PG Thesis
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Item Yield maximization in bush type vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata (L.) Verdcourt)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2021-10-13) Krishnasree, R K; Sheeja K Raj; Sheeja K RajThe study entitled “Yield maximization in bush type vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata (L.) Verdcourt) was undertaken during 2019-2021 at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, with the objective to find out the effect of foliar nutrition of water-soluble fertilizers, Zn and B in maximizing the yield of bush vegetable cowpea. Field experiment was carried out at Coconut Research Station, Balaramapuram in Randomized Block Design with 13 treatments and three replications during Rabi 2020 (12/11/ 2020 to 31/01/2021). The treatments were T 1 (POP recommendation [20-30-10 kg N, P and K ha -1 -half N, full P and K as basal and half N at 20 DAS]), T 2 (T 1 + foliar application of 19:19:19 (0.5 %) at 45 DAS), T 3 (T 2 + foliar application of 19:19:19 (0.5 %) at 60 DAS), T 4 (T 2 + foliar application of ZnSO 4 (0.05 %)at 45 DAS), T 5 (T 2 + foliar application of solubor (0.025 %) at 45 DAS), T 6 (T 2 + foliar application of ZnSO 4 (0.05 %) and solubor (0.025 %) at 45 DAS), T 7 (T 6 + foliar application of 19:19:19 (0.5 %) at 60 DAS), T 8 (T 1 + foliar application of KNO 3 (0.5 %) at 45 DAS), T 9 (T 8 + foliar application of KNO 3 (0.5 %) at 60 DAS), T 10 (T 8 + foliar application of ZnSO 4 (0.05 %) at 45 DAS), T 11 (T 8 + foliar application of solubor (0.025 %) at 45 DAS), T 12 (T 8 + foliar application of ZnSO 4 (0.05 %) and solubor (0.025 %) at 45 DAS) and T 13 (T 12 + foliar application of KNO 3 (0.5 %) at 60 DAS). The variety used for the study was Bhagyalakshmy. Foliar application of macro and micro nutrients had no significant effect on plant height. However, significant effect was observed on leaves per plant, branches per plant, and dry matter production per plant at 60 DAS and final harvest. Significantly higher number of branches at 60 DAS and final harvest was recorded in treatment T 12 , the highest number of leaves per plant at 60 DAS in T 5 and T 8 at final harvest. The highest dry matter production was observed in T 2 at 60 DAS (27.45 g per plant) and T 5 at final harvest (39.51 g per plant).112 Nodule parameters were significantly influenced by foliar nutrition of macro and micro nutrients. The highest number of nodules per plant (23.7 no.) and fresh nodule weight per plant (1.35 g) were observed in T 5 and effective nodules per plant in T 2 (16.7 no.). Number of pods per plant, individual pod weight, green pod yield, dry haulm yield and harvest index were significantly influenced by foliar application of macro and micro nutrients. However, other yield parameters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, pod length and girth did not show any significant variations. Higher number of pods per plant (30.88) was recorded in T 5 and the highest pod weight (4.16 g) in T 2 . The highest green pod yield (106.54 g per plant and 7410 kg ha -1 ) was recorded in T 5 and it was statistically on par with the treatments T 2 , T 6 and T 11 . The highest dry haulm yield (24.61 g per plant and 5470 kg ha -1 ) was observed in T 13 and the highest harvest index in T 7 (0.419). Significantly higher total chlorophyll content was observed in T 6 at 60 DAS and in T 5 at final harvest. At 60 DAS, the highest LAI was recorded inT 8 and T 9 at final harvest. The highest LAD was recorded in T 8 at both time intervals, 30-60 DAS and 60 DAS-final harvest. Crop growth rate was the highest in T 2 at 30-60 DAS and T 5 at 60 DAS-final harvest. However, the highest RGR was recorded in T 6 at 30-60 DAS and T 5 at 60 DAS-final harvest. Foliar application of macro and micro nutrients showed significantly higher crude protein content in pods. The highest crude protein content of pod was noted in the treatment T 7 . Results on uptake of nutrients by crop showed that foliar application of nutrients significantly enhanced the total uptake of N, P, K, Zn and B by crop. The highest total uptake of N (337.17 kg ha -1 ), P (96.24 kg ha -1 ) and K (137.68 kg ha -1 ) were recorded in the treatment T 5 , however the highest Zn uptake was noted in T 9 and B uptake in T 11 .113 Available N, P, K, Zn and B status of post- harvest soil was significantly influenced by foliar application of macro and micro nutrients. However, organic carbon did not have any significant variation. The highest available N was observed in treatment T 13 , available P