, P; Anilkumar, A SItem Evaluation of long pepper (Piper longum L) genotypes for growth flowering and yield(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2015) Maheswari R S Nair; Suma, BLong pepper (Piper longum L.) belonging to the family Piperaceae is one among the 14 medicinal plants which has high demand in indigenous drug industry and is also prioritized for cultivation and development by National Medicinal Plant Board. Even though long pepper is well adapted for cultivation as an intercrop in coconut, arecanut and rubber plantations of Kerala, its cultivation is limited due to poor returns from the crop on account of high expenditure on harvesting due to staggered flowering and lack of high yielding varieties with high dry recovery. Germplasm collection of long pepper was initiated at the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices and was further strengthened by KSCSTE funded project and 60 types were assembled. After an initial evaluation, 42 types were selected including check variety ‘Viswam’ for the present study. The present investigations on “Evaluation of “long pepper” (Piper longum L.) genotypes for growth, flowering and yield” was carried out in Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during December 2012 to May 2014. The objectives of the study were to catalogue the germplasm accessions of long pepper, to study the flowering behavior fruit set and quality and to identify superior long pepper genotypes with high yield and quality. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design, comprised of 42 treatments and six replications. The accessions studied were collected from Western Ghat regions of Kerala and also entries from NBPGR which includes the collections from different regions of Karnataka and Tirunelveli. Characters studied include six qualitative and eighteen quantitative characters including biochemical attributes. Cataloguing of accessions for qualitative characters using IPGRI descriptor for Piper nigrum revealed wide variation among accessions in growth habit, runner shoot production, leaf shape (base, lamina, margin), spike shape and spike colour. Among the forty two accessions studied, it was noticed that thirty eight accessions were found to be female, three found to be male and one non-flowering type. Maximum inflorescence (more than 55 per cent) was produced during June, July and August and minimum (less than 5 per cent) during December and January. In PL 42, PL 53 and PL 57 flowering was extended during May to October. Coefficient of variation for year round flowering ranged from 7.34 per cent to 46.32 per cent. Among accessions, number of primary branches, spike bearing branches per primary branch and leaves per plant ranged from 1.00 to 8.00, 1.00 to 6.71 and 21.67 to 166.0, respectively. The plant height, petiole length, internodal length of spike bearing branches and leaf area ranged from 39.67 cm to 88.33cm, 1.11 cm to 7.56 cm, 1.86 cm to 7.38 cm and 25.98 cm2 to 63.87 cm 2, respectively. The days from planting to emergence and emergence to maturity of spike in female types ranged from 77 to 146 days and 60 to 80 days whereas, male accessions took 135-141 days and 61-64 days, respectively. Number of spikes/spike bearing branch ranged from 1.00 to 3.21 and coefficient of variation observed were 54.81%. Spike length and girth varied from 0.90 cm to 3.10 cm and 3.75 mm to 8.86 mm in female accessions and male accessions from 8.10 cm to 8.18 cm, and 4mm to 4.03 mm respectively. Coefficient of variation for spike length and girth were 7.87 per cent and 6.83 per cent , respectively. Fresh weight per spike recorded highest in PL8 (1.06 g) and dry weight per spike recorded maximum in PL 12(0.20 g). Fresh and dry yield per plant was recorded highest in PL8 which was on par with PL9 along with check variety Viswam. Coefficient of variation observed for fresh and dry yield per plant as 122.45 per cent and 120.44 per cent, respectively. Spike set percent was shown maximum by PL 8 (97.42 per cent) and driage by PL 49 (20.66 per cent). Based on yield parameters, PL 5, PL 8, PL 9, PL 15, PL 23, PL 24 and PL 25 along with check variety were selected as superior accessions. For volatile oil, oleoresin and piperine content, accessions PL 5, PL 8, PL 12 and PL 50 were promising. Cluster analysis among 42 accessions based on qualitative characters and 20 accessions based on quantitative characters were done