PG Thesis
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Item Response of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] to secondary nutrients(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2020) Nengparmoi, TH; Prameela, PItem Morphological and molecular analysis for assessing intraspecific variation in sweet potato (Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam.) and interspecific divergence in Ipomoea spp.(Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2020) Sasilekha, S; Shirly Raichal AnilItem Developing baked and confectionery products based on sweet potato(Department of Home Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1999) Elizabeth Augustine; Chellammal, SA study on ‘Developing baked and confectionery products based on sweet potato' was conducted with major objective to develop value added baked and confectionery products based on sweet potato flour. The study comprised of standardisation of raw materials, product development, assessing nutritional significance, organoleptic quality studies, preference tests and shelf life studies. The five baked and five confectionery products was formulated with sweet potato flour as the basic ingredient. Three combinations were tried with different proportions of sweet potato flour. The other ingredients added to sweet potato flour were maida, egg, sugar, ghee and skimmed milk powder. The selection of best combination was based on amino acid scores chemical scores and cost benefit ratio. A combination with 50 per cent sweet potato flour and 50 per cent maida was selected as the ideal combination, since it secured higher amino acid score and chemical score. The cost of the combination was also found to be satisfactory. The nutritional composition of the food product revealed that the product contained all the nutrients in optimum quantity. The nutritional quality of the developed food products after processing with reference to calories, proteins, β carotene, calcium, phosphorous and zinc were determined through suitable laboratory techniques. ISI type tests specified to such products were administered to the developed foods and the values were comparable with ISI specification. Organoleptic studies of the developed food products was assessed by two groups of consumers viz., college students and technical experts. The parameters tested were appearance, colour, flavour, texture and taste. The analysis revealed that both the baked and confectionery products got highest scores. Baked products had a slightly higher mean score, compared to confectionary products. In the preference tests of the developed products conducted among farm women of Venganoor, Srikariyam and Kaliyoor panchayath and entrepreneurs in Thiruvananthapuram city were also showed the same result. Moisture and insect infestation were-lower in flour stored in glass and plastic containers. Effect of storage on moisture and over all acceptability were revealed that there was an increase in moisture content during the fourth week of storage period. There was an increase in moisture during storage and the difference was statistically significant. The overall acceptability was found to be decreased after storage. There was no insect infestation in the developed products during the storage period. The assessment of microbiological quality revealed that all the products were attacked by different types of microorganisms. The result of the present study suggest that new methods of processing could be introduced to add value to the crop and it is possible to develop different types of processed products based on sweet potato products which may result in increased consumption of tuber in the future and also for building up a healthy rural population.Item Vermicompost as a potential organic source and partial substitute for inorganic fertilizers in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1998) Suresh Kumar, S N; Ushakumari, KAn investigation entitled "Verrnicompost as a potential organic source and partial substitute for inorganic fertilizers in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus (L) Lam)" was carried out at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period December 1995 to April 1996. The main objectives of the study were to study the efficiency of vermicompost as an organic manure, the extent to which inorganic fertilizers can be substituted when vermicompost was used as an organic source and the feasibility of reducing the dose of vermicompost. The experiment was laid out III randomised block design with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments consists of package of practices recommendations of Kerala Agricultural University for sweet potato (cattle manure + inorganic fertilizers) and vermicompost as organic source with graded doses of inorganic fertilizers. The growth parameters like vine length and