in T 1 , T 3 and T 9 , available K in T 2 , available Zn in T 11 and available B in T 2 . The highest net income (₹ 82651 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio (2.26) were recorded in the treatment T 5 (POP + foliar application of 19:19:19 (0.5 %) and solubor (0.025 %) at 45 DAS) and it was followed by T 2 (POP + foliar application of 0.5 per cent 19:19:19 at 45 DAS). A yield enhancement of 55 percentage and 150 percentage increase in net income were observed in T 5 over T 1 . Considering the dry matter production, yield attributes, yield, total chlorophyll content, CGR, RGR, net income and B:C ratio the treatment T 5 (POP + foliar application of 19:19:19 (0.5 %) and solubor (0.025 %) at 45 DAS) could be adjudged as the best treatment for yield maximization in bush type vegetable cowpea.Item Identification of core set in fodder cowpea(Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP) germplasm accessions(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture ,Vellyani, 2022-01-15) Amritha, Varanya; Gayathri, GItem Molecular characterization of blackeye cowpea mosaic virus causing mosaic disease in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Wal) in Kerala(Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture ,Vellayani, 2022) Tania Mathew; Pampackal; Radhika, N SItem Cloning and characterisation of myo-inositol phosphate synthase gene coding for phytates in dolichos lablab L.(Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Sreedevi Jagal Kishore; Deepu MathewHyacinth bean or dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.) is a major vegetable legume grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Legumes are considered as the major source of protein for countries having short supplies of animal protein. The major storage form of phosphorus (P) in mature cereal and legume seed is phytic acid (myo- inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate, InSP6) which strongly binds metallic cations such as calcium, zinc, magnesium and iron to form a mixed salt called phytate. Thus, the phytates are characteristic anti-nutrients, rendering the minerals unavailable. Dolichos bean has a high content of phytic acid (1000-1350 mg/ 100 g). The Myo-inositol phosphate synthase (MIPS) is the major gene for phytate synthesis in legumes. Suppression of MIPS will help in generating lines with reduced phytate content, for which, sequence characterization of MIPS is mandatory. Thus, this research work was carried out with the objective to sequence and annotate myo-inositol phosphate synthase gene from the cDNA of developing dolichos bean seeds. Good quality total RNA from the developing seeds (3-5 days after seed set) of Dolichos lablab (var. Hima) was isolated using Purelink® Plant RNA Purification Reagent (Invitrogen). The total RNA was subjected to cDNA synthesis and PCR amplification using SuperScript™ III One-Step RT-PCR System with Platinum™ Taq High Fidelity DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen) in which reverse transcription and PCR occured in a single tube. The PCR primers were designed from the coding regions of MIPS sequence of Vigna radiata, retrieved from NCBI. As cloning of a full-length gene is difficult, primers were designed as two sets of overlapping sequences of a full-length gene, namely MIPS V F - M1R (880 bp) and M2F – MIPS V R (900 bp) combinations. The purified PCR products were ligated into pTZ57R/T and cloned in E. coli DH5α. The recombinant clones were analyzed by blue or white screening. The transformation was confirmed by colony PCR, plasmid was isolated and used for sequencing. The DNA sequence was subjected to homology search using BLASTn and it had showed 96 per cent similarity and 98 per cent query coverage with the MIPS sequence of Vigna unguiculata. The 1776 bp cDNA with 1620 bp coding sequence encoded for a protein of 539 amino acids as predicted by ORF FINDER software. The prediction of a 3D- protein structure of the deduced MIPS sequences of D. lablab, V.unguiculata and P.vulgaris were performed by MODELLER 9.14 and was visualized using RASMOL. Similarly, the prediction and comparative analysis of the active sites of enzyme from D. lablab, V.unguiculata and P.vulgaris had shown that the ligand binding residues varies among different species of the same protein.The deduced protein sequences of MIPS used as a query in BLASTp search showed similarity of 49.5 per cent with A chain of MIPS sequence of Caenorhabditis elegans (1VKO A). The constructed structure was further analyzed in Ramachandran plot using the RAMPAGE server