PG Thesis

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://localhost:4000/handle/123456789/2

Browse

Subject: search.filters.subject.Marketing channel

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Sustainability and challenges in cultivation of traditional rice varieties in Kerala
    (Department of Agriculturel Extension, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Ahaljith, R; Jayasree Krishnankutty
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Economic analysis of production, marketing and prices of arecanut in Kasargod district of Kerala
    (Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Janeesa, K P; Anil Kuruvila
    Arecanut is an important plantation crop grown in India, mainly by the small and marginal farmers. India is one among the leading producers of arecanut with an area of 4.55 lakh hectares and a production of 7.25 lakh tonnes in 2016-17. The study entitled “Economic analysis of production, marketing and prices of arecanut in Kasaragod district of Kerala” was conducted with the objectives of analysing the time series properties and formation of prices, estimating the economics and efficiency of arecanut production, identifying the marketing channels and the price spread in different channels and finding out the major constraints in production and marketing of arecanut in Kasaragod district of Kerala. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. The study was conducted in Kasaragod district, which has the largest area under arecanut cultivation in Kerala. Primary data was collected from 100 farmers, randomly selected from two blocks in the district. The data was also collected from 20 market intermediaries including wholesalers, retailers and Central Arecanut Marketing and Processing Co-operative Society (CAMPCO). Trend analysis revealed that area, production and productivity of arecanut in India exhibited increasing trend during the period from 1980-81 to 2015-16. Time series data on area, production and productivity of arecanut in Kerala over the years from 1980-81 to 2015-16 showed an increasing trend with regular ups and downs. Export and import of arecanut have also shown an increasing trend, both in quantity and value terms. The price behavior of ripe and dry arecanut in major markets of Kerala viz., Nedumangad, Telicherry, Kanhangad and Kozhikode were analyzed by decomposing the monthly prices into four components viz., trend, seasonal, cyclical and irregular variations, assuming a multiplicative model of time series. The prices of arecanut showed increasing trend in these markets. While analysing the seasonal variation, it was noticed that arecanut prices showed considerable seasonality. The increasing phase for ripe arecanut prices was observed from March to May, while for dry arecanut, the highest price was observed during April, May and November in Nedumangad, Calicut and Kanhangad markets respectively. Co-integration analysis of arecanut prices in the above markets revealed that the markets were cointegrated. Since arecanut is a perennial crop, its yielding phase was assumed to be 50 years, with a non-bearing phase of five years. The costs and returns were estimated by accounting the establishment and maintenance costs separately. The establishment cost was found to be ₹3,43,386 per hectare and the annual maintenance costs were ₹ 2,13,075, ₹ 2,06,925 and ₹1,58,608 per hectare in yield increasing, yield stabilising and yield declining phases respectively. The cost of cultivation per hectare of the crop was estimated as ₹ 2.67 lakh, while the net return was ₹ 1.30 lakh. It was found that human labour contributed 75 per cent of the total cost of cultivation. The average cost of production in the yielding phase was estimated as ₹ 150 per kg. To evaluate the resource use efficiency in arecanut cultivation, Cobb-Douglas production function was fitted. Plant protection chemicals and human labour were found to be significantly contributing towards the yield. The elastic coefficient for women labour charges was -0.13 indicating that the increase in expenditure on labour by one percent from the mean level. Moreover, a decreasing returns to scale in arecanut production was observed in the study area. The most common marketing channel identified in the study area was channel I (Producer- village trader- wholesaler- retailer- consumers). Even though marketing efficiency was highest in channel III (Producer- CAMPCO- retailers - consumers), farmers preferred channel I over channel III because of the immediate payment. Marketing costs were found to be ₹ 33.9, ₹ 29.44 and ₹ 28.44 per kg in channel I, II and channel III respectively. The highest price spread of ₹ 58.9 per kg was estimated in channel I, while it was lowest (44.94 per kg) in Channel III. Various constraints in production and marketing of arecanut were identified and ranked using Garret’s ranking technique. Among the various constraints faced by farmers in production, scarcity of skilled labour for harvesting and spraying, water scarcity, occurrence of pests and diseases were the major ones. Price fluctuation was the foremost constraint faced in marketing of arecanut. In order to tackle these constraints, mechanization of operations, value addition through product diversification, promoting the use of warehousing facilities and warehouse receipts as negotiable instruments for getting credit and strengthening market intelligence were recommended for ensuring better and stable prices for farmers.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Economic analysis of production and marketing of kaipad paddy in kannur district