number of branches did not show any significant variation. However highest vine length and number of branches are noticed in treatment which received vermicompost as a sole source of nutrient. Significant difference was observed in vine yield and highest vine yield was obtained when vermicompost was given as a sole source of nutrients. Yield attributing characters like length and girth of tubers and number of tubers did not show any significant variation. With respect to mean tuber weight and tuber bulking rate, the treatment differed significantly and maximum effect was observed when vermicompost was applied along with half the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers. Significant treatment effect could be observed in total tuber yield and marketable tuber yield. Vermicornpost with half or 3/4th NPK produced highest yield. From this it could be deduced that by using vermicompost as organic manure in sweet potato, it is possible to bring down the usage of chemical fertilizers. Half or 3/4th dose of vermicompost along with recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers was equally effective as that of package of practices recommendations of Kerala Agricultural University (cattle manure + recommended inorganic fertilizers) in yield and yield attributes of sweet potato. The nitrogen and phosphorus content in the leaves and vmes did not show any significant difference by applying various treatments. But in tubers the nitrogen content was maximum when 1/2 inorganic fertilizers + organic manure as vermicompost was applied. The phosphorus accumulation in tuber was maximum in the combination of full inorganic fertilizers + organic manure as cattle manure was given. The treatment combination of full inorganic fertilizers + organic manure as vermicompost resulted m maximum accumulation of phosphorus in leaves, vines and tubers. Regarding calcium, magnesium and iron contents of leaves, vines and tubers there was no significant difference among various treatments. The application of full inorganic fertilizers + organic manure as vermicompost produced maximum manganese concentration in leaf and tuber. The starch content of tubers showed a decreasing trend with the reduction in the quantity of inorganic fertilizers. But by reducing inorganic fertilizer levels, the reducing sugar percentage increased. The crude protein, crude fibre and carotene contents showed the same trend as that of reducing sugar. The plant uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was maximum when 112 inorganic fertilizers + organic manure as vermicompost was applied. The organic carbon level after the crop showed significant difference among various treatments. The maximum organic carbon percentage was noticed when nitrogen as vermicompost + organic manure as vermicompost was given. The growth characters like vine yield, number of branches were negatively correlated with yield. The yield components like number of tubers per plant, tuber weight, uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium showed positive correlations with yield. The economics worked out show that the highest net profit was obtained when 1/2 inorganic fertilizers + organic manure as vermicompost was given. The cost of cultivation while applying this treatment was minimum and it showed a B C ratio of 2.53.Item Effect of foliar application of selected micronutrients and growth regulators on tuber development , yield and fortification status of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.).(Department of Plant Physiology , College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2019) Arya, S R; Viji, M MA field experiment entitled “ Effect of foliar application of selected micro nutrients and growth regulators on tuber development, yield and fortification status of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)” was conducted at the Instructional farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2017-2019 with an objective to enhance the qualitative and quantitative attributes in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). Foliar application of selected micronutrients and growth regulators were carried out to study their effect on growth, development and changes in fortification status of sweet potato tubers and leaves. The sweet potato variety used for the experiment was Bhu Krishna. The technical programme consisted of 17 treatments and 3 replications with the design simple RBD. The treatments were C1 : NPK (as per POP) , C2 : NPK (as per POP) with water spray, T1 : C1+ FN (MN mixture( * ) 0.01% each , T2 : C1+ FN (MN mixture( * ) 0.05% each , T3 : C1+ FN (MN mixture( * ) 0.1% each , T4 : T1+ Ethrel 250 ppm , T5 : T1+ Ethrel 500 ppm , T6 : T1+ CCC 250 ppm , T7 : T1+ CCC 500 ppm , T8 : T2+ Ethrel 250 ppm , T9 : T2+ Ethrel 500 ppm , T10: T2+ CCC 250 ppm , T11: T2+ CCC 500 ppm, T12: T3+ Ethrel 