PG Thesis
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Item Development of coconut [Cocos nucifera (L.)] inflorescence based dietary supplement(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2023-03-18) Keerthy Chandran.; Sonia N SThe present investigation entitled “Development of coconut [Cocos nucifera (L.)] inflorescence based dietary supplement” was carried out in the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2020-2022 with the objective to identify the ideal maturity stage of harvesting coconut inflorescence, development of good quality coconut inflorescence powder, protocol for development of coconut inflorescence based dietary supplement having superior nutritional and pharmacological properties along with shelf-life assessment of the developed dietary supplement. Coconut inflorescence at four different stages viz., 7 – 10 months before inflorescence opening (S1), 5 – 6 months before inflorescence opening (S2), 3 – 4 months before inflorescence opening (S3) and at inflorescence opening (S4) were dried, powdered, analysed for in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging assay) and sensory quality was analysed by using a porridge out of it. S2 stage recorded the highest antioxidant activity, 88.77% DPPH free radical inhibition and sensory quality viz., colour (97.65), taste (100.20), flavour (103.00), consistency (95.22) and mouth feel (94.35). Hence, coconut inflorescence harvested at five to six months before inflorescence opening (S2) was identified as the ideal stage for the development of coconut inflorescence powder (CIP). CIP having superior nutritional and sensory quality could be prepared by soaking the chopped inflorescence in anti-browning agent combination: citric acid (1%) + sodium chloride (1%) for five minutes followed by drying in hot-air oven at 60°C. The nutritional composition of the developed CIP (100 g) is carbohydrate (4.67 g), protein (8.82 g), fat (1.96 g), calcium (195.25 mg), iron (0.84 mg), sodium (16.54 mg), vitamin A (973.50 µg), vitamin C (33.46 mg), crude fibre (57.14 g) and total ash (0.82 g). Mean rank value for the sensory attributes viz., colour, consistency, flavour, mouth feel and taste were 546.23, 527.35, 526.28, 541.35 and 525.15, respectively. Coconut inflorescence dietary supplement(CIDS) containingCIP,ragi, green gram and sesame in the proportion 70: 10: 10: 10 (DS3) recorded 81.14% DPPH radical scavenging inhibition (in vitro antioxidant activity), 84.97% alpha amylase inhibition (in vitro anti-diabetic activity) and superior sensory attributes (mean rank value- colour: 162.95, taste: 162.47, flavour: 162.00, consistency: 163.05, mouth feel: 162.07). The nutritional composition of the of the developed CIDS (100 g) is carbohydrate (18.40 g 100 g-1 ), protein (13.42 g 100 g -1 ), fat (2.01 g 100 g -1 ), calcium (202.40 mg 100 g -1 ), iron (1.82 mg 100 g-1 ), sodium (19.81 mg 100 g-1 ), vitamin A (963.70 µg 100 g-1 ), vitamin C (39.80 mg 100 g-1 ), crude fibre (43.68 g 100 g-1 ) and total ash (2.57 g 100 g-1 ). The CIDS was subjected to further storage study for shelf life assessment. Coconut inflorescence dietary supplement packaged using aluminium foil covers and stored under refrigerated condition (P4S2) recorded the lowest peroxide value (8.01 meq. O2 kg-1 ), bacterial count (1.00 cfu g-1 × 107 ), fungal count (1.67 cfu g-1 × 105 ) and yeast count (1.00 cfu g-1 × 103 ) after three months of storage. The study revealed that the ideal maturity stage for harvesting coconut inflorescence for the development of dietary supplement is five to six months before inflorescence opening. Coconut Inflorescence Powder (CIP) could be prepared by soaking the chopped inflorescence pieces (1cm3 ) in a combination of 1% citric acid and 1% sodium chloride for five minutes followed by drying in hot-air oven at 60°C. Coconut inflorescence dietary supplement (CIDS) could be prepared by compositing CIP, ragi, green gram and sesame in 70:10:10:10 ratio. CIDS could be packaged using aluminium foil covers and stored under refrigerated condition for an improved shelf life of three months.Item Development of coconut [Cocos nucifera (L.)] inflorescence based dietary supplement(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2023-03-18) Sonia, N SThe present investigation entitled “Development of coconut [Cocos nucifera (L.)] inflorescence based dietary supplement” was carried out in the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2020-2022 with the objective to identify the ideal maturity stage of harvesting coconut inflorescence, development of good quality coconut inflorescence powder, protocol for development of coconut inflorescence based dietary supplement having superior nutritional and pharmacological properties along with shelf-life assessment of the developed dietary supplement. Coconut inflorescence at four different stages viz., 7 – 10 months before inflorescence opening (S1), 5 – 6 months before inflorescence opening (S2), 3 – 4 months before inflorescence opening (S3) and at inflorescence opening (S4) were dried, powdered, analysed