PG Thesis
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://localhost:4000/handle/123456789/2
Browse
6 results
Search Results
Item Process optimisation and utilisation of resistant starch from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)(Department of Community Science, College of Agriculture ,Vellanikkara, 2023-04-18) Reshma Suresh; Sharon, C LSorghum, commonly named as great millet are gluten free grains with good nutritional profile. Sorghum grains contain higher amount of resistant starch than other cereals and seems to be more slowly digestible. Resistant starch (RS) is the sum of starch and products of starch degradation which is not absorbed in the small intestine of healthy individuals. In this context, the present study, entitled "Process optimisation and utilisation of resistant starch from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), was undertaken with the objectives of optimising the conditions for resistant starch formation in sorghum, its quality evaluation and product development In the present study, the sorghum starch samples were autoclaved at 120°C and 140°C with 10 per cent moisture for 15, 30, 60 minutes consecutively (T2-T7). The above mentioned procedure was repeated by the replacing the moisture with 20 per cent (T8-T13) and 30 per cent (T14-T19). Sample autoclaved at 120⁰C for 15 minutes with 20 per cent moisture was found to have maximum amount of resistant starch (38.19%). The selected starch sample (T8) was subjected to repeated autoclaving and cooling cycles for 2, 3, 4 times. Treatment T8 after 3 repeated autoclaving and cooling cycles, showed maximum RS content (39.22%). As the number of cooling cycles increased the amount of resistant starch in the sample increased. The selected sorghum resistant starch along with sorghum starch were evaluated for its quality aspects. Sorghum resistant starch had a higher pH value of 6.02 whereas native starch had a pH of 5.70. The moisture content of sorghum resistant starch (9.93%) was observed to be lower than that of sorghum starch (12%). The water holding capacity of resistant starch was estimated and found to be 2.03 g water/g flour which was statistically different from the water holding capacity of sorghum starch which was estimated to be 1.09 g water /g flour. The bulk density of sorghum resistant starch was 0.83g/mm3 whereas that of sorghum starch was estimated to be 0.88 g/ mm3. The retrogradation property of resistant starch (60%) was lower than that of sorghum starch (65 %). The gelatinisation temperature of resistant starch (74.50ºC) was estimated to be slightly higher than that of sorghum starch (72ºC). The carbohydrate content of resistant starch was found to be 95.33g/100 g and that of sorghum starch was found to be 95.43g/100 g. The starch content of resistant starch (87g/100 g) and sorghum starch (87.32g/100 g) showed no significant difference. The amylose content of resistant starch was found to be 27.20 per cent and in the sorghum starch it was 23.10 per cent. The amylopectin content of resistant starch was 59.80 per cent whereas that of sorghum starch was 67.22 per cent. The total sugar content of resistant starch was 3.53 per cent whereas sorghum starch had a total sugar content of 3.61 per cent. The in vitro digestibility of resistant starch was 10.31 per cent which was significantly lower than that of sorghum starch (62%). The prepared starch was packed in laminated pouches and stored for a period of three months. The pH of the flour gradually increased from 6.02 to 6.99 after the third month of storage. The bulk density was initially 0.83 g/mm3 which increased to 0.97 g/mm3 after the third month of storage. The water holding capacity of the flour was found to be 2.03 g water/ g flour initially which decreased to 1.96 g water/g flour after third month of storage. The reterogradation property was found to be 60.67 per cent initially which increased to 62.33 per cent, 63.58 per cent and 64.21 per cent after the first, second and third months respectively. The effect of storage on nutrient composition of the sorghum resistant starch was also studied. The carbohydrate content was found to be 95.33 g/100 g initially, which decreased after third month of storage (92.41g/100g). The starch content of sorghum resistant starch had a statistically significant difference on storage. It was initially found to be 87g/100g which decreased to 84.72 g/100g after three month of storage. The total sugars also decreased from 3.523 per cent to 2.99 per cent on storage. The in vitro digestibility of the starch decreased with increasing storage. It was initially 10.31 per cent which decreased to 10.30, 10.06 and 10.02 per cent after first, second and third month respectively. The glycemic index of the resistant starch and sorghumItem Nutrient management with nano urea for enhanced herbage yield and quality of fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2024-11-28) Sabavat Sandhya Sree; Sharu, S RThe study entitled “Nutrient management with nano urea for enhanced herbage yield and quality of fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)” was conducted during the period 2022-24 at College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of nano urea on growth, yield, quality and economics of fodder sorghum. The field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, during the period from December 2023 to February 2024. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 13 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised nitrogen management and foliar nutrition. The treatments were T1: 75% Recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) + nano urea (0.2%); T2: 75% RDN + nano urea (0.4%); T3: 75% RDN + nano urea (0.6%); T4: 100% RDN + nano urea (0.2%); T5: 100% RDN + nano urea (0.4%); T6: 100% RDN + nano urea (0.6%); T7: 75% RDN + urea spray (2%); T8: 100% RDN + urea spray (2%); T9: nano urea (0.2%) alone; T10: nano urea (0.4%) alone; T11: nano urea (0.6%) alone; T12: KAU POP; T13: control (without nitrogen). The variety used for the study was CNFS-1 released from Zonal Agricultural Research Station, VC Farm, Mandya. The fertilizer recommendation followed was 60:40:20 kg NPK ha-1, along with farm yard manure (10 t ha-1). Foliar spray of nano urea and urea were done at 20 DAS and 40 DAS. All other management practices were followed as per the KAU package of practices recommendations. Nitrogen management and foliar nutrition had significant influence on the growth and yield attributes of fodder sorghum. At 30 DAS, taller plants (75.52 cm) were observed in T5 and was on par with T6. The treatment, T6 resulted in taller plants (132.41 cm and 226.62 cm) at both 45 DAS and harvest and remained on par with T5. Similarly, at 30 DAS, T6 exhibited more number of leaves per plant (6.41), leaf length (47.12 cm), leaf breadth (3.64 cm), leaf area per plant (661.68 cm2), LAI (1.44), stem diameter (11.06 mm), number of internodes per plant (5.24), length of internode (4.38 cm) and leaf: stem ratio (0.39) which was comparable with T5. Similarly, the treatment, T5 resulted in maximum number of leaves per plant (7.54 and 8.99), leaf length (63.47 cm and 89.00 cm), leaf breadth (4.69 cm and 5.61 cm) and length of internode (13.07 cm and 19.95 cm) at both 45 DAS and harvest and was on par with T6. However, higher leaf area per plant at harvest (2682.69 cm2), LAI (3.52) and number of internodes per plant (6.80) at 45 DAS were observed in T6 and remained on par with T5. The treatment, T5 resulted in more number of internodes per plant at harvest (9.67) and was on par with T6. Similarly, leaf area per plant (1586.64 cm2) at 45 DAS and stem diameter (12.94 mm and 15.19 mm) at both 45 DAS and harvest were observed in T6 and was statistically comparable with T5 and T3. Green fodder yield (32.03 t ha-1), dry fodder yield (5.81 t ha-1) and per day productivity (0.53 t ha-1 d-1) were found significantly higher in the treatment, T5 and remained on par with T6. The treatment T5 exhibited higher total chlorophyll content (1.92 mg g-1 FW and 2.83 mg g-1 FW) at both 30 DAS and 45 DAS and was statistically comparable with T6. Higher crude protein content (9.92 %) and crude protein yield (0.50 t ha-1) were observed in T5 and was on par with T6. The treatment T5 resulted in higher N content and NPK uptake which was comparable with T6. The organic carbon and available N, P and K status of soil after the experiment did not vary significantly with nitrogen management and foliar nutrition. The treatment, T5 (100 per cent RDN + nano urea 0.4 per cent) fetched higher net return of ₹ 92221 ha-1 with BCR of 2.36 and was comparable with T6. Based on the study it could be concluded that nitrogen management along with foliar application of nitrogen based formulations improved the growth, yield, quality and economics of fodder sorghum. There was an increased yield of green fodder (39. 26%) when nano urea (0.4%) was supplemented with RDF compared to urea spray (2 %). When the fertilizer level was decreased by 25 percent, growth, yield, quality parameters and net return were also found to be reduced. Thus, the result of the research work revealed that soil application of 100 per cent RDF (60:40:20 NPK kg ha-1) along with foliar spray of nano urea, 0.4 per cent each at 20 DAS and 40 DAS was beneficial for growing fodder sorghum in terms of growth, yield, quality and economics in Kerala during the rabi season.Item Productivity and biological efficiency of sorghum + cowpea in response to row configuration and biofertilizers(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2024-11-27) Kasapogu Rachel Madhurima; Shalini Pillai, PThe study entitled “Productivity and biological efficiency of sorghum + cowpea in response to row configuration and biofertilizers” was undertaken at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2022-2024. The objectives were to assess the performance of sorghum + cowpea intercropping system at varying row configuration, to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Rhizobium on the competitive behaviour of intercrops and to work out the economics of the system. The field experiment was carried out at the Instructional Farm, Vellayani, from December 2023 to April 2024. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design with 3 x 4 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised combinations of three row ratios (r1-1:1, r2-1:2, r3- 2:1) and four levels of biofertilizer (b0 – No biofertilizer, b1- AMF, b2 – Rhizobium, b3 – AMF + Rhizobium). The inoculation of AMF and Rhizobium was done for sorghum and cowpea respectively. Sole crops of sorghum and cowpea were raised for computing the intercropping indices. The varieties used for the study were CO-32 (sorghum) and Kanakamony (cowpea). Except nutrient recommendation for sorghum (50:25:75 kg NPK ha-1), all other management practices of both sorghum and cowpea were carried out as per the Kerala Agricultural University Package of Practices (KAU POP) recommendations. Sorghum intercropped with cowpea in 2:1 row ratio (r3) resulted in significantly higher leaf area per plant, dry matter production (DMP), grains per panicle (424.13 nos), grain yield (3122 kg ha-1), and green stover yield (11731 kg ha-1) of sorghum. The treatment b3 (AMF + Rhizobium) resulted in the highest DMP (6270 kg ha-1), grains per panicle (384.49 nos), grain yield (2909 kg ha-1) and green stover yield (11595 kg ha-1) of sorghum. The application of AMF + Rhizobium resulted in a 2.34 per cent higher yield of sorghum than its sole crop. The treatment combination r3b1 (2:1 + AMF) resulted in the highest DMP, grains per panicle and grain yield of sorghum. Rooting depth (13.33 cm) and DMP of cowpea (3254 kg ha-1) were observed to be higher in r3 (2:1 row ratio). Application of Rhizobium alone (b2) resulted in deeper roots in cowpea (11.93 cm). Cowpea raised as intercrop in sorghum in 1:2 ratio along with Rhizobium (r2b2) resulted in more number of nodules per plant (21.93), which was 51.24 per cent more than the sole crop. Significantly higher yield of cowpea (1498 kg ha-1) was observed in r2 (1:2 row ratio). Application of AMF (b1) resulted in higher seed yield (1571 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2334 kg ha-1) of cowpea. The treatment combination r1b1 (cowpea raised as intercrop in sorghum in 1:1 row ratio along with AMF) exhibited the highest number of pods per plant (9.73) and seeds per pod (10.60) and consequently the highest seed yield (1765 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2477 kg ha-1) of cowpea. The treatment combination r1b1 recorded 32.5 per cent and 16.56 per cent higher seed yield and haulm yield respectively, when compared to the sole crop of cowpea. At 15 DAS and 30 DAS, the weed density was observed to be lower (7.08 m-2, 14.33 m-2) in r2 (1:2 row ratio). Application of AMF + Rhizobium (b3) resulted in the least weed dry matter at 45 DAS (18.00 g m-2). Sorghum + cowpea at 1:1 row ratio with Rhizobium (r1b2) resulted in lower weed DMP at 15 DAS and 30 DAS. Higher LER (1.93) was observed in the treatment r3b1 (sorghum intercropped with cowpea in 2:1 ratio along with AMF). Aggressivity values of cowpea in combination with sorghum were positive irrespective of biofertilizer application. Competition index (-0.05), sorghum equivalent yield (6411 kg ha-1) and percentage yield difference (117.93 %) were higher in r1b1 (sorghum intercropped with cowpea in 1:1 row ratio along with AMF). The competition ratio was observed to be higher (0.91) in r2b3 (1:2 ratio along with AMF and rhizobium) for sorghum and r1b0 (1:1 ratio without biofertilizer) for cowpea (2.82). The NPK uptake of sorghum + cowpea system (133.33 kg ha-1, 24.88 kg ha-1 and 92.08 kg ha-1) were observed to be higher in r3 (2:1 row ratio). While AMF application (b1) resulted in significantly higher N and P uptake, AMF + Rhizobium showed higher K uptake. The crude protein in sorghum grains and cowpea seeds was higher (10.16 %, 23.33 %) in r2b1 and r3b2 respectively. Iron and copper content in sorghum grains were observed to be higher with the application of AMF (b1) (5.29 mg 100 g-1 and 0.33 mg 100 g-1) Application of Rhizobium (b2) resulted in higher manganese content in sorghum grains (1.77 mg 100 g-1).While the calcium content in sorghum grains was higher in r2b1 (1:2 + AMF), the content of manganese was noted to be higher in r1b2 (1:1 + Rhizobium). . Post-experiment soil analysis revealed higher organic carbon, electrical conductivity and available P in r1b2. The available N and K status were observed to be higher in r3b1 (246.33 kg ha-1) and r2b1 (275.20 kg ha-1) respectively. The soil pH was observed to