250 ppm , T13: T3+ Ethrel 500 ppm , T14: T3+ CCC 250 ppm and T15: T3+ CCC 500 ppm [*MN mixture (Zn+Fe+B+Mn)]. Except C1, for all other treatments foliar sprays were given 3 times ie. at 30 days interval(30 DI). All the biometric and physiological parameters were taken at 25th,50th,75th and 100th days after planting and the quality parameters were taken at harvest. The results revealed that the micronutrients and growth regulators had significant influence on most of the biometric parameters, physiological parameters as well as quality parameters. Tuber characters such as tuber length, tuber diameter, tuber weight and tuber yield were found to be best in plants under the treatment T15 (T3+ CCC 500 ppm at 30DI) and it was on par with T13(T3+Ethrel 500ppm). Branch length (155.50cm), shoot weight (612 g) and specific leaf area (389.44 cm2 g-1) were found to be best in plants under the treatment T3(C1+ FN (MN mixture( * ) 0.1% each at 30DI). Number of leaves also were found to be higher in T3 (91.33) and it was on par with T2, T13 and T15. Cycocel and ethrel are growth retardants and they were found to have dwarfing effect on plants and hence shoot length and shoot weight did not increase in the treatments, T15(T3+ CCC 500at 30DI) and T13(T3+ Ethrel 500 ppm at 30DI) and on the other hand the number of leaves got positively influenced in both these treatments T15 and T13. Except transpiration rate all physiological parameters viz., total chlorophyll content (2.25 mg g-1), caroteinoid content (0.87mg g-1), stomatal conductance (131.33 mmole H2O m-2 s-1), photosynthetic rate (4.49 µmole CO2 m-2 s-1) and water use efficiency (5.35 mmol CO2 mol-1 H2O) were found to be best in plants under the treatment T15 (T3+ CCC 500 ppm) and T13 was on par with T15 in all these physiological parameters studied. Mineral constituents; N (0.614 %), P (0.056%), K (0.489%),Fe (16.30 mg kg-1), Zn (15.07 mg kg-1), Mn (7.37 mg kg-1) and B (1.27 mg kg-1) as well as other quality parameters like total phenol (13.33mg g-1), total sugar (34.48 mg g-1) and protein content (38.40mg g-1) were found to be higher in tubers under the treatment T15 (T3+ CCC 500 ppm) followed by treatment T13 which is considered as the second best treatment with respect to mineral content in tubers. Overall, the combined treatments of micronutrients along with growth regulators were found most effective in influencing quality parameters. Treatment T15 (ie.,NPK as per POP along with foliar nutrition of micronutreint mixture (Fe+Zn+Mn+B @ 0.1% each ) + cycocel (500ppm) at 30 days interval ) was found to be the best in terms of improving both the quantitative and qualitative attributes in sweet potato. Hence it is concluded that the treatment T15 improved the growth and development of plants, physiological parameters of leaves, tuber yield as well as fortification status of sweet potato tubers. Thus this study helped in identifying the best treatment combination of micronutrients and growth regulators for improving growth, development, yield and fortification status in sweet potato.Item Integration of quanitative trait locus (QTL) for Tuber Colour variations with Genomic information in Sweet Potato(Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Reshma, T K; Sreekumar, KThe study entitled Integration of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for tuber colour variations with genomic information in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) was conducted at section of extension and social sciences, ICAR-CTCRI. The main objective of the study was to identify the differentially expressed genes for various tuber colours in sweet potato using RNA sequenced data; to integrate QTL information on tuber colour with genomic information in sweet potato and to validate the identified candidate genes. Sweet potatoes are abundant in compounds of biological effects such as β-carotene, phenolic acids and anthocyanins which gives its unique flesh colours. Here, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed to reveal the differentially expressed genes in six sweet potato cultivars with varying flesh colours of white, orange and purple. A total of 22,534, 27,431, 22,590 differentially expressed genes were identified in the pairwise analysis of orange and white, orange and purple and purple and white libraries respectively. Among differentially expressed genes, 5472 were upregulated and 17,062 were downregulated in orange compared to white, 11,670 upregulated genes and 15,761 downregulated genes in orange compared to purple, 7,622 were upregulated and 14,968 were downregulated in purple compared to white. Functional annotation of transcripts associated with the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway revealed the genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. In the present study, alignment of flanking SSR markers