PG Thesis

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Subject: search.filters.subject.Tuber crops

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    Soil test crop response studies on coleus (Solenostemon rotundifolius Poir J.K Morton) in the laterite soils of Kerala
    (Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2003) Nagarajan, M; Hassan, M A
    Investigation entitled" Soil Test crop response studies on coleus in laterite soil of Kerala" consisting of two experiments namely fertility gradient experiment and STCR experiment was conducted during 2002 in the farm attached to the College of Horticulture, Vellan ikkara. Objective of the study was to develop soil test based balanced fertilizer recommendation for specific yield targets of coleus in laterite soils of kerala and provide a basis for fertilizer recommendation for maximum and economic tuber yield at varying soil test values. The fertility gradient experiment was conducted to create desired gradient in soil fertility in one and the same field by applying graded doses ofN, P, and K fertilizers and raising fodder maize var.Co.l. After development of fertility gradient, the STCR experiment was conducted in the same field with the test crop, coleus variety Nidhi.The treatment structure consisted of four levels of N (0,20,40, and 80 kg ha'), three levels of P20S (0,45 and 90 kg ha-I) and five levels of K (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 kg ha-I) along with three levels of FYM (0, 7.5 and 15 t ha-I) The nutrient requirement of coleus, variety Nidhi were estimated to be 9.15,1.38 and16.38 kg ha-I N, P20S and K20 respectively to produce one tonne of tuber. The soil efficiencies worked out as 21,46.85 and 40.85 per cent for N, . , P205 and K20 respectively for coleus in laterite soil. The contribution of nutrients from the fertilizers for coleus was calculated as 61.6,9.57 and 56.60 per cent for N, P205 and K20 respectively. From the above basic data, fertilizer prescription equation for specific yield targets of coleus variety Nidhi in the laterite soil were derived as follows, Without rVM FN =14.85T-0.34SN FP205 =14.42T-l J.21SP FK20 =28.98T-0.87SK FN, F P20S, F K20 - Fertilizer N, P20S and K20 respectively T - Target yield of tuber in t ha-I SN, SP, SK - Soil available N, P and K in' kg ha-I respectively . WithFYM FN 14.85 T - 0.34 SN - 0.34 ON 14.42 T - 11.21 SP - 3.25 OP F K20 = 28.93 T - 0.87 SK - 1.22 OK Where, ON, OP and OK are quantities ofN, P and K supplied through organic manure in kg ha" Multiple regression models calibrated with yield as dependent variable and STVs for available N, P and K and applied nutrients as independent variables had 67.4 per cent predictability. Among the three fertilizer nutrients, FN only showed the normal type (+, -, -) of response. The fertilizer adjustment equation fur v,!rying levels of soil available N for maximum tuber yield (t ha") of coleus in laterite soil was derived as FN= 168 SN, where FN is fertilizer N (kg ha"): SN is available N (kg ha-I) is soil. The behavior of applied p and K was found to produce responses other than normal and hence optimization coula not be done for fertilizer P and K at varying soil test values. Simple correlations coefficient was worked out for Nutrient uptake, soil available nutrients, applied nutrients with yield of coleus. Available nutrients -! showed higher positive correlation" than that of allied nutrients. The uptake of nutrients (N, P and K) also significantly correlated with yield of coleus. This study is useful to adjust fertilizer doses based on the specific objective and available resources of coleus farmers of the state.
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    Intercropping tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) with pulses and groundnut
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1978) Ramakrishna Bhat, H; Sadanandan, N
    An experiment was conducted in the College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the year 1977-1978 to study the performance of tapioca intercropped with different legumes (Blackgram, cowpea, greengram and groundnut) applied with different fertilizer, half the recommended dose and full recommeded dose). The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with three replications. The experiment was conducted under rainfed conditions. The results revealed that the growth as measured from height and number of leaves and yield of tapioca as adjudged by the various yield attributes was not depressed by growing the four legumes at the three levels of fertilizers. On the other hand the quality and size of tapioca tubers were improved due to legume intercropping. The dry matter content, starch content and the HCN content of tapioca tubers were increased significantly due to growing of legumes in association with tapioca.