by using Multivariate Hierrarchial Cluster Analysis using NTSYS software. The dendrogram derived through qualitative characteristics showed degree of similarity varying from 26 to 100 and at 81 per cent similarity long pepper accessions were grouped into seven clusters. Based on quantitative data, the accessions showed only 14 per cent similarity. Since the accessions showed wide variability it can be utilized in future breeding programmes.Item Rhizosphere modulation for higher productivity in long pepper (Piper longum Linn)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2003) Bijily Krishnan; Anil Kumar, A SIncreasing demand of plant based raw materials to user industries has emphasised the need to promote commercial cultivation of medicinal species. Integration of medicuIture with agriculture offers tremendous possibilities for improving crop productivity and profitability besides generation of employment. Development of a sustainability pathway to soil fertility management is a necessity for popularization of intercropping of long pepper in coconut gardens. Two experiments under the project, "Rhizosphere modulation for higher productivity in long pepper (Piper longum Linn.)" were carried out at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2002-03 to standardise nursery management practices for quality planting material production and to manage the rhizosphere for maximising the yield of spikes and biochemical constituents in long pepper under partial shade. The pot culture experiment consisted of combinations of eight levels of bio inoculants, viz., Azospirillum (AZ), Fluorescent pseudomonads (FP), AMF (AM), Azospirillum + Fluorescent pseudomonads (AZ + FP), Azospirillum + AMF (AZ + AM), Fluorescent pseudomonads + AMF (FP + AM). Azospirillum + Fluorescent psuedomonads + AMF (AZ + FP + AM) and no bio inoculants (BO) and four composition of rooting media viz, FYM: Sand: Soil(I:I:I), Vermicompost : Sand: Soil (1:1:1), Coir pith compost: Sand: Soil (1 : 1 : 1), and Poultry manure: Sand: Soil (1: 1 : 1). Dual inoculation of FP+AM followed by combined inoculation of AZ+FP+AM gave maximum leaf number. Integrated application of FY+FP+AM and VC+AZ+FP+AM recorded maximum dry matter production. Maximum root number, root length, root spread and root weight were recorded by AZ+FP+AM, AM, AZ+FP+AM and FP+AM respectively. Inclusion of VC and FYM in the rooting media, enhanced root length and root spread respectively. Integration of dual inoculation with vermicompost resulted in maximum colonisation of Azospirillum. Single inoculation of FP recorded higher colonisation. Dual inoculation of FP with AM and combined inoculation of FP with AMF and AZ also recorded higher value. The treatment combinations, FY/VC+FP+AM and FY/VC+AZ+FP+AM recorded maximum AMF inoculation In the field experiment, the response of long pepper to five sources of organic manures viz, FYM, vermicompost, coir pith compost, neemcake, and no organic manure, three levels of inorganic fertilizers viz, 0:0:0, 30:30:60, 60:60: 120 kg NPK halyrland three levels of bio inoculants viz, AZ+FP+AM, FP+AM, and no bio inoculant were studied. Application of FYM/VC, moderate dose of NPK (@30:30:60 kg halyr ") and combined inoculation of AZ+FP+AM were beneficial for the development of an efficient root system. In general, FY IVC, application of moderate dose of NPK and B I enhanced spike number. Source of organic manure significantly influenced spike yield and application of VC followed by FYM resulted in higher total fresh and dry spike yield. Moderate dose of NPK, was found sufficient in maximising the total spike production. With respect to bio inoculants, B I followed by B2 recorded higher yield. Incorporation of FYM without the addition of inorganic fertilizers but integrating with combined inoculation of AZ+FP+AM recorded the maximum alkali od content. It is concluded that integrated nutrient management system involving incorporation of verrnicompost @6.25 t halyr', addition of NPK @30:30:60 kg halyrland combined application of bio inoculants viz, Azospirillum, Fluorescent pseudomonads and AMF was found favourable for enhancing both total fresh and dry spike yield and total alkaloid production in long pepper under partial shade.Item Precision farming techniques in long pepper (Piper longum L.) under protected cultivation(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2014) Jayanth, S G; Anilkumar, A S