sequences of the QTL controlling β-carotene trait was done with the sweet potato genome assembly showed the position of QTL region on the chromosome. Functional annotation of the identified chromosomal region resulted in the identification of five candidate genes for carotenoid biosynthesis from three QTLs for β-carotene. Transcriptome sequencing and fine mapping of QTL are the efficient ways for discovering novel genes involved in main pathways. The identification of agronomically important genes can be utilized for improvement of sweet potato by the introduction of the genes to commercial sweet potato cultivars and for marker assisted selection.Item Selection parameters in tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz)(Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1980) Radhakrishnan, V V; Gopakumar, KDuring a biometrical study conducted on 20 divergent types of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the premises of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute at Trivandrum, as a postgraduate programme of the Kerala Agricultural University, useful informations on the selection parameters become available. Accordingly, it was found that harvest index should be the best reliable criterion for effecting selection in favour of a desirable genotype from among others in a genetically heterogenic base population. Further, it is proposed that potentially high tuber yielders in the crop could be identified among relatively short statured ones with more number of large sized leaves that have become completely developed sufficiently early during development of the shoot. In addition , a tendency for relatively more number of leaves to become abscissed towards the time of harvest should also be considered as a positive sign of high tuber yieldItem Quality evaluation of tannia corm (xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) schoot) and its suitability for product development(Department of Community Science, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Amitha Elias; Aneena, E RTuber crops are known as poor man’s crop as it provides cheap food of high calorific value and quality starch. Tannia is an edible root crop belonging to the family Araceae grown in the tropics and sub tropics. Tannia corms are mainly used as planting material and excess corms are left unharvested. Its acridity, poor storage quality, browning reactions and bulkiness limits the use of tannia corms. Through appropriate processing techniques, these problems can be minimised. The present study entitled ‘Quality evaluation of tannia corm (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) and its suitability for product development’ was conducted to evaluate the nutritional, antinutritional and organoleptic qualities of tannia corm. The study also evaluated the quality aspects of flour, starch powder and an instant soup mix developed using tannia corm. Constituents like moisture, starch, total sugars, carbohydrates, protein, fibre, total ash, acidity, calcium, iron, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, polyphenols, oxalates, in vitro digestibility of starch, in vitro availability of calcium, iron and zinc of the raw tannia corm were analysed. The starch and carbohydrate content of the corm was 30 % and 72 % respectively and the protein content was 8.48 mg/100g. The content of calcium, iron, phosphorus in 100 g of tannia corms were as 8.2mg, 0.42mg, and 40 mg respectively. Organoleptic qualities of cooked rhizomes obtained a mean score of above 7.00 for all parameters. The oxalate content of raw tannia corm was found to be 1.03 g/100g. Various pretreatments were given to tannia corm for reducing the oxalate content and to reduce browning reactions. Organoleptic qualities of pretreated tannia corm flours were evaluated and found that treatment with one per cent potassium metabisulphite (T3) was effective in preventing browning reactions. For all organoleptic quality parameters, the treatment T3 obtained mean score of above 7 and the oxalate content reduced to 0.20 mg/100g Pretreatments like precooking tannia corms for 5 minutes and boiling in water at 900C for 60 minutes was also found to be good in organoleptic qualities. Porridge prepared by T1 (boiling in water at 900 C for 60 minutes) and T2 (pressure 64 cooking for 5 minutes) were obtained mean scores of 6.55 and 7.04 respectively for overall acceptability. But the pretreatments like T4 (), T5, T6, T7, and T8 resulted in products with poor organoleptic qualities. As pretreatments like T4 (Soaking in 2 % citric acid for 30 minutes), T5 (Soaking in 2 % tartaric acid for 30 minutes), T6 (Soaking in 2 % baking soda in cold water for 30 minutes), T7 (Soaking in 2 % ascorbic acid for 30 minutes), T8 (Soaking in 2 % citric acid + 2 % ascorbic acid for 30 minutes) resulted in products with poor sensory qualities, these