    (Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2014) Radhika, A M; Anil Kuruvila
    The present study entitled “Economic analysis of production and marketing of Kaipad paddy in Kannur district” was conducted with the objectives of working out the costs and returns of Kaipad paddy cultivation, estimating the magnitude and the factors contributing to the yield gap, identifying the marketing channels and the price spread in different channels, finding out the constraints in production and marketing of Kaipad paddy and documenting the cultural practices of Kaipad paddy cultivation. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. The study was conducted in Kaipad tracts of Kannur district and primary data were collected by means of formal interviews from farmers, traders and market-intermediaries. The farmers in the study area were categorised into five groups on the basis of farming practices followed as farmers growing traditional variety, farmers growing traditional Kaipad and shrimp in sequence, farmers growing HYV (Ezhome-l/Ezhome-2), farmers growing HYV (Ezhome-1 / Ezhome-2) and shrimp in sequence and paddy farmers from non-saline areas adjacent to Kaipad. From each of the five categories, l5 farmers were selected from each of the Panchayat. A sample of 30 farmers was randomly selected from each group, thus making a total sample size of 150 farmers. Cost-return structure was worked out both for Kaipad and conventional paddy production using percentage analysis and cost concepts. The cost of cultivation (Cost C2- Rs.67128) was highest in the case of farmers growing HYV without shrimp in sequence. The cost of production of HYV was higher than the costs incurred for growing traditional varieties and the average income from the HYV was more than the income from traditional varieties. The highest average gross income of Rs.61741/ha was obtained by farmers growing HYV and shrimp in sequence while it was lowest for the farmer respondents growing traditional variety without shrimp in sequence. Family labour income was estimated to be negative in the category of farmers growing traditional variety. The net income and Benefit Cost Ratio indicated that the farming is a loss making business in Kaipad region, especially when the value of the family labour, the land value and the managerial cost were accounted in the cost. Yield gap was estimated and factors contributing to the yield gap were analysed using regression analysis. Among the farmers growing Ezhome-1without shrimp in sequence, the total yield gap was 747 Kg, which was 21 per cent of the potential yield whereas for farmers growing Ezhome-2 without shrimp in sequence, the total yield gap added to 847 Kg and it accounted for about 26 per cent of the potential yield. When Ezhome-1 and Ezhome-2 were grown with shrimp in sequence, the total yield gap was 601 and 497 respectively. The share of yield gap II in the total yield gap was found to be 38 per cent and 43 per cent respectively for Ezhome-1 and Ezhome-2 with shrimp in sequence, while it was 78 and 91 per cent for Ezhome 1 and Ezhome 2 without shrimp in sequence. In farms growing traditional varieties age was influencing yield gap positively while labour use in man days was found to be negatively influencing the yield gap. In the case of farms growing HYV, seed rate and education were significantly reducing yield gap. For the fitted log-linear yield function for all farms, age was found to be positively influencing yield gap while the seed rate and education were negatively influencing yield gap. The four marketing channels identified were, (i) farmer – rice miller – retailers -consumer (ii) farmer - local agent - rice miller- retailer - consumer (iii) farmer - local agent - Padasekhara-samithis - consumer (iv) farmer - consumer. The price spread was estimated as Rs.16.3 in channel I, Rs.17.51 in channel II, Rs.2.97 in channel III and Rs.3.85 in channel IV respectively. The marketing efficiency was found to be highest in channel III. Various constraints in production and marketing of paddy were identified and ranked using Garret’s ranking technique. Among the various constraints faced by farmers, high wage cost and scarcity of hired labour were the major ones. Low price realized for the produce was the foremost constraint faced in marketing of paddy. Since labour cost accounted for the major share in cost of cultivation and labour scarcity was the major constraint, efforts have to be made for mechanisation in Kaipad cultivation. The production must be increased by bridging the yield gap and thereby increasing the marketable surplus. Taking advantage of the GI status of Kaipad paddy, efforts are to be made for marketing it as a premium priced branded organic produce.