be higher (5.77) in r2b0, which was 0.31 units higher than the initial pH (5.46). Sorghum + cowpea in 1:1 ratio along with AMF (r1b1) resulted in higher net income (₹126922 ha-1) and monetary equivalent ratio (MER) (2.06). However, benefit cost ratio was observed to be higher (2.00) in r3b0 (sorghum + cowpea in 2:1 row ratio without biofertilizer) and r3b1 (sorghum + cowpea in 2:1 row ratio along with AMF). From the experiment it was concluded that compared to the respective sole crops, sorghum + cowpea intercropping system excelled in terms of overall productivity and biological efficiency. In terms of land equivalent ratio, sorghum + cowpea (2:1) along with AMF (r3b1) was more productive. However, considering the sorghum equivalent yield, percentage yield difference, net income and monetary equivalent ratio, intercropping sorghum with cowpea in 1:1 row ratio along with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could be recommended as a viable combination for higher productivity and profitability.Item Nutrient scheduling in rainfed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Velllayani, 2021) Karthik, T R; Rajasree, GThe study entitled “Nutrient scheduling in rainfed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)” was undertaken at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2019 – 2021. The main objectives were to standardise the nutrient schedule for rainfed sorghum and to work out the economics. The field investigation was conducted during summer 2021 and the experiment was laid out in factorial randomised block design with 12 treatment combinations, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised combinations of three N:K ratios (r1 -1:0.5, r2 -1:1 and r3 -1:1.5) and four times of applications (t1- ½ N as basal + ½ N at 30 DAS + full K as basal, t2- 1 /3 N as basal + 1 /3 N at 30 DAS+ 1 /3 N at 60 DAS + full K as basal, t3- ½ N and ½ K as basal + ½ N and ½ K at 30 DAS, t4- 1 /3 N and 1 /3 K as basal + 1 /3 N and 1 /3 K at 30 DAS + 1 /3N and 1 /3 K at 60 DAS). The sorghum variety used for the study was Co-30. The results of the study revealed that plants were significantly taller in r3 at 60 DAS (122.33cm), 90 DAS (237.18 cm) and harvest (248.27cm). Plant height was significantly more at 30 and 60 DAS with t4 (27.71 and 122.97 cm respectively) while t3 resulted in significantly taller plants at 90 DAS and harvest (236.38 and 244.47 cm respectively). Among the interactions, r3t4 and r1t4 resulted in significantly taller plants at 30 DAS and 60 DAS, while at 90 DAS and harvest, r3t1 was superior. The N:K ratio r3 (1:1.5) produced significantly more number of leaves per plant at all stages of observation. The treatment t4 recorded significantly more number of leaves at 30 DAS (4.50) while t3 recorded higher number of leaves at later growth stages. Interaction r3t4 produced significantly higher number of leaves at 60 DAS, 90 DAS and at harvest. Leaf area index recorded was significantly higher with r3 (2.65), t4 (2.62) and the interaction r3t4 (5.90) at 40 DAS. The crop took least number of days to reach 50 per cent flowering in r3 (57 days), t4 (54.89) and r3t4 (50.67 days). The dry matter production at harvest was the highest in t3 (6843.00 kg ha-1 ) and was on par with t4. Chlorophyll content was significantly higher at 30 and 60 DAS in r3 and t3 respectively and t3 was comparable with t4. The interaction r2t4 recorded higher chlorophyll content at 30 DAS. Rooting depth and root volume were significantly higher in r3 and t4, and interactions r3t2 and r3t4 had higher rooting depth and root volume respectively. Length of panicle was significantly higher in r3 (24.80 cm) and t3 (20.22 cm). The treatment combination r2t3 resulted in significantly longer panicles. Grain weight per panicle (46.47 g) was significantly higher in r2. Grain yield was significantly higher with r2 (3449.33 kg ha-1 ) and was comparable with r3 (3298.67 kg ha-1 ). The highest grain yield (3532.22 kg ha-1 ) was recorded by t3, followed by t4 (3350.11 kg ha-1 ) which were on par. The treatment combination r3t3 resulted in the highest grain yield (3635.67 kg ha-1 ) and was on par with all other treatments except r1t1 and r1t2. Harvest index was significantly superior in r2 (1:1) and r3 (1: 1.5), both producing a value of 0.45 compared to r1 (0.39). N uptake and K uptake were the highest in r2 and were on par with r3 while P uptake was the highest in r3 comparable with r2. The highest N uptake was recorded with t3 which was comparable with t4. The treatment t3 which was comparable with t4 resulted in significantly higher P uptake. K uptake was the highest with t3 (272.82 kg ha-1 ) and was comparable with t2. The treatment r2 resulted in significantly higher pH (5.70) and was comparable with r3 (5.67). Both t3 and t1 recorded higher soil pH of 5.70 after the experiment. Highest organic carbon content was recorded with