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    Studies on the response of N P and K in conjunction with C2 on the growth, yield and quality of tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl) var "Malayan-4"
    (Division of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Vellayani, 1967) Gopala Krishna Pillai, K; George, C M
    An experiment was conducted in the red loam soils of the central farm attached to the Agricultural College and Research Institute , Vellayani during the year 1966-1967 , to study the response of graded doses of nitrogen (50, 100 and 150 kg per hectare) phosphorus (0,50 and 100 kg per hectare), Potash (100,150 and 200 kg per hectare) and calcium (0,600 and 1200 kg per hectre) in factorial combinations, on the growth , yield and quality of a popular improved variety of tapioca , "Malayan-4". A 3 confounded factorial experiment was laid out, with 81 treatment combinations
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    Studies on the response of koorka (Coleus parviflorus Benth) to graded doses of fertilizer application
    (Division of Agronomy, Agricultural College & Research Institute, Vellayani, 1969) Thyagarajan, V; George, C M
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    Comparative and functional genomics analysis of starch biosynthesis pathways in cassava
    (Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2017) Pooja Harshan; Sreekumar, J
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    Characterization of selected accessions of cassava germplasm using morphological and molecular markers
    (Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2017) Anjali sabu, C; Asha, K I
    Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a perennial shrub, is an important crop in many parts of the tropics.This research work attempts morphological and molecular characterization of 27 cassava germplasm collected from Southern India. In the present study27 accessions of cassava maintained in the field genebank of ICAR- Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram were characterized based on 20 qualitative and 10 quantitative traits including the major yield components. There were no duplicate accessions identified based on morphological classification and it can be maintained as core collection. The genetic diversity on molecular basis was evaluated using 10 SSR primers. Molecular markers are proved to be valuable tools in the characterization and evaluation of genetic diversity within and between species and population. All the SSR primers in the study showed the polymorphism. The SSR primers on an average produced 9 polymorphic alleles with mean observed hetrozygosity and values of Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) 0.8293 and 0.8091 respectively. The value of heterozygosity here ranged from 0.2975 (SSRY 148) to 0.8293 (SSRY 9). The PIC value ranged from 0.2533 (SSRY 148) to 0.8091 (SSRY 9). The hetrozigosity and average PIC content observed in SSRY 9. Clustering based on morphological descriptors and molecular markers was done. In morphological clustering, Cluster-I consists of 7 accessions was further subdivided into two sub clusters I A and I B. Cluster-I A consisted of four accessions while Cluster-I Bof three accessions. The bigger cluster Cluster-II consisting of 20 accessions was found to have two subgroups namely II A with 12 accessions and II B with 8 accessions. Clustering based on SSR marker analysis grouped the genotypes into 2 Clusters. Cluster-I contain 6 accessions was further sub grouped into I A and I B with 3 accessions each. Cluster II with 21 accessions was found to have two subgroups II A with 13accessions and II B with 8 accessions. By comparing the morphological and molecular clusters, In Cluster II of each dendrogram have 6 similar accessions of cassava (TCR-5, TCR-10,TCR-15,TCR- 45,TCR-79,TCR-69,). Clustering and Principal Componant Analysis of the data validated the variation among the cassava accessions. In PCA of morphological characters the percentage variation obtained in PC component 1 (54.22). Mantel’s test proves that there is no correlation between the morphological and molecular data. The present results indicated that the primers selected for the present study will be useful for future genetic variability studies and would provide breeders with a genetic base for selection of diverse parents for crop improvement programmes in cassava.
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    Oxidative stress and protein profiling in sweet potato (Ipomoeabatatas (L.) Lam.) under abiotic stresses
    (Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2017) Aiswarya, N S; Ravi, V
    The present study an “Oxidative stress and protein profiling in sweet potato (Ipomoeabatatas (L.) Lam.) under abiotic stresses” was conducted during the period 2014-2015 in the Division of Crop Production, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI) Thiruvananthapuram. The objective of the study was to elicit information on the antioxidative enzyme activity, protein profiling, growth parameter and yield parameter of five varieties / genotypes of sweet potato under irrigated high temperature stress (HTS) (40oC during the day time) and water deficit stress (WDS) ( 2nd and 3rd month after planting) conditions and identify marker physiological parameter which can be used for identifying / developing sweet potato varieties for tolerance to abiotic stress conditions. The study indicated that the vein length of five different sweet potato varieties/ genotypes was not significantly affected by HTS and WDS. The leaf production of five sweet potato varieties was significantly affected by both HTS and WDS. The leaf retention of five varieties / genotype was differentially affected by both heat and water stress. There was negligible difference in yield parameters between stress and control condition. However, there was significant difference in yield observed for parameters among five varieties. The effect of abiotic stress on various physiological parameters like Relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll and carotenoid content significantly differed in control plant. Among the WDS and HTS treatments, the chlorophyll and carotenoid content decreased in all the five varieties. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were significantly reduced in plants exposed to HTS. RWC of leaves varied under both WDS and HTS conditions. A higher RWC was observed in plants exposed to HTS condition compared to plants was WDS condition. Total soluble protein content of leaf was found to be lower due to presence of high mucilage in leaves. Total soluble protein in tuber is increased in control and WDS conditions. Total soluble protein in tuber forming roots had increased under stress free condition. The effect of abiotic stress on biological parameter like proline status of plants under stress conditions followed an increasing trend compared to stress free condition. The outcome of abiotic stress on various enzymatic antioxidant such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), ascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase (GR) was studied. Among the five different sweet potato varieties/ genotypes (Sree Arun, S-1464, S-1466, Sree Kanaka and Kanjangad) S-1466 and Sree Kanaka had maximum GR activity under HTS compared to WDS and control condition. Catalase activity of five varieties/ genotypes of sweet potato plant varied among different stress condition (WDS and HTS) compared to control. The GR activity was significantly reduced due to stress condition and SOD activity increased under stress conditions. The APX enzyme activity is more under WDS conditions compared to HTS and control conditions. Ascorbate reductase become there was no change in absorbance therefore the enzyme activity could not be measured. The AA content in sweet potato leaves increased under WDS condition compared to HTS and control. The glutathione content in sweet potato leaves was negligible or below detectable amount under both control and stress condition. Under HTS condition SOD activity increased in Sree Arun and S-1466 alone whereas other varieties/genotypes had increased SOD activity under WDS. Kanjangad had maximum APX activity in HTS whereas S-1464 had higher APX activity in WDS. From the present study, it is inferred that SOD activity can be utilised as biochemical marker for developing HTS tolerant varieties as it showed consistent changes under both WDS and HTS. APX activity can be utilised as marker for identifying WDS tolerant varieties. Detailed molecular biochemical and physiological information will be necessary using different varieties for getting appropriate activities as the marker to screen abiotic stress tolerant varieties.