for in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging assay) and sensory quality was analysed by using a porridge out of it. S2 stage recorded the highest antioxidant activity, 88.77% DPPH free radical inhibition and sensory quality viz., colour (97.65), taste (100.20), flavour (103.00), consistency (95.22) and mouth feel (94.35). Hence, coconut inflorescence harvested at five to six months before inflorescence opening (S2) was identified as the ideal stage for the development of coconut inflorescence powder (CIP). CIP having superior nutritional and sensory quality could be prepared by soaking the chopped inflorescence in anti-browning agent combination: citric acid (1%) + sodium chloride (1%) for five minutes followed by drying in hot-air oven at 60°C. The nutritional composition of the developed CIP (100 g) is carbohydrate (4.67 g), protein (8.82 g), fat (1.96 g), calcium (195.25 mg), iron (0.84 mg), sodium (16.54 mg), vitamin A (973.50 µg), vitamin C (33.46 mg), crude fibre (57.14 g) and total ash (0.82 g). Mean rank value for the sensory attributes viz., colour, consistency, flavour, mouth feel and taste were 546.23, 527.35, 526.28, 541.35 and 525.15, respectively. Coconut inflorescence dietary supplement (CIDS) containing CIP, ragi, green gram and sesame in the proportion 70: 10: 10: 10 (DS3) recorded 81.14% DPPH radical scavenging inhibition (in vitro antioxidant activity), 84.97% alpha amylase inhibition (in vitro anti-diabetic activity) and superior sensory attributes (mean rank value- colour: 162.95, taste: 162.47, flavour: 162.00, consistency: 163.05, mouth feel: 162.07). The nutritional composition of the of the developed CIDS (100 g) is carbohydrate (18.40 g 100 g-1), protein (13.42 g 100 g-1), fat (2.01 g 100 g-1), calcium (202.40 mg 100 g-1), iron (1.82 mg 100 g-1), sodium (19.81 mg 100 g-1), vitamin A (963.70 µg 100 g-1), vitamin C (39.80 mg 100 g-1), crude fibre (43.68 g 100 g-1) and total ash (2.57 g 100 g-1). The CIDS was subjected to further storage study for shelf life assessment. Coconut inflorescence dietary supplement packaged using aluminium foil covers and stored under refrigerated condition (P4S2) recorded the lowest peroxide value (8.01 meq. O2 kg-1), bacterial count (1.00 cfu g-1 × 107), fungal count (1.67 cfu g-1 × 105) and yeast count (1.00 cfu g-1 × 103) after three months of storage. The study revealed that the ideal maturity stage for harvesting coconut inflorescence for the development of dietary supplement is five to six months before inflorescence opening. Coconut Inflorescence Powder (CIP) could be prepared by soaking the chopped inflorescence pieces (1cm3) in a combination of 1% citric acid and 1% sodium chloride for five minutes followed by drying in hot-air oven at 60°C. Coconut inflorescence dietary supplement (CIDS) could be prepared by compositing CIP, ragi, green gram and sesame in 70:10:10:10 ratio. CIDS could be packaged using aluminium foil covers and stored under refrigerated condition for an improved shelf life of three months.Item Performance evaluation of underutilized edible alliums(Department of Plantation crops and spices, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2021) Pooja, A E; Mini, RajAllium L. is one of the largest genera in the Amaryllidaceae, with around 900 species distributed throughout the world. Indian gene centre is fairly rich in wild species (about 30) mostly confined to Himalayas. Allium species may differ in appearance and flavour, yet biochemically, they are quite similar. Wild Allium species are the good source of biologically active phytomolecules, including organosulphur compounds, phenolic acids, flavonols, vitamins and nutrients. Underutilised Alliums can be an excellent substitute for onion and garlic in different regions of India, due to their wider adaptability and multipurpose usage, especially under the current unpredictable climatic conditions. It is in this context that, the current experiment entitled Performance evaluation of underutilized edible Alliums was taken up with the broad objective of morphological characterization and biochemical analysis of underutilised edible Alliums namely Allium tuberosum and Allium chinense under Kerala conditions and to standardise the storage methods. The study used a completely randomised design with four treatment combinations and four replications of the two species, A. tuberosum and A. chinense, which were cultivated in grow bags under rain shelter and open field conditions, separately. The observations recorded are number of leaves per plant, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per tiller, plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area and foliage yield. Physiological and biochemical parameters such as total chlorophyll, chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, total carotenoides, dry matter, moisture content, relative water content, TSS, ascorbic acid, phenol, flavonoids, total sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, and sulphur content were studied. The findings reveal that variability