r3 (0.83 per cent), t3 (0.89 per cent) and r3t3 (1.06 per cent), and r3 was on par with r2 whereas t3 was comparable with t4. Significantly higher available N content was recorded with r3 and t4, and t4 was comparable with t3. The treatment combination r3t3 which was on par with r2t4 recorded significantly higher available N content. Available P content was significantly higher with r2, t3 and r2t3. Net income was the highest (₹ 39737 ha-1 ) with r3t3 while r2t4 and r3t3 resulted in the highest BCR of 2.04. Considering the growth, yield and economics, the modified fertilizer dose of 50: 25: 75 kg ha-1 NPK with N and K in two equal split doses, half of each at basal and at 30 DAS and P as basal dose can be recommended for cultivating high yielding sorghum varieties as rainfed crop in southern KeralaItem Tillage and water saving techniques for black gram in rice fallows(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2017) Aisha Mol, P B; Latha, AItem Molecular characterization of male sterility in ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.)(Centre for plant biotechnology and molecular Biology, College of horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2014) Sonwane Shital Marotirao; Deepu MathewThe development of hybrids with desirable heterosis is a major goal in plant breeding. In traditional hybridization, following the emasculation which is a labour intensive process, pollen is manually transferred to the female organs. The higher cost of the hybrid seeds, considerably owing to the labour costs for emasculation, is the major constraint in achieving more rapid adoption of vegetable hybrid technology. Use of male sterile parent is understood to reduce the cost of hybrid seed production by avoiding the manual emasculation. In this context, the recently reported male sterile line of ridge gourd from Kerala Agricultural University, is commercially very important. A system to confirm the male sterility at an early phase of parent itself, is very important since any kind of fertility restoration at a later phase will fail the hybridization programme. A molecular marker associated with the male sterility will be enormously useful at this phase, to confirm the male sterility of the female parent used in the hybridization programme. The study entitled “Molecular characterization of male sterility in ridge gourd Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.” was carried out at Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, with the objective to identify the molecular marker/s linked with the male sterility in the newly reported sterile line of ridge gourd from KAU, using SSR and ISSR marker systems. Plant materials used in this study were three male fertile lines, Haritham, Deepthi, and Arka Sumeet and the Haritham (male sterile line of KAU). In the male sterile line, unopened rudimentary male buds with poorly developed anthers containing shrunken, non viable pollen grains were observed. In male fertile plants, the anthers were well developed with viable pollen grains. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the young leaves, using CTAB method and SSR and ISSR marker systems were employed for characterizing the male sterility. SSR primers are highly genus specific and since genomic data on Luffa is lacking, suitability of SSR primers from the related genus such as Citrullus and Cucumis was attempted. Initial attempts on electrophoresis of SSR amplicons on 2 per cent agarose gel were successful for few primers only. Thus, to resolve the small fragments, 10 per cent native PAGE was subsequently used. In SSR assay 25 primers were screened, among which 14 were selected. Total genomic DNA of the male fertile and sterile lines were amplified with these SSR primers. The primers CI1-21, DE0144 and CsWCT25 have yielded distinctly polymorphic bands associated with the male sterility with 125, 50, 350 bp sizes, respectively. In ISSR assay, among the 49 primers screened initially, 16 were selected for the study. UBC841 has yielded a distinctly polymorphic band for male fertility at 1185bp. This marker was missing in the male sterile line. Dendrogram was generated based on the ISSR study in order to study genetic relationship among the ridge gourd lines. Haritham (fertile) and Haritham (male sterile) showed 82 per cent similarity. The universal mitochondrial primers were additionally screened in this study and among them; Rps14 gave polymorphic band linked with male sterility, at 80 bp size. Direct sequencing with NGS platform was done of the identified polymorphic bands, it was failed with CI1-21, Rps14, DE0144 and UBC841. Only with CsWCT25 sequence of 225 bp was obtained. CsWCT25 is already reported to be tightly linked with gynoecy in cucumber, SCAR primers are also designed using this sequence. These markers will have wide application in marker assisted selection and hybrid seed production.