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    Economics of production and marketing of tuber crops in Palakkad district
    (Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1997) Sheena, P A; Thomas, E K
    The present investigation on the economics of production and marketing of tuber crops viz. coleus, sweet potato and tapioca in Palakkad district was undertaken during the year 1994-95. The study focussed on estimation of cost and returns and marketing system. Data for the study was generated through a sample survey of farmers, village traders, wholesalers and retailers. Two stage sampling technique was adopted for the study, with panchayats selected purposively and sample farmers by random sampling method. The sample size for each crop was 50 making a total of 150 sample respondents. The results of the cost structure analysis revealed that the largest single item of expense was rental value of own land for coleus and tapioca and for sweet potato chemical fertilizer had the highest expense. Among the explicit cost items male labour accounted the highest share in coleus while rental value of own land and farmyard manure were the most important item in sweet potato and tapioca respectively. Cost A1, Cost A2, Cost B1, Cost B2, Cost C1 and Cost C2 per hectare was Rs.10101.74, Rs.13016.86, Rs.10101.74, Rs.17593.80, Rs.10743.99 and Rs.18236.05 respectively for coleus and Rs.8124.94, Rs.8124.94, Rs.13304.05, Rs.8852.50 and Rs.14031.61 respectively for tapioca and Rs.6733.13, Rs.6733.13, Rs.6733.13 and Rs.9079.94, Rs.7311.04 and Rs.9654.84 respectively for sweet potato. The average per hectare yield of coleus, sweet potato and tapioca were 9154 kg, 8801 kilogram and 7398.73 kilogram respectively. Benefit-cost ratio for coleus was Rs.2.27, Rs.1.76, Rs.2.27, Rs.1.30, Rs.2.13 and Rs.1.25 based on costs A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2 where as the corresponding figures for sweet potato were Rs.1.74, Rs.1.74, Rs.1.74, Rs.1.29, Rs.1.60 and Rs.1.21 respectively. In the case of tapioca Benefit cost ratio was Rs.3.19, Rs.3.19, Rs.3.19, Rs.1.95, Rs.2.93 and Rs.1.85. The income measures in relation to different cost concepts, in coleus cultivation such as gross income, farm business income, family labour income, net income and farm investment income were Rs.22884.72, Rs.12782.98, Rs.5290.92, Rs.4648.67 and Rs.12140.73 respectively and Rs.11734.04, Rs.5000.91, Rs.2654.10, Rs.2076.20 and Rs.4423.00 respectively for sweet potato and Rs.25895.56, Rs.17770.62, Rs.12591.51, Rs.11863.95 and Rs.17043.06 respectively for coleus. Functional analysis was carried out using Cobb-douglas production function and the results revealed that for coleus fertilizer was found to be negative and significant. The production elasticity of labour was negative and insignificant. Farmyard manure and planting material were found to be insignificant. With regard to sweet potato labour was found to be negative and significant and the production elasticity of fertilizer was found to be negative though insignificant. Farmyard manure and planting material was found to be significantly influencing production. Regarding tapioca the production elasticity of labour and farmyard manure was found to be negative though insignificant. The high value of production elasticity of area indicated the dominance of this particular factor. Marginal value product of farmyard manure and planting material for coleus and sweet potato were greater than their factor cost ratio and was negative for labour and fertilizer. In the case of marketing of coleus and sweet potato more than 95 per cent of the produce was sold to wholesalers through commission agents. The producer’s share was only 34.53 per cent and 31.76 per cent of the consumers’ rupee for coleus and sweet potato respectively. The index of marketing efficiency was 0.53 for coleus and 0.47 for sweet potato. Regarding tapioca the tubers who performed the role of commission agent and from them produce is taken by mill owners of Salem and Dindigul. Since there is a product diversification the marketing of tapioca tubers was studied only upto the intermediary level.