was present between the Allium species, as well as between the growing conditions under study. For storage study, the experiment was set up in completely randomised design with twelve treatment combinations and three replications. The treatment combinations included of three distinct storage conditions such as, refrigerated condition, cold storage and ambientcondition and four types of packaging materials such as, 200-gauge LDPE, 200- gauge LDPE with perforation, brown paper bag and tissue paper wrapping, the observations with respect to physiological loss of weight and organoleptic properties were examined. Among Allium species, morphological characteristics like plant height, number of tillers, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area and leaf yield were found to be significantly higher in Allium chinense than Allium tuberosum, whereas number of leaves per plant and number of leaves per tiller were significantly higher in A. tuberosum when compared to A. chinense. Physiological characteristics like total chlorophyll, chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, total carotenoids, moisture content and relative water content was found to be highest in A. tuberosum compared to A. chinense, whereas dry matter content and TSS were found to be highest in A. chinense when compared to A. tuberosum. Biochemical characteristics such as ascorbic acid, total phenols, total flavonoids, total sugars, reducing sugar and non- reducing sugar was high in A. chinense compared to A. tuberosum, whereas sulphur content was found to be highest in A. tuberosum. Among the growing conditions, all the morphological characteristics such as number of leaves per plant, number of tillers, number of leaves per tiller, plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area and leaf yield were found significantly higher under open condition when compared to rain shelter. Physiological characteristics such as total chlorophyll, chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, total carotenoids, moisture content and relative water content was found significantly higher when grown in rain shelter compared to open condition, whereas dry matter content and TSS was found significantly higher when grown under open condition compared to rain shelter. Biochemical parameters such as ascorbic acid content, phenol content, total flavonoids, total sugars, reducing sugar and sulphur content was found significantly higher when grown under open condition compared to rain shelter, whereas non-reducing sugar was found significantly higher when grown in rain shelter in A. tuberosum and it is found higher under open condition in case of A. chinense.Storage study revealed that, storage conditions and packaging materials influenced the physiological loss of weight and organoleptic quality of Allium leaves during storage. The leaves of Allium tuberosum and Allium chinense stored in ambient conditions exhibited the most PLW compared to those held in cold storage and refrigerated conditions. In all storage conditions, the leaves packed in 200-gauge LDPE with perforation had the lowest PLW, followed by 200-gauge LDPE, and it was greatest in tissue paper wrapping, followed by brown paper bag. Among the Allium species, A. chinense showed lesser loss in physiological weight irrespective of storage conditions and packaging materials when compared to A. tuberosum. Regardless of storage conditions or packing materials, the organoleptic score for appearance, colour, texture, aroma, and overall acceptability decreased with prolonged storage. Leaves packed in 200-gauge LDPE with perforation and stored in refrigerated condition was found to be effective in maintaining the lowest PLW, appearance, colour, texture, odour, and overall acceptability throughout the storage period and with maximum shelf life of 15 days for Allium chinense and 12 days for Allium tuberosum. Allium tuberosum produces fragrant, white six-stellate flowers in umbels, and the plants are hermaphroditic. There were about an average of 59 flowers present in each umbel. The flowers opened 12 days after the emergence of buds and reached full flowering stage in 6.8 days. Seed set occurred 67 days after flowering in capsules. There were about 80 seeds present in each umbel.Item Studies on the fermentation and curing of cocoa beans(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1983) Premalatha, T; Mohanakumaran, MInvestigations conducted at the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 1979-81 indicated mini- basket lined with banana leaves and mini- box as the methods suitable for fermenting small quantities of beans . These methods were chosen from among the seven studied , based on the temperature development in the ferment and on the result s of the cut test. Polythene sheet was found to be a poor insulating material as compared to banana leaves having led to unsatisfactory aeration and low temperature build up during fermentation. Fermentation during the dry season was found to be better with respect to the fermentation characteristics and physical