and the results showed that 490 residues were present in the favoured region and only 4 residues were present in the outlier region. The phylogenetic relationship of the lablab MIPS sequences with that of other legumes was analyzed by neighbor-joining method using MEGA.v.10.0.5. It was closer to the MIPS gene of Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata and Phaseolus vulgaris, which was in line with the BLASTn results. This is the first study in dolichos bean to characterize its MIPS gene. The information generated in this study could be directly used in RNAi and similar cisgenic or gene editing strategies to generate lablab accessions with reduced phytic acid content.Item Development of stabilised population of cowpea segregants(Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp.) with high protein content and grain yield(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Ashni Varghese; Jiji JosephCowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an important pulse crop providing good source of protein and often referred to as poor man’s meat. It is a versatile crop, of which seeds are utilised as pulse, green pods as vegetable, leaves as forage and helps in restoring soil fertility. Many reports have indicated protein content of more than 30 per cent in certain cowpea genotypes, but at the cost of yield. Hence, the present study was proposed to develop cultures with high grain yield and protein content. The present study was conducted at Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture during 2017-2019. Twenty three lines with high yield and protein content in the F3 generation of two cowpea crosses H10 (Anaswara X PKB 3) and H11 (Anaswara X PKB 4) identified in previous studies formed the working material. These lines were evaluated in F4, F5 and F6 generations and pedigree selection was performed to select superior plants. Observations were recorded on 12 characters viz. plant height, number of branches, days to first flowering, days to first harvest, days to last harvest, number of pods per plant, length of pod, pod weight, number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight, grain yield per plant and protein content. The F4 generation of both the crosses exhibited lower mean value for most of the characters than the parent Anaswara, but recorded moderate to high variance and range. Higher mean value was observed for days to first flowering, first harvest, last harvest, number of branches and protein content. Genetic parameters indicated that GCV was moderate for length of pod, number of seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight and high for grain yield per plant. High heritability coupled with moderate to high genetic advance was recorded for number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight, and grain yield. Correlation studies in F4 generation revealed that grain yield was positively correlated with plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, length of pod, pod weight, number of seeds per pod and test weight. There was non-significant correlation between grain yield and seed protein content. Further path analysis confirmed that high positive direct effect on grain yield was given by pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and hundred seed weight. Based on these observations, characters like number of pods per plant, hundred seed weight and number of seeds per pod were simultaneously included along with grain yield for setting selection criteria to select superior individual plants. Based on these set criteria, 13 individual plants from cross H10 and 10 plants from cross H11 were selected and forwarded to F5 generation. In F5 generation, mean values for number of branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and protein content were higher than that of Anaswara with sufficient variance and range. GCV was moderate for number of branches, length of pod, pod weight, hundred seed weight and grain yield per plant. High heritability with moderate to high genetic advance was recorded for number of pods per plant, length of pod, pod weight, number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight and grain yield. Based on the segregation pattern observed, the plants were grouped into two different categories - one with medium long pods and small seeds closely packed within the pod and the other type with long fleshy pods and bold seeds. Hence, separate selection criteria was developed for both the types comprising of characters like number of pods, number of seeds per pod, pod length, hundred seed weight, grain