PG Thesis

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Growth and reproductive performance of crossbred heifers in selected areas
(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Rajeev, R; Aravinda Ghosh, K N
Growth and reproductive status of crossbred heifers under field condition were assessed and the role of calcium, phosphorus, copper, zinc and manganese with reproductive performance was evaluated with the aim of evolving suitable corrective measures in cases of those with impaired reproductive performance due to subnormal serum mineral status. One hundred and twelve heifers were subjected to repeated gynaecoclinical examination. It was observed that there were 36.6 per cent true anoestrum, 19.6 per cent under developed genitalia, 29.5 per cent normally cycling, 9.8 per cent repeat breeders, 3.6 per cent suboestrum and 0.9 per cent bilateral ovarian hypoplasia. From the above heifers 89 were randomly selected and classified based on the breeding history and repeated gynaecological examination as 15 normally cycling (control), 41 true anoestrous heifers, 22 under developedgenitalia and 11 repeat breeders. The daily weight gain obtained was 55.05 ± 4.2 g, 32.26 ± 2.49 g, 27.33 ± 3.4 g and 24.1 ± 4.8 g. The above result gave significant difference in weight gain between control animals and other groups. The growth rate of heifers might have influenced the normal reproductive performance. Serum samples drawn from 89 heifers were analysed for calcium, inorganic phosphorus and trace elements namely copper, zinc and manganese. Serum calcium and phosphorus were estimated by employing spectronic-20, i&hile trace elements were estimated through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The serum calcium level obtained was 11.1 ± 0.31 mg%, 10.74 ± 0.13 mg%, 10.8 ± 0.2 mg% and 10.8 ± 0.42 mg% in normally cycling, true anoestrous, under developed genitalia and repeat * breeding heifers respectively. The serum levels of all the four groups were well within the normal range and no significant variation among the groups. Hence the influence of calcium on reproduction could not be established. The serum inorganic phosphorus was 4.87 ± 0.13 mg% in normally cycling heifers (control) as against 3.83 ± 0.09 mg% for true anoestrous heifers, 3.52 ± 0.1 mg% for underdeveloped genitalia and 4.7 ± 0.15 mg% for repeat breeders. The level was significantly lower (<0.05) in true anoestrous and underdeveloped genitalia compared to control group. It can be summarised that hypophosphataemia might be one of the cause for true anoestrum and under developed genitalia. Among the trace elements estimated the serum level of copper only was found to be significantly varying among normally cycling, true anoestrous and heifers with under developed genitalia. The serum copper in control group heifers registered a value of 1,26 ± 0.07 ppm which was significantly higher (P<0.01) than those recorded for true anoestrous heifers (O’. 9 ± 0.04 ppm) and heifers with under developed genitalia (0.71 ± 0.05), ajhile no statistical significant variation obtained between serum value of repeat breeders (1.27 ± 0.08 ppm) and the control group. It is therefore reasonable to assume that hypocupraemia as evidenced by lower serum value might have contributed to true anoestrum and under developed genitalia condition and not with that of repeat breeding condition. The serum zinc and manganese levels of control group were 1.71 ± 0.05 ppm and 0.04 ± 0.002 ppm respectively. The corresponding values for the true anoestrum heifers were 1.61 ± 0.03 ppm and 0.04 ± 0.002 ppm and for heifers with under developed genitalia group were 1.6 ± 0.05 ppm and 0.04 ± 0.002 ppm respectively. These values did not vary significantly from those of control group. The corresponding values for repeat breeders were recorded to be 1.73 ± 0.06 ppm and 0.04 ± 0.002 ppm which did not differ: significantly from the values obtained for control group. The result of supplementation with dicalcium phosphate and copper sulphate to the respective mineral deficient heifers with true anoestrum and under developed genitalia showed that the mineral supplementation could induce oestrum. The serum mineral status comparison at different level of feeding showed significant difference (P<0.05) in the serum phosphorus level as well as copper level of moderate plane group with that of low and poor plane groups. Hence the effect of plane of nutrition on serum mineral status could be established in case of serum phosphorus and copper. The soil level of calcium, phosphorus, copper, zinc and manganese found to be well within the normal range. The level of exchangeable calcium and available phosphorus were ranged 0.11-0.12 per cent and 0.05-0.06 per cent respectively. The available copper, zinc and manganese levels obtained were ranged 4.43-4.5 ppm, 5.3-5.44 ppm and 96.34-99.7 ppm respectively. The result showed that the soil mineral content did not influence: the serum mineral status
Relative efficiency of ameliorants on rice productivity in lateritic soils of Kerala
(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2014) Anila, M A; John, P S
The correction of soil pH, reduction of toxic accumulation of native elements and supplementation of secondary nutrients may enhance the growth and productivity of rice grown in lateritic lowlands. A field study was conducted during January to May, 2013 at the rice field of College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara to evaluate the response of soil ameliorants on growth and yield of rice. The experimental design was RBD with 3 replications.Transplanted Jyothi was grown at 15 cm x 10 cm spacing in 5.0 m x 4.0 m plots. The soil was having an initial pH of 5.3. The treatments were amelioration of soil with different amendments such as CaO, dolomite, and ‘Mangalasetright’, which is a commercial product. The ameliorants were applied with or without fertilizer. The package of practices recommendation for low land rice, an absolute control treatment and fertilizer only treatment were also included for effective comparison. Nitrogen and potassium were applied in three equal split doses, first as basal dressing, second at tillering stage and the third at panicle initiation stage. The full dose of phosphorus was applied as basal dressing. CaO @ 377 kg ha -1 together with FYM and NPK, and ‘Mangalasetright’ @ 375 to 774 kg ha -1 constantly maintained a pH of more than 6, which is considered good for rice.Soil amelioration significantly increased the growth characters of rice such as height and tiller count in the presence or absence of fertilizers.Higher doses of ‘Mangalasetright’ resulted in significantly higher LAI than its lower doses.Application of CaO @ 377 kg ha -1 or ‘Mangalasetright’ @ 500 to 774 kg ha-1 together with fertilizer application also resulted in significantly higher improvement in root weight, root spread and leaf chlorophyll content.The leaf chlorophyll content was improved due to the combined effect of soil amelioration, organic manure addition and fertilizer application.The treatment which received the recommended POP for rice cultivation resulted in the constant improvement in rice dry matter production at all the growth stages, which was significantly highest.‘Mangalasetright’ at all the doses and CaO @ 377 kg ha -1 with fertilizer application have produced similar dry matter at 60 DAT and harvest than non application of ameliorants. Ameliorants other than dolomite created a favorable soil environment with an optimum pH and nutrient content which resulted in greater nutrient uptake by crop and consequent development of chlorophyll, enhanced photosynthesis and ultimately higher dry matter production. Amelioration improved all the yield attributes and consequently the yield. Among different ameliorants ‘Mangalasetright performed better than CaO and the lowest effect was observed for dolomite.The highest dose of ‘Mangalasetright’ and the treatment which received POP recommendation resulted in the highest and similar yield of 6.7 t ha-1. The superiority of ‘Mangalasetright’ even in the absence of organic manure addition is attributed to its Mg and S contents. The enhanced growth and yield characters of rice observed in the ameliorated treatments are due to the favorable nutritional rhizosphere environment in the soil and consequent nutrient availability and uptake. While CaO did the ameliorative function ‘Mangalasetright’ did both soil amelioration and secondary nutrient supplementation.
Nutrient management for sustainable rice production in the black soils of Kerala.
(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2011) Danish Tamuly; Betty Bastin

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