treatments were found to be not effective in preventing browning reaction hence, tannia corn flour with pretreatment T1, T2 and T3 only were selected for further studies. The nutritional constituents of the selected pretreated tannia corm flours were estimated. The constituents like moisture, starch, total sugars, carbohydrates, protein, fibre, total ash, acidity, calcium, iron, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, polyphenols, in vitro digestibility of starch, in vitro availability of calcium, iron, zinc and oxalate content of the samples were also analysed. From the various pretreatments tried for the selection of flour, the most acceptable treatment was selected for developing instant soup mix. Starch powder was prepared from tannia corm. The shelf life qualities of selected tannia corm flour and starch powder were estimated initially and at monthly intervals. The bulk density of corm flour and starch was found to be 0.63 g per cc and 0.54 per cc respectively. A decrease in water absorption index in corm flour and starch powder were observed after three months of storage. Bacterial count in corm flour was found to be 0.4 ×105 cfu g-1 initially which increased to 2.2×105 cfu g-1 by the end of storage period. The fungal growth was not detected initially in flour but at the end of third month of storage, a fungal count of 1.2×103 cfu g-1 was observed. The fungal growth in tannia corm starch powder was found to be 0.6 ×103 cfu g-1 initially which increased to 1.4 ×103 cfu g-1 at the end of storage. Yeast growth was not detected in corm flour and starch powder initially but a yeast content of 1.2 ×103 cfu g-1 was found at the end of the storage period in the starch powder. There was no considerable change in sensory qualities in both flour and starch powder after three months of storage. 65 An instant soup mix was standardised using different proportions of selected tannia corm flour and corn flour. Treatment with 30 per cent tannia corm flour and 70 per cent corn flour (T8) had the maximum mean score for overall acceptability (7.9). The selected instant soup mix were packed in metallised polyethylene covers (200 gauge) and kept for storage studies for three months. The instant soup mix was found to be shelf stable up to three months of storage. Tannia corms contain good amount of starch, carbohydrate, protein and mineral constituents like sodium, phosphorus, calcium and potassium. Oxalate content and browning reactions were reduced by various pretreatments. The present study found that good quality flour and starch powder could be prepared from tannia corms. Tannia corm flour and starch powder were of good sensory qualities and can be used to prepare acceptable products like instant soup mix. The tannia corm flour and starch powder could be effectively utilised for the development of instant mixes and is very much suited for various food applications.Item Genetic diversity analysis of sweet potato (ipomoea batatas (L.) lam.) germplasm using morphological and ISSR markers(Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Sabarinath, V B; Shirly Raichal AnilCharacterization of crop germplasm based on determination of amount and distribution of crop genetic diversity is necessary for proper utilization andconservation. This could be achieved through both morphological and molecular tools. This study entitled “Genetic diversity analysis of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) germplasm using morphological and ISSR markers” was carried out in the Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram during 2017-2018 with an objective to identify genetic diversity in the sweet potato germplasm based on morphological and molecular markers. ICAR-CTCRI is the National Active germplasm site (NAGS) of tropical tuber crops which maintains 1400 accessions of sweet potato at Sreekariyam and its regional Centre at Bhubaneswar. 54 accessions of sweet potato including 52 accessions from eastern states of India and two wild species I. triloba and I. aquatica were selected from this collection. The study consisted of two parts -morphological and molecular characterization. Morphological analysis was performed by using eighteen sweet potato descriptors as provided by IPGRI (CIP et al., 1991). The recorded data was analyzed statistically by various tools such as PCA and cluster dendrogram using Multivariate statistical package (MVSP 3.22). The dendrogram separated into the accessions into two principal clusters and one outlier at a Euclidean distance of 1.2. The PCA analysis revealed predominant vine colour, leaf lobes type as the major variables that contributed to the clustering of the sweet potato accessions. Molecular analysis was performed using ISSR markers. The genomic DNA was isolated from young leaves using Dellaporta et al. (1983) method. 