quality characteristics of the beans. Fermentation of beans from yellow /ripe pods and over-ripe pods gave higher proportion of commercially acceptable beans . The cured beans had desirable PH and good physical quality characteristics. Storing the harvested pods for two to six days before the extraction of beans for fermentation led to the development of optimum temperature in the ferment , desirable pH in the dried and the production of a higher proportion of commercially acceptable beans. Storing the cured beans increased the proportion of commercially acceptable beans . An increase in the pH of the beans was also observed during the 28-week storage.Item Chitosan mediated metabolite elicitation and growth responses in kasthuri turmeric(curcuma aromatica)(Department of plantation crops and spices, college of agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Nivya J Thengumpally; Deepa S NairItem Performance of clone RRII 105 in kuttanaad taluk of Alleppey district(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1994) Mathew John; Prasannakumari Amma, SAn attempt was made to assess the performance of clone RRII 105 in Kuttanad taluk. Data were collected through personal contacts and interview with the help of a pretested interview schedule. For the study, all the units in Kuttanad were selected. The results revealed that garden lands were suitable for rubber cultivation because of the high fertility of the soil and conducive climatic features. The growers adopted a high population density per unit area. All the growers used clone RRII 105 for planting and majority used polybagged plants. The study also revealed that growth of plants were satisfactory even if the stand per hectare was high. Another interesting factor noted was that the fungal diseases were very negligible. Weed growth was found to be little due to prolonged floods (7 to 15 days) during July- August. The average yield obtained was high when compared to the national average. As the growers preferred high intensity tapping, tapping panel dryness showed an increasing trend. The study showed that the growers in this area are not strictly following the management practices recommended by the Rubber Board. The studies, thus indicated that rubber cultivation is economic and viable in garden lands of Kuttanad taluk. Field studies are to be initiated to find out the optimum population density per hectare and manorial practices for enhancing productivity in the taluk.Item Collection, characterization and evaluation of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. germplasm(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2007) Abhila, S R; Jessykutty, P CThe present study titles “Collection, characterization and evaluation of Aloe vera (L) Burm.f.germplasm” was conducted at the Department of Plantation crops and spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period April 2006 – March 2007. Thirty diverse accessions of aloe were collected from various locations of Kerala and Tamil Nadu> Preliminary evaluation of reference sample plants of each accession were done in terms of morphological and biochemical characters. A final evaluation of morphological, anatomical and biochemical characters were carried out one year after planting in the new environment and association between morphological, biochemical and yield contributing characters were worked out and the accessions were evaluated based on these results. The accessions recorded significant variation for morphological characters like plant height, plant spread, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf thickness, leaf weight, leaf shape, leaf colour, phyllocrone and suckering. Study of the anatomical characters of the accessions like number of stomata, cuticle thickness, epidermal thickness and mesophyll thickness revealed that there was no significant variation among the accessions with regard to number of stomata and epidermal thickness. Significant difference existed in mesophyll thickness and it was the highest for AV-2 and hence maximum gel yield. Wide variation in biochemical characters such as amino acids, total sugars, fattyacids, vitamin A and C, saponins, minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron content and activity of enzymes like peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were noticed among the thirty accessions. Yield analysis of the accessions revealed that AV-16, AV-12, AV-2, AV-6, AV-13, AV-30, AV-29, AV-15, AV-9 and AV-7 had superior yield contributing characters. The accessions having superior biochemical characters are AV-5, AV-25, AV-18, AV-23, AV-11, AV-21, AV-24, AV-27, AV-19 and AV-26, hence are superior in quality. By combining yield contributing and quality characters accessions AV-12, AV-16, AV-13, AV-6, AV-15, AV-2, AV-30, AV-19, AV-29 and AV-14 were found to be superior. The accessions AV-16, AV-12, AV-2 and AV-6 were found superior based on morphological characters and morphological and biochemical characters together. Association between morphological, biochemical and yield contributing characters