yield and protein content. Based on these set criteria, five individual plants from cross H10 (one type 1 and four type 2) and 17 plants from cross H11 (five type 1 and twelve type 2) were selected and forwarded to F6 generation. In F6 generation, mean value was higher than Anaswara for number of pods per plant but lower for plant height, days to first flowering, days to first harvest, days to last harvest, pod length and hundred seed weight. For other characters, mean value was comparable to Anaswara. Moderate GCV value was recorded for length of pod, pod weight and hundred seed weight. High heritability with high genetic advance was recorded for length of pod, pod weight and hundred seed weight. Separate selection criteria was developed for the two categories of plants and total five individual plants were selected, one from cross H10 and four from cross H11. The selected plants from F6 generation were subjected to organoleptic evaluation to find its suitability to be used for vegetable purpose. Three plants of type 2 and one plant from type 1 were found promising. The identified lines, H11-3.9-1-7-13-7, H11-3.9-1-1-18-13, H11-49.7-1-8-10-15, H10-71-16-1-9-15-12, and H11-2-20-3-14-16-12 can be evaluated in replicated yield trials and tested for stability over locations and seasonsItem Seed invigouration for yield enhancement in grain cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. walp)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Anju B Raj; Sheeja K RajItem Mass trapping of cowpea pod borer maruca vitrata (F.) (lepidoptera; pyralidae) using sex pheromones(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2018) Eurekha Savadatti; Sreekumar, K MItem Intercropping fodder legumes in palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst.ex A.Rich.) stapf.)(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Nasreen, V; Sharu, S RThe study entitled ―Intercropping fodder legumes in palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf.)‖ was conducted during June 2017 to March 2018 in the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The objectives were to evaluate the production potential of intercropping fodder legumes in palisade grass in terms of yield and quality and also to assess the biological and economic efficiency of the intercropping system. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of three levels of intercropping (I1-no intercropping, I2-intercropping with fodder cowpea and I3 -intercropping with fodder rice bean), three spacing (S1- 60 cm x 30 cm, S2- 60 cm x 40 cm and S3- 60 cm x 60 cm) and two controls (C1- pure crop of fodder cowpea and C2 - pure crop of fodder rice bean). Palisade grass variety Mulato, fodder cowpea variety CO-9 and fodder rice bean variety Bidhan-2 were used for the study. FYM @ 10 t ha-1 was uniformly applied to all the plots at land preparation. In the treatments involving palisade grass + fodder legumes and palisade grass alone, N, P and K @ 300:75:75 kg ha-1 (1/2 N, 1/2 P and 1/2 K as basal dose and 1/2 N, 1/2 P and 1/2 K after the second harvest of palisade grass) was applied. For pure crop of fodder legumes (fodder cowpea and fodder rice bean) N, P and K @ 25: 60:30 kg ha-1 was applied and the entire dose was given as basal. The fodder legumes were sown twice (along with the planting of palisade grass and after the second harvest of palisade grass) in between two rows of palisade grass at a spacing of 30 cm× 15 cm. In the experiment, pure crop of palisade grass (I1) registered significantly higher green fodder yield, dry fodder yield, crude protein yield, uptake of nutrients and B: C ratio. Palisade grass + fodder cowpea (I2) recorded the highest green fodder yield of legume, dry fodder yield of legume, land equivalent ratio, land equivalent coefficient, aggressivity, crop equivalent yield, crude protein content of grass, crude protein yield of grass-legume mixture, available soil nitrogen and net returns. Among the two fodder legumes, fodder cowpea performed better than fodder rice bean with respect to yield, quality and economics. Among the spacing treatments, significantly higher plant height of palisade grass was registered by narrow spacing of 60 cm x 30 cm in first and fourth harvest and it was on par with 60 cm x 40 cm spacing in second and third harvest. The highest numbers of tillers were produced by 60 cm x 60 cm spacing whereas LAI was the highest for 60 cm x 30 cm spacing. The spacing, 60 cm x 30 cm recorded the highest green fodder yield of palisade grass only in the first harvest. The total green fodder yield, total dry fodder yield, crude protein content, crude protein yield and uptake of nutrients of palisade grass were not significantly influenced by spacing treatments. However, net income and B:C ratio were the highest under the widest spacing (60 cm x 60 cm). Based on these results, it can be concluded that intercropping two rows of fodder cowpea in between two rows of palisade grass planted at a spacing of 60 x 60 cm is the best combination in terms of crop equivalent yield, quality and economics.Item Eco-friendly management of major pests of yard long bean, vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt.(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, 2017) Vineetha, V; KAU; Ramesha, BThe study entitled ′′Eco-friendly management of major pests of yard long bean, Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt′′ was carried out in the Instructional farm of College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, Kasaragod during two seasons viz., kharif (May to August) and rabi (September to December) in the year 2016. The vegetable cowpea variety ‘Lola’ released by KAU was selected for the study. The study was undertaken with an intention to find out the efficacy of different microbial agents, neem based and biorational insecticides. The experimental design was RBD with 9 treatments and three replications. The treatments included; T1- Beauveria bassiana (liquid formulation @ 107 spores/ml of water), T2- Metarhizium anisopliae (liquid formulation @ 107 spores/ml of water), T3- Lecanicillium lecanii (liquid formulation @ 107 spores/ml of water), T4- Bt formulation 2× 108 cfu/ml @ 1 ml/l of water, T5- Neem based insecticide (Azadirachtin 1 per cent @ 5 ml/l of water), T6- Neem oil emulsion 5 per cent (50 ml/l of water), T7- Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.4 ml/l of water, T8- Malathion 50 EC @ 2ml/l of water (standard check), T9- Absolute control. All the treatments were imposed at fortnightly intervals just after the initial attack of pest was seen and observations were recorded at weekly intervals corresponding to standard weeks. The data were subjected to square root transformation and analyzed using ANOVA. After three consecutive sprays of Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.4 ml/l of water at fortnightly intervals there was complete reduction of pod borer larvae during kharif and rabi season. The percentage of flowers and pods infested by pod borer larvae were also reduced completely and no infestation was noticed after three consecutive sprays of Spinosad during both seasons. Thus it was found that Spinosad 45 SC was effective in reducing the number of pod borers, percentage of flowers infested and percentage of pods infested. During kharif season, Beauveria bassiana was found to be the most effective treatment in reducing the nymphs and adults of pod bugs with minimum number of 0.56 bugs per plant followed by 0.63 bugs in T5 compared to T9 with 7.46 bugs per plant after three consecutive sprays. During rabi season, Azadirachtin 1 per cent showed no incidence of pod bugs after three sprays and Neem oil 5 per cent consistently reduced number of bugs to zero on 15 days after third spray whereas T9 exhibited maximum number of 4.26 bugs/plant. The effect of Beauveria bassiana was lowered during rabi season. It might be due to the inability of Beauveria spores to germinate and cause infection during that season because of inadequate humidity. Azadirachtin 1 per cent incessantly lowered the per cent of pods infested by pod bugs to zero even after two sprays during both seasons and leaf miner attacked leaves was also found minimum in plot treated with Azadirachtin 1 per cent (0.63 leaves/plant) compared to T9 (7.12 leaves/plant). The aphid population on shoots and per cent of aphid infestation on shoots were found to be zero after three consecutive sprays of Lecanicillium lecanii at fortnightly intervals during kharif season. Lecanicillium lecanii also lowered the aphid population on pods and caused exorbitant reduction in the percentage of infested pods during both seasons after three sprays. Though pod length is an inheriting character, maximum length of 42.30cm and 48.40cm was shown by T7 during kharif and rabi seasons respectively. During both seasons viz., kharif and rabi, the total and marketable yield was high in T7 with highest benefit – cost ratio of 1.50 and 2.26 respectively.Item Generation mean analysis in yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt) for yield and quality(Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Merin Elza George; Sarada, S