11 ISSR primers were used for screening of fifty four accessions. After the final PCR using selected primers, the product was resolved in 2% agarose and polymorphic bands were obtained. Primers showed 89.8% polymorphism and the number of bands ranged from 5 to 16 with a mean value of 7.3 polymorphic bands per primer. A total 63 of 80 polymorphic bands were obtained. The data analysed using NTSYS PC 2.02 program generated a dendrogram, which grouped the accessions based on Jaccard‟s similarity coefficient which separated the fifty four accessions into three principal clusters. The first principal cluster comprised of 37 accessions which were grouped into many subclusters and there was lot of intra-clusteral variation. The second principal cluster consisted of 15 accessions and this principal cluster comprised of two accessions with 89% similarity which were also found similar in morphological characterization. The third principal cluster comprised of the two wild species, Ipomoea troloba and Ipomoea aquatica. The similarity between the different accessions ranged between 37-89%. The accessions S1574 and S1576 were 89% similar. The least similar accessions were S1408 and S1572, S1527 and S1572 (37%). A high diversity of 63% existed within the selected accessions.Mantel‟s test also showed significant correlation (r = 0.0985; p = 0.0003) between the molecular and morphological distance matrices. The hexaploid nature of the crop, self-incompatibility, along with the out crossing nature together might have contributed to the high variation observed among the accessions.Item Identification of duplicates in the germplasm of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) using morphological and molecular markers(Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2017) Babitha Babu; Shirly Raichal AnilThe study entitled “Identification of duplicates in the germplasm of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) using morphological and molecular markers” was carried out at the Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram during 2016-2017. The objective of the study was to identify duplicates in the sweet potato germplasm based on morphological and molecular markers. Identification and elimination of these common redundant materials will enhance the germplasm viability. Fifty accessions were selected for the study. The study was divided into two phases - morphological and molecular analysis. Morphological analysis was performed by using twenty descriptors as provided by IPGRI (CIP et. al., 1991). The recorded data were analyzed statistically by various tools such as PCA and cluster dendrogram. Cluster dendrogram identified three sets of morphological duplicates and the accessions were separated into six principal clusters and two outliers at a Euclidean distance of 1. The PCA analysis revealed predominant vine colour and secondary vine colour, abaxial vein pigmentation and petiole pigmentation as the major factors that contributed to the clustering of the sweet potato accessions. After morphological analysis, molecular analysis was performed. The genomic DNA was isolated using CTAB method which gave good quality DNA. 11 ISSR primers were used for screening of fifty accessions. After the final PCR using selected primers, the product was resolved in 2% agarose and polymorphic bands were obtained. All the primers showed 100% polymorphism and the number of bands ranged from 9 to 18 with a mean value of 14.7 bands per primer. Using the molecular scoring data, UPGMA clustering was done and the whole fifty accessions were divided mainly into two principal clusters and one outlier. The first principal cluster comprised of 40 accessions which were grouped into many subclusters and there was lot of intraclusteral variation. The second principal cluster consisted of 9 accessions and this principal cluster comprised of two true duplicates which were also found similar in morphological characterization. The outlier was different from all the other accessions and may be due to the peculiar leaf shape which is not seen in other accessions selected in the study. SD-29 was different from all the remaining accessions by a similarity coefficient of 0.61.The similarity between the different accessions ranged between 52-100%. The duplicates S-236 and S-256 were 100% similar. The least similar accessions were SD-39 and S-298 (52%). Thus it can be inferred that a 48% variability or diversity existed within the selected accessions which can be considered as a moderate diversity. The hexaploid nature of the crop, self incompatibility, along with the out crossing nature together might have contributed to the high variation observed among the accessions. Only two duplicates were identified. In future more specific markers may be used for core collection development and to eliminate duplicates.
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