revealed that morphological characters like plant height, plant spread, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf thickness and leaf weight showed positive association with leaf yield and latex yield. So these characters offer good scope for selection among the present collection of aloe accessions. A location specific evaluation had to be carried out with these aloe accessions in areas with diverse agro climatic situations for evolving a suitable variety.Item Standardisation of in vitro techniques for the rapid clonal propagation of bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) corr)(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2001) Hazeena, M S; Sulekha, G RItem Organics and biofertilizers in improving the yield and quality of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2002) Filitte Stephen; Nybe, E VItem Utilisation of in vitro cultures of Tinospora cordifolia Miers (chittamrithu) for berberine(Department of Plantation Crops, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2002) Kalimuthu, M; Asha Sankar, MThe present investigation on "Utilisation of in vitro cultures of Tinospora cordifolia Miers. (Chittamrithu) for berberine" was carried out in the Plant Tissue Culture and Biochemistry Laboratories, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur during the period 1999-2001. The study was undertaken with the objective to standardise the in vitro techniques for initiation and proliferation of static and suspension cultures of T cordifolia and to screen the in vitro cultures for synthesis of berberine and quantify it. It was also envisaged to enhance the level of product synthesis in in vitro cultures. Leaf, petiole and stem derived callus cultures of Vellanikkara and Madurai ecotypes were established in vitro. Surface sterilisation with mercuric chloride (HgCh) at 0.1 per cent for 8 min was most effective in all the explants. MS medium at full strength supplemented with NAA at 4 mg r ' was observed ideal for initiation and proliferation of calli. Kinetin at 3 mg r' and BA at 4 mg r' enhanced the callus inducing property of NAA. Both the ecotypes responded equally for most of the parameters observed, with respect to callusing. The auxin synergist, phloroglucinol at levels of 100.0 mg r' and 125 mg r' and casein hyrdolysate at 100, 200 and 300 mg r' registered favourable influence on callusing. Incubating leaf and stem cultures under illuminated conditions at 26±1 QC was significantly superior to incubation in dark. Successful regeneration of roots from leaf and stem calli of the experimental ecotypes was achieved on MS medium at half strength supplemented with NAA or lAA each at 2 mg r'. Calli derived from Madurai ecotype performed better with respect to root regeneration. None of the treatments tried resulted in a positive response with respect to shoot initiation from callus cultures of both the ecotypes. Substituting sucrose with lactose in proportions of 2: 1 in MS medium at full strength fortified with NAA at 1 mg r ' and Kin at 4 mg r' initiated embryoids in both the ecotypes. MS media at full strength supplemented with NAA and BA or NAA and Kin each at 2 mg r', was standardised as the production medium, which recorded maximum berberine synthesis. Butanol-glacial acetic acid-water at 7:1:2 was identified as the appropriate solvent system for detecting the alkaloid with Dragendorff's reagent as the localizing spray. Substituting sucrose with lactose maintaining a proportion of 2: 1 and reducing the phosphorus level in basal medium to half the original strength resulted in increased levels of berberine synthesis. The precursor phenyl alanine at 100, 150 and 200 mg r' elicited synthesis of berberine. Addition of osmoregulants, polyethylene glycol at 2.0 and 3.0 per cent and mannitol at 1.5 per cent exerted a favourable influence on synthesis of berberine in Tinospora. Incorporation of autoclaved mycelia of Pythium aphanidermatum at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g r' and immobilisation of calli with sodium alginate-calcium chloride complex revealed a positive influence on synthesis of berberine. Liquid suspensions of Vellanikkara and Madurai ecotypes registered 0.92 and 0.87 per cent of packed cell volume. Based on critical cell density, the liquid suspension were subcultured at 16 days interval. As compared to static cultures, suspensions synthesized lesser quantity of berberine. Berberine was detected only in stem extracts of ex vitro plants. When compared to ex vitro samples, in vitro cultures yielded higher quantities of berberine. The highest berberine yield (23.176 ug/g of callus) was obtained from stem cultures maintained in solid MS media supplemented with NAA 2 mg r' + BA 2 mg r ' and autoclaved mycelia of P. aphanidermatum at 0.5 g r'. Madurai ecotype performed better with respect to berberine synthesis with a mean value of 17.565 ug of berberine/gram of callus whereas Vellanikkara ecotype synthesized 16.051 ug/g of callus under positively responding treatments.
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